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機械工程
摘要：機械工程是工程學的一個分支，它主要研究機械和動力學。蒸汽機的發(fā)明標志著工業(yè)革命的開始，人們利用蒸汽機提供的能源，發(fā)明各種各樣的機器，同時也制造了很多與器械相關(guān)的工具。這樣機械得到很大的發(fā)展，同時一個新的工程學分支從民用工程學中分離出來—機械工程。機械工程已經(jīng)由一門主要用于技工應(yīng)用的技術(shù)發(fā)展成為專業(yè)工程師在研究、設(shè)計和生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域中使用的科學方法。
動力機械的發(fā)展生產(chǎn)機械必須先有充足的動力供應(yīng)。新的機械工程業(yè)面臨的最初挑戰(zhàn)之一就是增加熱效率和動力， 這一點隨著蒸汽渦輪機和大的聯(lián)合蒸汽鍋爐的發(fā)展而基本實現(xiàn)了。生物工程是機械工程中的一個相對新的領(lǐng)域，它用來替換或增加人體功能的機器和進行醫(yī)療的設(shè)備。 人造肢體已被開發(fā)出來， 并且具有諸如有力的運動和觸摸反應(yīng)等人體功能。 在人工器官移植手術(shù)方面的發(fā)展史迅速的， 復(fù)雜的心肺機器和類似的設(shè)備使越來越復(fù)雜的手術(shù)得以進行， 并使受重傷和重病病人的生命功能得以持續(xù)。
機械設(shè)計是設(shè)計具有機械性質(zhì)的事物或系統(tǒng)，機械工程設(shè)計包括所有的機械設(shè)計,但它研究得更廣，因為它也包括所有機械工程的分支科學，設(shè)計的各個階段設(shè)計的整個過程從開始到結(jié)束，在這一過程中， 設(shè)計是以認定一個需求并決定去為它做些什么而開始的。經(jīng)過很多重復(fù)之后，最后提出滿足這一要求的計劃而結(jié)束這一設(shè)計過程。
關(guān)鍵詞：機械工程 蒸汽機 動力機械 機械設(shè)計
1.機械工程的歷史
18世紀后期，蒸汽機的發(fā)明為工業(yè)革命提供了一個主要的能量，它極大地推動了各種機械的發(fā)展。這樣，一個新的工程學的重要分支從民用工程學中分離出來的關(guān)于工具和機器的分支就發(fā)展了起來，并隨著在1847年英國伯明翰機械工程師協(xié)會的建立得到了正式承認。機械工程已經(jīng)由一門主要用于技工應(yīng)用的技術(shù)發(fā)展成為專業(yè)工程師在研究、設(shè)計和生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域中使用的科學方法。從最廣義的角度講，增進效率的需求不斷地促使機械工程師提高工作質(zhì)量，并要求他接受中高程度的教育和訓練。不僅機器運轉(zhuǎn)要講求經(jīng)濟，而且基建費也要降到最低。
2.機械工程的領(lǐng)域
商品機械的發(fā)展在發(fā)達國家中，高水平的物質(zhì)生活很大程度上取決于機械工程中得以實現(xiàn)的各種機械。 機械工程師們不斷地發(fā)明機器來生產(chǎn)商品，不斷的開發(fā)精確性和復(fù)雜性越來越高的機械工具來生產(chǎn)機器。機械發(fā)展的主要線索是：為提高生產(chǎn)率而增加機器的運轉(zhuǎn)速度、為獲得物美價廉的產(chǎn)品而提高精度以及降低生產(chǎn)成本。這3個要求促進了復(fù)雜的控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展。最成功的機械制造是其機器的機械設(shè)計能與控制系統(tǒng)緊密融合，不論這種控制系統(tǒng)從本質(zhì) 上是機械的還是電子的。現(xiàn)代化的汽車發(fā)動機生產(chǎn)傳送線（傳動帶） 就是一系列復(fù)雜的生產(chǎn)工藝機械化的很好例子。人們正在著手開發(fā)以使機械生產(chǎn)進一步自動化，利用計算機來存儲和處理大量數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)是少量多功能機床生產(chǎn)多種零件所必須的。其中一個目標就是使批量生產(chǎn)車間完全自動化，三班輪換， 但每天只需一班人員來操作。 動力機械的發(fā)展生產(chǎn)機械必須先有充足的動力供應(yīng)。 蒸汽機最先提供了用熱能來產(chǎn)生動力的實際可行的方法， 在舊有的人力、風力和水力之外增加了動力源。 新的機械工程業(yè)面臨的最初挑戰(zhàn)之一就是增加熱效率和動力， 這一點隨著蒸汽渦輪機和大的聯(lián)合蒸汽鍋爐的發(fā)展而基本實現(xiàn)了。20世紀， 渦輪機為發(fā)電機提供的動力得到了持續(xù)快速的增長，同時熱效率也在穩(wěn)定增長，而且大電站每千瓦的資本消耗也在下降。