高考英語總復(fù)習(xí) 語法專項 專題4 形容詞、副詞和修飾關(guān)系課件 新人教版.ppt

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一,二,三,四,形容詞和副詞在句子中的作用不可忽視。它們豐富了句子的表現(xiàn)力,豐滿了句子的內(nèi)涵。如果說句子的主語和謂語構(gòu)成句子的骨架,那么形容詞和副詞就是句子的血肉。形容詞用來修飾名詞或代詞,表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征,在句中作定語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)語。副詞主要用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、句子等,說明時間、地點、程度、方式等概念。副詞在句中主要作狀語。在語法填空和短文改錯兩個題型中,對該部分的考查主要集中在形容詞和副詞的基本用法、構(gòu)詞法知識和比較等級等方面。,二,三,四,一,一、句子中的語義相關(guān)對于形容詞來說,無論在句子中作定語還是表語,從句意層次來說,其語義和句子中的名詞或代詞有相關(guān)性,用來修飾或說明名詞或代詞的屬性、性狀或狀態(tài)等。副詞則與句子中的動詞或形容詞相關(guān),用來說明動作的時間、地點、程度、方式等情況。在句子中形容詞的位置要圍繞名詞、代詞或系動詞來安放;副詞要圍繞動詞、形容詞等來排列。觀察下列句子中的形容詞和副詞的使用,從語義相關(guān)和位置兩方面來深刻理解。Anideasuddenlystruckme.我心中忽然產(chǎn)生了一個念頭。Ihavealreadyfinishedmywork.我已經(jīng)做完了工作。Lookatthepicturecarefully.仔細(xì)看這幅畫。,二,三,四,一,Heisseldomlateforschool.他上學(xué)很少遲到。Ithinkheisamansuitableforthejob.我認(rèn)為他是適合做這項工作的人。Hemustbethebestviolinistalive.他一定是當(dāng)代最好的小提琴手了。Thisisntanythingimportant.這并不是什么重要的東西。Jackisgoodatplayingbasketball.杰克擅長打籃球。,二,三,四,一,二、考查構(gòu)詞法知識1.名詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~(1)部分名詞后面加-y可以變成形容詞(尤其是一些與天氣有關(guān)的名詞)如:rainrainy,cloudcloudy,windwindy,snowsnowy如果名詞以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,且詞尾只有一個輔音字母,這時應(yīng)雙寫詞尾的輔音字母再加-y。如:sunsunny,funfunny,bigbigger少數(shù)以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~時,應(yīng)去掉e再加-y。如:noisenoisy,iceicy(2)一些抽象名詞在詞尾加-ful可以變?yōu)樾稳菰~如:beautybeautiful,sorrowsorrowful,二,三,四,一,(3)一些表示國家的名詞可以變詞尾為-ese,-ish或直接加-n構(gòu)成表示國籍、語言的形容詞。如:ChinaChinese,EnglandEnglish,AmericaAmerican,IndiaIndian(其中注意CanadaCanadian)。(4)在名詞后加-less構(gòu)成含有否定意義的形容詞如:carecareless,useuseless,hopehopeless,homehomeless(5)在名詞后加-ous如:famefamous,dangerdangerous,mysterymysterious(6)有些名詞后不發(fā)音的e變?yōu)閍l,有些直接加后綴-al變?yōu)樾稳菰~如:medicinemedical,musicmusical,naturenatural,personpersonal,nationnational,educationeducational,traditiontraditional,originoriginal,二,三,四,一,(7)名詞加后綴-ly如:friendfriendly,livelively,lovelovely,monthmonthly,weekweekly等。另外,EuropeEuropean,foolfoolish,woolwoolen,woodwooden,goldgolden也應(yīng)該加以注意。,二,三,四,一,2.動詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~(1)詞尾加-ful如:useuseful,carecareful,helphelpful,thankthankful,forgetforgetful,playplayful,wonderwonderful(2)詞尾加-d或-ed如:pleasepleased,uniteunited,exciteexcited,surprisesurprised,organizeorganized,closeclosed,woundwounded,relaxrelaxed,developdeveloped,appreciateappreciated,frustratefrustrated,interestinterested,annoyannoyed,useused,frightenfrightened,crowdcrowded,thrillthrilled,pollutepolluted(3)有些動詞可將詞尾y變?yōu)閕,加-edworryworried,marrymarried,fryfried,terrifyterrified,satisfysatisfied以后綴-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞通常用于說明人,不用于說明事物,即使它們所修飾的名詞是事物,那它們指的也是與該事物相關(guān)的人。,二,三,四,一,(4)詞尾加-ing。若詞尾為不發(fā)音的e,去e再加-ing如:interestinteresting,surprisesurprising,exciteexciting,developdeveloping,frightenfrightening,frustratefrustrating,relaxrelaxing,liveliving,sleepsleeping以后綴-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞主要用于說明事物,表示事物的性質(zhì)或特征,若用它們說明人,則表示此人具有此性質(zhì)或特征。