句子成分和句子結(jié)構(gòu).ppt

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句子成分與基本句型,英語(yǔ)入門(mén)基礎(chǔ),什么是句子？,句子是由詞按照一定的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)組成的，是能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整概念的語(yǔ)言單位．句子的第一個(gè)字母必須大寫(xiě)，結(jié)尾要有．？ ！,I am a teacher. Are you a student? How beautiful the girl is !,現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)的基本成分有七種：主語(yǔ)（subject）、謂語(yǔ)（predicate）、表語(yǔ)（predicative）、賓語(yǔ)（object）、定語(yǔ)（attribute）、狀語(yǔ)(adverbial) 和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）。,句子包括哪些成分？,１．主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)是在句子中說(shuō)明全句中心主題的部分．一般由名詞，代詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞或從句充當(dāng)．它的位置一般在句首．,The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. To see is to believe. They are good friends.,主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)：,謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么，是什么，怎么樣，由簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞或者動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成．,They are teachers. She looks well. He studies hard. He laughed at his classmates. He can speak English.,表語(yǔ)：,表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么，或者怎么樣，由名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語(yǔ)，或者從句充當(dāng)．表語(yǔ)位于系動(dòng)詞后面．,I am a teacher. She is happy. Everybody is here. They are at home now. My job is to teach English. Seeing is believing.,賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作，行為的對(duì)象，由名詞，代詞，短語(yǔ)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，從句充當(dāng)．它和及物動(dòng)詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做了什么，在謂語(yǔ)之后．,She plays the piano. He often helps me. I like watching TV. She likes to go to shop this afternoon.,賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：位于賓語(yǔ)之后對(duì)賓語(yǔ)作出說(shuō)明的成分。可以用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有名詞，形容詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，分詞，介詞短語(yǔ)等。,The war made him a soldier. New methods make the job easy. I often find him at work. The teacher ask the students to close the windows. I saw a cat running across the road.,賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞或副詞．它表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，目的，方式，程度．一般由副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，也可由從句來(lái)充當(dāng)．,He did it carefully. Without his help, we couldn’t work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi. He is writing with a pen.,修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)）,句子成分的特點(diǎn)和功能,1.是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。 2.常用名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞（動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)或動(dòng)名詞）、代詞、數(shù)詞和主語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)。,★ They are students. ★ The sun rises in the east. 太陽(yáng)在東方升起。 ★ To see is to believe. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。,1. 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和特征，一般放 在主語(yǔ)的后面 2. 常用動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組充當(dāng),★ We study English. ★ He is asleep. ★ You may go now.,1. 是動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象或承受者,放在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞之后 (動(dòng)賓&介賓） 2. 常用名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞（動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)或動(dòng)名詞）、代詞和數(shù)詞充當(dāng),★ I like China. ★ We study English. ★ I play with him.,位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后,表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、 狀態(tài)和特征。,★ They are students. ★ He is asleep. 他睡著了。 ★ To see is to believe.,句子成分的特點(diǎn)和功能,修飾限定名詞或代詞，說(shuō)明該名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、數(shù)量等。,用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞等的，表示事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、結(jié)果、程度等等,★The little boy needs a blue pen.(形容詞) ★ Two boys need two pens. （數(shù)詞） ★ His name is Tom.（物主代詞） ★ The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. （介詞短語(yǔ)） ★ The boy sitting under the tree is Tom. （分詞短語(yǔ)）,★ He runs quickly. 他跑地很快。 ★ She is very beautiful. 她非常漂亮。 ★ I will go there tomorrow. ★He works in this factory.,英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。,掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。,一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂） 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓） 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓） 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）,Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物動(dòng)詞）,1. The sun│rose. 2. Who │cares? 3. What he said │does not matter. 4. They │talked for half an hour. 5. The pen │writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞， 后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等。,Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓） 構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)的代詞必須是‘代詞賓格’，如：me，him，them，us， her等 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物動(dòng)詞）│ Ｏ 1. Who │knows │the answer? 誰(shuí)知道答案？ 2. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜歡看書(shū)。 3. He │said │“Good morning.“ 他說(shuō)：“早上好！“ 4. I │ recognized │ him. 我認(rèn)出他了。 此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。,（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓） Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物） 1. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他給你帶來(lái)了一本字典。 2. I │told │him │the story 我告訴他這個(gè)故事。 有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)eg：give/pass/bring/show/buy/teach。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指人(間接賓語(yǔ))；一個(gè)指物(直接賓語(yǔ))。,Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） Ｓ │Ｖ（是系動(dòng)詞）│ Ｐ 1.This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。 2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的氣味很好。 3. Everything │looks │different. 一切看來(lái)都不同了。 4. His face │turned │red. 他的臉紅了。,系動(dòng)詞分兩類(lèi)：be, look, keep, seem等，表情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類(lèi)，表變化。 be 本身沒(méi)有什么意義,只起連系主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。,感官動(dòng)詞多可用作連系動(dòng)詞：look well/面色好, sound nice/聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò),feel good/感覺(jué)好，smell bad/難聞,S+V+O+C（主+動(dòng)+賓+賓補(bǔ)） Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（賓語(yǔ)） │ Ｃ（賓補(bǔ)） The war| made| him |a soldier. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士. New methods |make |the job| easy. 新方法使這項(xiàng)工作變得輕松. I |often find| him |at work. 我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作. I |saw |a cat |running across the road. 我看見(jiàn)一只貓跑過(guò)了馬路.,此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。類(lèi)似動(dòng)詞有call make find think keep see等等。,賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：位于賓語(yǔ)之后對(duì)賓語(yǔ)作出說(shuō)明的成分。可以用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有名詞，形容詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，分詞，介詞短語(yǔ)等。,劃分句子成分練習(xí)一 (一)指出下列句中主語(yǔ)的中心詞 ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,,,,,(二) 選出句中謂語(yǔ)的中心詞 ① I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon,,,(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ) ① My brother hasnt done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English. ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? ⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,,,,,,,,,(四) 挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ) ① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow. ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it.,,,,,,(五) 挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ) ① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name? ③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,,,,,,,,(六) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes.,,,,,,(七) 挑出下列句中的狀語(yǔ) ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.,,,,,,,鞏固練習(xí)：,1．她昨天回家很晚。 2．每天八時(shí)開(kāi)始上課。,2. Classes begin at eight every day.,1. She went home very late yesterday evening.,鞏固練習(xí)：,3．昨晚我寫(xiě)了一封信。 4．他們成功地完成了計(jì)劃。 5．那位先生能流利地說(shuō)三種語(yǔ)言。,I wrote a letter last night.,They have carried out the plan successfully.,That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.,謝謝,