最后，機械工程師們獲得了核能源。這種核能源的應(yīng)用需要有特別高的可靠性和安全性，這就需要解決許多全新的問題。大型電廠和整個核電站的控制系統(tǒng)已變成高度復(fù)雜的電子、流體、電、水力和機械零件的網(wǎng)絡(luò)這一切都涉及到機械工程師的所有學術(shù)領(lǐng)域。小型的內(nèi)燃機，不論是往復(fù)式（汽油機和柴油機）還是旋轉(zhuǎn)式（燃氣輪機和旺克爾機），以及它們在運輸領(lǐng)域的廣泛應(yīng)用也都要歸功于機械工程師們。在整個運輸業(yè)，不論是在空中和太空， 還是在陸地和海洋，機械工程師創(chuàng)造了各種設(shè)備和動力裝置，他們越來越多的與電氣工程師合作，尤其是在開發(fā)適合的控制系統(tǒng)方面。 軍用武器的開發(fā)機械工程師應(yīng)用于戰(zhàn)爭的技術(shù)與民用中需要的類似，盡管其目的是增強毀壞力而不是提高生產(chǎn)率。然而，戰(zhàn)爭的需要使得大量的資源用于技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，很多發(fā)展在和平時期有著深遠的效益。噴氣式飛機和核反應(yīng)堆就是眾所周知的例子。
生物工程是機械工程中的一個相對新的領(lǐng)域，它用來替換或增加人體功能的機器和進行醫(yī)療的設(shè)備。 人造肢體已被開發(fā)出來， 并且具有諸如有力的運動和觸摸反應(yīng)等人體功能。 在人工器官移植手術(shù)方面的發(fā)展史迅速的， 復(fù)雜的心肺機器和類似的設(shè)備使越來越復(fù)雜的手術(shù)得以進行， 并使受重傷和重病病人的生命功能得以持續(xù)。 環(huán)境控制機械工程師的一些最初的努力是要通過抽水來排澇或灌溉土地以及給礦井通風來控制人類的環(huán)境。 現(xiàn)代的制冷和空調(diào)廠普遍采用反向的熱引擎，在這些地方動力吧熱從冷的地方抽出送到更熱的外部。 很多機械工程的產(chǎn)品以及其他領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)發(fā)展對環(huán)境有副作用， 產(chǎn)生了噪音， 引起了水和空氣的污染，破壞了土地和風景。 商品和動力的生產(chǎn)率提高太快，以至于自然力的再生跟不上步伐。對于機械工程師和他人來說，環(huán)境控制是一個快速發(fā)展的領(lǐng)域，它包括開發(fā)盡可能產(chǎn)生少量污染物的機器和生產(chǎn)上序，以及開發(fā)新的設(shè)備和技術(shù)來減少和消除已造成的污染。
3.機械工程設(shè)計
機械設(shè)計是設(shè)計具有機械性質(zhì)的事物或系統(tǒng)， 如：各種機器、產(chǎn)品、結(jié)構(gòu)、器械和儀表在很多情況下， 機械設(shè)計要用到數(shù)學、材料科學和工程力學等學科的知識。
機械工程設(shè)計包括所有的機械設(shè)計,但它研究得更廣，因為它也包括所有機械工程的分支科學， 如熱力學和流體力學除了所需的基本學科外， 在機械工程設(shè)計中最初學習的還是機械設(shè)計。 設(shè)計的各個階段設(shè)計的整個過程從開始到結(jié)束，在這一過程中， 設(shè)計是以認定一個需求并決定去為它做些什么而開始的。經(jīng)過很多重復(fù)之后，最后提出滿足這一要求的計劃而結(jié)束這一設(shè)計過程。 設(shè)計中考慮的因素，有時在某個系統(tǒng)中零件所需的強度是決定這零件的幾何形狀和尺寸大小的重要因素在這種情況下， 我們說強度就是設(shè)計中要考慮的重要因素。 當我們使用設(shè)計考慮因素這一表達方式時， 我們是指影響零件設(shè)計或許整個系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的一些性能。 在指定的設(shè)計情況下， 通常必須對一系列這樣的性能加以考慮。然而， 為正確起見，我們應(yīng)看到， 在很多設(shè)計情況中， 重要的設(shè)計考慮因素是不需進行計算或試驗就能確定此零件或系統(tǒng)。特別是學生們， 當處于需要做出重要的設(shè)計決定而實際上又無法進行任一運算的情形時， 他們常常感到困惑。這些并不是特別的情況，他們每天都發(fā)生、設(shè)想一下，比如在一個醫(yī)療實驗室機械的設(shè)計中，從銷售的角度看， 人們期望產(chǎn)生具有很高的強度和實用性的印象。 厚重的零件安裝在一起：能產(chǎn)生機器很堅固的印象。 而有時機器和零件的設(shè)計完全是從風格的角度而并非其他角度考慮的。 我們陳述這些的目的就是為了你不被誤導(dǎo)去相信每個設(shè)計決定都需要合理的數(shù)學方法。