(5)詞尾加-able如:enjoyenjoyable,suitsuitable,adjustadjustable,comfortcomfortable,二,三,四,一,3.前綴與形容詞詞義變化英語中有許多表示否定的前綴,如dis-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,un-,mis-,non-,dis-等,可以加在形容詞前構(gòu)成否定意義的形容詞。如:un-:untrue,unimportant,unhealthy,unkind,unnecessary,undoubted,unfinishedin-:informal,incorrect,invisible,inaccurateim-:(加在字母m,b,p之前)impossible,impoliteil-:(加在以l開頭的單詞的前邊)illegal,illiterate,illogicalir-:(放在以r開頭的單詞前面)irregular,irresistible,irrelevantnon-:non-existent,non-essential,non-electrical,二,三,四,一,4.形容詞變副詞通常是加-ly,其變化有規(guī)律可循:(1)一般情況下直接加-ly。如:quickquickly,politepolitely,sadsadly,immediateimmediately,recentrecently(2)絕大多數(shù)輔音字母加e結(jié)尾的形容詞直接加-ly。少數(shù)以e結(jié)尾的形容詞,要去掉e再加-ly。如:truetruly,dueduly,widewidely,politepolitely(3)以y結(jié)尾的,且讀音為/I/的,先將y改成i,再加-ly,如:happyhappily,heavyheavily,angryangrily,busybusily但是如果讀音為/aI/,直接加-ly,如:drydryly;slyslyly;shyshyly(4)以ic結(jié)尾的詞,加-ally。如:economiceconomically,basicbasically,scientificscientifically,automaticautomatically,energeticenergetically但是publicpublicly例外。,二,三,四,一,(5)以輔音字母加le結(jié)尾時,去e加-y。如:simplesimply,considerableconsiderably,terribleterribly,gentlegently,possiblepossibly,probableprobably,incredibleincredibly形容詞詞尾為元音字母加le時,變副詞需加-ly,如:solesolely。但是wholewholly例外。(6)以ll結(jié)尾時,只加-y。如:dulldully;shrillshrilly(7)有些單詞本身是副詞,加上-ly后同樣是副詞。一般無-ly的副詞表示具體的含義,而有-ly的副詞表示抽象的含義。如:close意思是“近”;closely意思是“仔細(xì)地”。late意思是“晚”;lately意思是“最近”。deep意思是“深”,表示空間深度;deeply時常表示感情上的深度,“深深地”。,二,三,四,一,high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于much。wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是“廣泛地;在許多地方”。free的意思是“免費”;freely的意思是“無限制地”。friendly,motherly,lovely,likely,daily,weekly等詞是形容詞而非副詞。,二,三,四,一,三、考查比較等級1.形容詞和副詞的比較級與最高級同級比較用“as+原級+as”,兩者比較用“比較級+than”,三者或以上比較用“最高級+in/of.”。如:Speakingofallthesongshehaswritten,Ithinkthisisprobablyhisbest-knownone.提到他寫的所有歌曲,我認(rèn)為這是他最有名的一首。Alanisacarefuldriver,buthedrivestheleastcarefullyofmyfriends.艾倫是一個細(xì)心的司機(jī),但他卻是我的朋友中開車最粗心的。LittleMaryplaysthepianoasbeautifullyashersister.小瑪麗與她姐姐彈鋼琴一樣好。注意:與比較等級有關(guān)的還有幾個特殊用法需要引起我們的注意。,二,三,四,一,(1)“the+比較級.,the+比較級.”表示“越,越”,前面的句子相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句,一般不用將來時。如:Themoreyouuseadictionary,themoreusefulyouwillfindittoyou.你越使用字典,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)它對你越有用。Thehigheryouclimbthemountain,thelessairyoucanbreathe.你爬山爬得越高,你吸到的空氣越少。(2)“the+比較級+ofthe(兩者)”表示“兩者中比較,更的”。如:Whichisthebetterofthetwobooks?Theyoungerofthebrothersismuchclever.(3)“a+最高級”不表示“最”,而表示“非常”。如:Thisisamostdifficultlessoninthisbook.Sheisamostmysteriousperson.,二,三,四,一,(4)否定副詞never與比較級連用有時可表示最高級的意義。如:Ihavenevermetakinderman.我從來沒遇見過這么仁厚的人。(5)notmore.than不如nomore.than和一樣不(否定兩者)notless.than不如不(即指不如less后形容詞的反面)noless.than和一樣(肯定兩者)nomorethan表示“僅僅”“只有”“只不過”,強(qiáng)調(diào)程度低或數(shù)量少。如:Youaremorecarefulthanheis.你比他仔細(xì)。Youarenotmorecarefulthanheis.你不如他仔細(xì)。Youarenomorecarefulthanheis.你和他一樣不仔細(xì)。Youarelesscarefulthanheis.你不如他仔細(xì)(你比他粗心)。,二,三,四,一,Youarenotlesscarefulthanheis.你比他仔細(xì)(你不如他粗心)。Youarenolesscarefulthanheis.你和他一樣仔細(xì)。HeisnomorethananordinaryEnglishteacher.他只不過是個普通的英文老師。Hehasnomorethanthreeshirts.