制造是指企業(yè)參與把原材料變成成品。制造有3個明確的階段。他們是：輸入、加工輸出。第一個階段包括所有生產(chǎn)符合市場需要產(chǎn)品的必要因素。首先要有對該產(chǎn)品的需求， 有必要的材料， 同時還需要諸如能源、時間、人類的知識和技術(shù)等資源。最后， 需要資金來獲取所有其他的資源。 輸入階段的資源經(jīng)過第二個階段的各個過程加以分配。這些過程吧原有材料加工成成品。先完成設(shè)計，基于這個設(shè)計， 再形成各種計劃。計劃通過各種生產(chǎn)工藝得以實施。對各種資源和工藝進行管理以保證效率和生產(chǎn)率。 例如必須要仔細管理資源以確保使用得當。最后， 所談?wù)摰漠a(chǎn)品被投入市場。最后階段是輸出階段或成品階段。一旦成品為人所購買， 就必須把它運送到用戶手中。根據(jù)產(chǎn)品的性能， 可能要進行安裝和進一步調(diào)試， 此外有些產(chǎn)品尤其是那些非常復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品對用戶進行培訓很重要。
4.制造中的材料和工藝
這里所說的工程材料分成兩大類：金屬和非金屬材料。金屬材料又進一步分為黑色金屬和有色金屬、高性能合金和粉末金屬。 非金屬進一步分為塑料、合成橡膠、復(fù)合材料和陶瓷。 這里所說的生產(chǎn)過程分成幾個打的過程， 其中包括成型、鍛造、鑄造／翻砂、熱處理、固定／連接，計量／質(zhì)量控制以及材料的切削。 其中的每一個工藝又可進一步分成其他的工藝。 制造業(yè)發(fā)展的各個階段這些年來， 制造過程走過了四個截然不同的發(fā)展階段， 盡管相互重疊。 這些階段是：第一階段手工階段，第二階段機械化，第三階段自動化， 第四階段集成化。
當人類最初將原材料加工成成品時，他們使用手工工藝。每件東西都是用手和手工操作的工具制成的。 這是完全集成化生產(chǎn)的雛形。 一個人確定需求、收集材料、設(shè)計一個產(chǎn)品來滿足這種需求，生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品并使用它。從開始到結(jié)束， 一切都集中于做這個工作的人的頭腦中。后來在工業(yè)革命時期引入了機械化的生產(chǎn)過程， 人們開始使用機器來完成先前手工完成的工作。 這導(dǎo)致了工作的專門化。專門化反過來也減少了制造中集成化的因素。在這一發(fā)展階段， 制造工人僅能看到他們生產(chǎn)的具體的工件所代表的整個生產(chǎn)過程的那一部分。人們無法說明白他們的工作是如何配合整個生產(chǎn)過程的，或者他們生產(chǎn)的零件時如何裝進一個成品的。制造工藝發(fā)展下的一個階段是選定的工藝的自動化。 這就是用計算機控制機器和工藝。 在這一階段， 自動化孤島開始出現(xiàn)在車間里。每個島代表了產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的一個明確的工藝或一組工藝。 盡管這些自動化孤島的確提高了島內(nèi)部的單個工藝的生產(chǎn)率，但是整體的生產(chǎn)率往往沒有變化。這是因為這些島是夾在其他沒有自動化的生產(chǎn)過程的中間，而且不與他們同步。最終的結(jié)果是，工件高?？焖俚耐ㄟ^自動化的工藝，可是卻在人工部分停滯了下來，造成了瓶頸現(xiàn)象。為更好的理解這一問題，你可以設(shè)想一下在交通高峰期駕車從一個紅燈處到下一個紅燈處的情景。偶爾你會找到車少的地段，超過正在緩慢移動的車，可結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)在下一個紅燈處被耽擱了。你在短時間的加速行駛的實質(zhì)的效果被下一個紅燈處的阻塞抵消了。如果你和其他司機能使你們的速度與紅燈的變化同步。就會前進的更快。那么，所有的車都會始終如一地、平穩(wěn)地運行，最后每個人都前進較快。在車間里對穩(wěn)定同步的流水作業(yè)的需求，促使了集成化制造的發(fā)展。這是一個仍在形成中的工藝。在完全集成化情況下，機器和加工都是計算機控制的， 集成化也是通過計算機完成的。比如在上一段的模擬問題中，計算機將使所有車的行進與紅燈的變化相配合。以使每個人都能穩(wěn)定地行駛。
科學地分析運動、時間和各種力的學科叫力學，它由兩部分組成：靜力學和動力學。靜力學研究分析靜止不動的系統(tǒng)，也就是說在這些系統(tǒng)中，時間不是考慮的因素， 而動力學研究分析隨時間變化而變化的系統(tǒng)。
動力學也由兩部分構(gòu)成。歐拉在1775年首次將它們看作兩個不同的分支：剛體運動的研究可以方便地分成兩部分： 一是幾何， 另一個是力學。 第一部分是在不考慮運動原因的情況下來研究剛體從一個指定位置到另外任一點的移動，而且必須用解析公式來體現(xiàn)，公式將確定剛體沒一點的位置。因此， 這一研究僅僅是關(guān)于幾何學的， 更確切地說是關(guān)于實體物切割術(shù)的。 很明顯， 把一部分和本來屬于機械學的那一部分分開，從動力學原理來研究運動， 這比把兩部分合起來考慮容易很多。 屬于動力學的這兩部分后來被分成兩個不同的學科， 運動學和動力學， 分別研究運動和產(chǎn)生運動的力。 因此， 設(shè)計機械系統(tǒng)的首要問題是理解它的運動學。運動學研究運動， 而不是研究產(chǎn)生它的力。更確切的運動學是研究位移、位置、旋轉(zhuǎn)、速度、速率和加速度的學科，比如說， 研究行星或軌道的運動也是一個運動學問題。
在上述引用的內(nèi)容中應(yīng)注意的是歐拉把動力學分成運動學和動力學是基于它們是研究剛體的假設(shè)基礎(chǔ)之上的。 在這個非常重要的前提基礎(chǔ)上才允許分別對待這兩門學科。對于柔體、柔體本身的形狀乃至于柔性物體的運動取決于作用于它們身上的力。在這種情況下，須同時研究力和運動， 因此很大程度上增加了分析的復(fù)雜性。幸運的是，盡管真正的機器零件或多或少都是可彎曲的，設(shè)計機器時通常是設(shè)計用剛性材料， 使零件撓曲降到最低。因此，當分析機器的運動學的性能時，人們常常假設(shè)撓曲是可忽略的，零件是剛性的， 而且當載荷以知時， 在運動分析結(jié)束后， 再設(shè)計零件以便證實這個假設(shè)。
Mechanical engineering
Abstract：Mechanical engineering is a branch of engineering, it mainly study mechanical and dynamics. The invention of the steam engine marks the beginning of the industrial revolution, people use steam engine to provide energy, invented all kinds of machine, also made a lot of tools and equipment related. This machine got a lot of development, and a new engineering branch of civil engineering from separate-mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering has a mechanic is mainly used in the application development of technology of becoming a professional engineer in research, design and production in the field of the scientific method to use.
The development of mechanical power production machinery must first have plenty of power supply. New mechanical engineering is one of the first challenges facing increase the thermal efficiency and power, this with steam turbines and large joint steam boiler and the development of the basic realization. Biological engineering is one of the mechanical engineering relatively new field, it is used to replace or increase the body's function of machine and medical equipment. Artificial limbs have been developed, and has the powerful sports such as touch response and human body function. Artificial organ transplant surgery in the history of the development of the rapid, and complex cardiopulmonary machine and similar equipment to make more and complex surgery are to be carried out, and seriously wounded and serious illness the patient's life function continues.