他只有3件襯衫。(6)“more+形容詞或副詞+than.”表示對同一人或物在不同方面進(jìn)行取舍,意為“與其說倒不如”。如:Heismorehungrythantired.與其說他累了,倒不如說他餓了。,二,三,四,一,做“語法填空”題時應(yīng)該注意:當(dāng)括號中所給詞是形容詞或副詞,且空格處需要的仍是形容詞或副詞時,要根據(jù)語境,理解句意,若該詞意思不變,邏輯上講得通,就很可能填該詞的比較級(或最高級)。如:Thewaterwassimplythecontainerforanactofkindnessandlove.Nothingcouldbe(sweet).答案:sweeter,二,三,四,一,2.倍數(shù)比較的句型(1)A+be+倍數(shù)+as+計量形容詞原級+as+B。如:Thistreeisthreetimesastallasthatone.這棵樹是那棵樹的三倍高。(2)A+be+倍數(shù)+計量形容詞比較級+than+B。如:TheYangtzeRiverisalmosttwicelongerthanthePearlRiver.長江差不多比珠江長兩倍。(3)A+be+倍數(shù)+the+size/height/length/width,etc.+of+B。如:Thenewlybroadenedsquareisfourtimesthesizeofthepreviousone.新擴(kuò)建的廣場是未擴(kuò)建時的四倍大。(4).times+what+從句。如:Theproductionisnowthreetimeswhatitwastenyearsago.現(xiàn)在的產(chǎn)量是十年前的三倍。,二,三,四,一,四、考查連接性副詞連接副詞可用于連接句子或從句。常見分類如下:1.表示增補(bǔ):besides,further,then,similarly,likewise,moreover2.表示等同:similarly,equally3.表示對比:rather,oppositely4.表示概括:altogether,generally5.表示列舉:first(ly),second(ly),finally6.表示讓步:however,still,yet,nevertheless,though,anyway7.表示結(jié)果:therefore,consequently,accordingly,thus8.表示著重:mainly,mostly,particularly,especially,二,三,四,一,連接副詞的性質(zhì)類似于并列連詞,使用時其前通常用分號或句號;若其前用逗號,則通常帶有并列連詞(如and)。如:Wealltriedourbest;however,welostthegame./Wealltriedourbest.However,welostthegame.我們都已盡了最大的努力,不過我們還是輸了。,.完成句子(高考真題變式訓(xùn)練)1.Raymondsparentswantedhimtohave(good)possibleeducation.2.Withonlineshoppingincreasinglypopular,theInternetisseenasa(n)(efficiency)wayofreachingtargetcustomers.3.Itsourhopethatwewillplayagreaterroleinthemarketplaceand,supplymorejobs.4.Henrywasawayfromhomeforquiteabitandsawhisfamily.5.Whatdidyoudolastweekend?Oh,nothing.6.Thanksforyourdirectionstothehouse;wewouldnthavefoundit.7.Theaimofeducationistoteachyoungpeopletothinkforthemselvesandnotfollowothers(blind).,thebest,efficient,therefore,seldom,much,otherwise,blindly,8.Thosepoorandneedyteenagerswereexcitedtofindashopatthecornerwheretheycouldbuy(afford)pricedbike.9.Thereareasmallnumberofpeopleinvolved,possiblyasastwenty.10.Everythingseemedtobegoing(smooth)forthefirsttwodaysafterImovedtoNewYork.,affordably,few,smoothly,.單句改錯1.Thesunwasverybigandred.Howexcitingwewere!2.ImveryinterestinginthejobandIdliketoapplyfortheposition.3.Shehastouseawheelchairtogetaroundanditoftentakesheralittlelongertodoeverydaythings,suchasgettingoutofbed,gettingdressingandgoingtoschool.4.Meanwhile,Idohopethewholesocietycanrealizetheimportantoffoodsafetyandbegintakingactiontogethertomakesurefoodissafe.,答案:excitingexcited,答案:interestinginterested,答案:dressingdressed,答案:importantimportance,5.Yes,evenstudentswithaverageintelligencecanbetopstudentswithoutadditionwork.6.Whensittingintheclassroomshelooksjustlikeallherclassmatesandafterclassherlifeisobviousdifferent.7.Igotextremeinterestedinforeignculturesorcustoms.8.Im18yearsoldandhaveagoodcommandofEnglish,especialintermsofspeakingandlistening.,答案:additionadditional,答案:obviousobviously,答案:extremeextremely,答案:especialespecially,9.IdreamconstantlythatI,alongwithmyclassmates,willstudyhappywiththehelpoftherespectableprofessors.10.Similar,peopleprefermoviesthatreflecttheirmood.,答案:happyhappily,答案:SimilarSimilarly,