The mechanical design is the design of mechanical properties of things or system, mechanical engineering design including all of the mechanical design, but it research wider, because it also includes all mechanical engineering branch of science, design of each stage of design the whole process from start to finish, in the process, the design that is a demand for it and decided to do something and began. After many after repeated, and finally put forward to meet the requirements of the plan and a end the design process.
Key words: Mechanical engineering Steam engine Power machinery Mechanical design
1. The history of mechanical engineering
The late eighteenth century, the invention of the steam engine for the industrial revolution offers a major energy, which greatly promoted the development of of all kinds of machines. So, a new engineering is an important branch of the civil engineering from separate about tools and machine of the branch is development up, and in 1847, with the Birmingham mechanical engineer, the establishment of the association was formally recognized. Mechanical engineering has a mechanic is mainly used in the application development of technology of becoming a professional engineer in research, design and production in the field of the scientific method to use. From the standpoint of the most general, increase the efficiency of the mechanical engineer to demand constantly improve the quality of work, and ask him to accept the education and training of high degree. Not only machine wants be particular about the economy, and JiJianFei will to a minimum.
2. Mechanical engineering field
The development of mechanical products in developed countries, a high level of material life depends largely on the mechanical engineering to the realization of all kinds of machinery. Mechanical engineers constantly invention machines to produce goods, the continuous development of high accuracy and complexity more and more mechanical tools to production machines. The development of mechanical main clue is: to increase productivity and increase machine operation speed, to gain the good and cheap products and improving precision and reduce the production cost. The three requirements promote the complex control system development. The most successful machinery manufacturing is the mechanical design of the machine can control system with closer integration, whether this kind of control system from essentially is the mechanical or electronic. Modern automobile engine production transmission line (transmission belt) is a complex set of production process of mechanized very good example. People are to develop in order to make mechanical production further automation, the use of a computer to storage and processing of large quantities of data, the data is a few multi-function machine produces various parts must. One of the goals is to make the batch production workshop is fully automated and class 3 rotation, but every day just a personnel to operate. The development of mechanical power production machinery must first have plenty of power supply. The first steam engine provides on the power of heat to transform the producing power practical ways, in the old human, wind and hydraulic increased outside power supply. New mechanical engineering is one of the first challenges facing increase the thermal efficiency and power, this with steam turbines and large joint steam boiler and the development of the basic realization. The 20 th century, turbines for generators to provide power to get the continuous rapid growth, and the thermal efficiency is also in steady growth, and big power plant every kilowatts of capital cost is also on the decline. Finally, mechanical engineers won the nuclear energy. The nuclear energy application needs a special high reliability and safety, this need to solve the many new problems. Large power plants and the whole control system of the nuclear power station has become a highly complex electronics, fluid, electric, hydraulic and mechanical parts of the network all this involves the mechanical engineer all academic field. Small internal combustion engines, whether reciprocating (gasoline and diesel engine) or rotary (gas turbine and prosperous Kerr machine), and they are in the field of transportation and the wide application of thanks to a mechanical engineers. In the whole transportation, both in the air and space, or on land and sea, mechanical engineer created various equipment and power plant, they more and more and electrical engineer cooperation, especially in suitable for the development of control systems. The development of military weapons used in the mechanical engineer and technical and civil war need in similar, although its purpose is to enhance destroy force not to raise productivity. However, the needs of war makes a large amount of resources in technology, many development in times of peace is of profound benefits. Jet aircraft and nuclear reactor is known as a example.
Biological engineering is one of the mechanical engineering relatively new field, it is used to replace or increase the body's function of machine and medical equipment. Artificial limbs have been developed, and has the powerful sports such as touch response and human body function. Artificial organ transplant surgery in the history of the development of the rapid, and complex cardiopulmonary machine and similar equipment to make more and complex surgery are to be carried out, and seriously wounded and serious illness the patient's life function continues. Environmental control of some of the original mechanical engineer in the effort to through pumping irrigation and drainage or to land for mine ventilation to control the human environment. The modern refrigeration and air conditioning enterprise widespread use of the reverse of heat engine, where power it heat from cold place to take hotter outside. A lot of mechanical engineering products, as well as other areas of technology development of environment have side effects, and produced the noise, caused the water and air pollution, destruction of the land and the scenery. Goods and the power of the productivity of too fast, so that the regeneration of the natural force to keep up with the pace. For mechanical engineers and others for, environment control is a rapid development in the field, it includes development as produce a small number of pollutants and production machine sequence, and the development of new equipment and technology to reduce and eliminate has caused pollution.
3. Mechanical engineering design
The mechanical design is the design of mechanical properties of things or system, such as: all kinds of machines, products, structure, equipment and instrument in many cases, the mechanical design should use mathematics, materials science and engineering mechanics of the knowledge of the subject.
Mechanical engineering design including all of the mechanical design, but it research wider, because it also includes all mechanical engineering branch of science, such as the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, in addition to the basic subject outside, in mechanical engineering design of the first study or mechanical design. Design of each stage of design the whole process from start to finish, in the process, the design that is a demand for it and decided to do something and began. After many after repeated, and finally put forward to meet the requirements of the plan and a end the design process. In the design of the consideration. Sometimes in a system of the strength of the decision is needed parts this part of geometric shape and size of important factors in this case, we say that strength is in the design of the important factors to consider. When we use the design considerations this expression, we mean the whole system design may affect parts of the design of some performance. In the design of the designated, usually to a series of such performance must be considered. However, for the right reasons, we should see, in many design, the design of the important factor is to calculate or test can confirm the parts or system. Especially the students, when in need to make important design decision but in fact and unable to any operation situation, they often feel confused. These are not special circumstances, they happen every day, just imagine, for instance in a medical laboratory mechanical design, from the point of view of sales, people expect has a very high strength and practical impression. Heavy parts installation together: can produce machines are very strong impression. And sometimes machines and parts of the design completely from the point of view of style and not other Angle consideration. We state the purpose of these is to you don't be misled to believe that every design decision all need reasonable mathematical method.
Manufacturing is to show the enterprise the raw material into finished products in. Manufacturing has three clear stage. They are: input, processing output. The first stage includes all production meet the needs of the market of product factors necessary. The first to have demand for this product, has the necessary material, also need such as energy, time, of human knowledge and technology, and other resources. Finally, need money to get all the other resources. The input stage after the second stage of the resources of each process were distribution. The original material processing process it into finished products. Finish design, based on the design, and the formation of plan. Plan through the various production process can be carried out. To all sorts of resources and process management to ensure efficiency and productivity. For example must carefully management resources to ensure proper use. Finally, the talk was put into the market of product. The last stage is the output stage or finished stage. Once finished a buy, have had to transport it to the user's hand. According to the product's performance, it may be for installation and debugging further, in addition some products especially those very complex products to the user training is important.
4. Production of material and process
Here said the engineering materials into two categories: metallic and non-metallic materials. Metal materials and further divided into the ferrous and non-ferrous metals, high-performance alloy and powder metal. Nonmetallic further divided into the plastic, synthetic rubber, composite materials and ceramic. Here said the production process is divided into several dozen process, including molding, forging, casting/FanSha, heat treatment, fixed/connections, measurement/quality control and material cutting. One of the each process and can be further divided into the rest of the process. Manufacturing at various stages of development in these years, manufacturing process through the four very different stages of development, although overlap each other. The stage is: the first stage by stage, the second stage mechanization, the third stage automation, the fourth stage integration..
When the human will initially be raw materials into finished products processing, they used manual craft. Everything is by hand and hand operated tools are made. This is completely integrated the prototype of the production. A person define demand, collecting material, design a product to meet this need, produce such products and use it. From start to finish, all focused on do the work of the mind of the person. Later during the industrial revolution into the mechanization of the production process, people began to use the machine to complete previously done by hand. This leads to the work of specialization. Specialization in turn also reduced the manufacture of integrated factors. In this stage of development, manufacturing workers can see only the concrete work they produce represents that part of the whole production process. People can't say know that the work is how to cooperate with the whole process of production, or they production parts with how to put into a finished product. The development of the manufacturing process under a stage is selected process automation. This is to use the computer to control the machine and process. In this one phase, Automation Island began to appear in the workshop. Every island represents the product production a clear process or a set of process. Although these automation island did improve island of the productivity of single internal process, but the overall productivity often without change. This is because the island is caught in the other automation production process of no middle, and not with their synchronization. The end result is the work of the fast through automation technology, but in the artificial part is stagnant down and caused bottlenecks. To better understand this problem, you can imagine in the rush hour drive from a red light to the next scene of the red light. Occasionally, you will find less car location, more than was slowly moving car, can find the next a red light has been delayed. You in a short time the essence of the throttle the effect was under a red light is offset by the obstruction. If you and other drivers can make your speed and red light changes synchronization. Before the faster it into. Then, all the car will be consistently, smooth operation, and then everyone forward rapidly. In the workshop and stability of the water de