《電子信息工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)導(dǎo)論》PART4unit.ppt
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UNIT16IntroductiontoComputerNetworks NewwordsandTechnicalTermsperipheralcongestiontopologydismallymainframebusdartmuscleEthernetterminalcircularlybidirectionaltoken TextDuringthe1950s mostcomputersweresimilarinonerespect Theyhadamainmemory acentralprocessingunit CPU andperipherals ThememoryandCPUwerecentraltothesystem Sincethenanewgenerationofcomputinghasemergedinwhichcomputationanddatastorageneednotbecentralized Ausermayretrieveaprogramfromoneplace runitonanyofavarietyofprocessors andsendtheresulttoathirdlocation AsystemconnectingdifferentdevicessuchasPCs printers anddiskdrivesisanetwork Typically eachdeviceinanetworkservesaspecificpurposeforoneormoreindividuals For example aPCmaysitonyourdeskprovidingaccesstoinformationorsoftwareyouneed APCmayalsobedevotedtomanagingadiskdrivecontainingsharedfiles Wecallitafileserver Oftenanetworkcoversasmallgeographicareaandconnectsdevicesinasinglebuildingorgroupofbuildings Suchanetworkisalocalareanetwork LAN Anetworkthatcoversalargerareasuchasamunicipality state country ortheworldiscalledawideareanetwork WAN Generallyspeaking mostnetworksmayinvolvemanypeopleusingmanyPCs eachofwhichcanaccessanyofmanyprintersorservers Withallthesepeopleaccessinginformation theirrequestsinevitablywillconflict 1 Consequently thedevicesmustbeconnectedin awaythatpermitsanorderlytransferofinformationforallconcerned Agoodanalogyisastreetlayoutinalargecity Withonlyonepersondrivingitmatterslittlewherethestreetsare whichonesareone way wherethetrafficsignalsare orhowtheyaresynchronized Butwiththousandsofthecarsonthestreetsduringthemorningrushhour abadlayoutwillcreatecongestionthatcausesmajordelays Thesameistrueofcomputernetworks Theymustbeconnectedinawaythatallowsdatatotravelamongmanyuserswithlittleornodelay Wecalltheconnectionstrategythenetworktopology Thebesttopologydependsonthetypesofdevicesanduserneeds Whatworkswellforonegroupmayperformdismallyforanother Fig 4 16 Acommonbustopology Somecommonnetworktopologiesaredescribedasfollowing Fig 4 16showsacommonbustopology orsimplybustopology connectingdevicessuchasworkstations mainframes andfileservers Theycommunicatethroughasinglebus acollectionofparallellines Acommonapproachgiveseachdeviceaninterfacethatlistenstothebusandexaminesitsdatatraffic Ifaninterfacedeterminesthatdataaredestinedforthedeviceitserves itreadsthedatafromthebusandtransfersittothedevice Similarly ifadevicewantstotransmitdata theinterfacecircuitsensewhenthebusisemptyandthentransmitdata Thisisnotunlikewaitingonafreewayentrancerampduringrushhour Yousenseanopeningandeitherquicklydarttoitormuscle yourwaythrough dependingonwhetheryou redrivingasubcompactoralargetruck Sometimes twodevicestrytotransmitsimultaneously Eachonedetectsanabsenceoftrafficandbeginstransmittingbeforebecomingawareoftheotherdevice stransmission Theresultisacollisionofsignals Asthedevicestransmittheycontinuetolistentothebusanddetectthenoiseresultingfromthecollisions Whenadevicedetectsacollisionitstopstransmitting waitsarandomperiodoftime andtriesagain Thisprocess calledCarrierSense MultipleAccesswithCollisionDetection CSMA CD willbediscussedlater OnepopularcommonbusnetworkisanEthernet ItscommonbustypicallyisEthernetcable whichconsistsofcopper opticalfiber orcombinationsofboth Itsdesignallowsterminals PCs diskstoragesystems andofficemachinestocommunicate AmajoradvantageofanEthernetistheabilitytoaddnewdevicestothenetworkeasily Anothercommonconnectingarrangementisthestartopology showninFig 4 17 Itusesacentralcomputerthatcommunicateswithotherdevicesinthenetwork Controliscentralized ifdevicewantstocommunicate itdoessoonlythroughthecentralcomputer Thecomputer inturn routesthedatatoitsdestination Centralizationprovidesafocalpointfor responsibility anadvantageofthestartopology Thebustopology however hassomeadvantagesoverastartopology Thelackofcentralcontrolmakesaddingnewdeviceseasybecausenodeviceneedstobeawareofothers Inaddition thefailureorremovalofadeviceinabusnetworkdoesnotcausethenetworktofail Inastartopology thefailureofthecentralcomputerbringsdowntheentirenetwork Fig 4 17 Thestartopology Startopologiesofteninvolveasinglemainframecomputerthatservicesmanyterminalsandsecondarydevices Withappropriateterminalemulationsoftware PCscancommunicatewiththemainframe Datatransfersbetweenterminalsorbetweenterminalsandstoragedevicesoccuronlythroughthemaincomputer InaringtopologyshowninFig 4 18 devicesareconnectedcircularly Eachonecancommunicatedirectlywitheitherorbothofitsneighborsbutnobodyelse 2 Ifitwantstocommunicatewithadevicefartheraway itsendsamessagethatpassesthrougheachdeviceinbetween Fig 4 18 Aringtopology Aringnetworkmaybeeitherunidirectionalorbidirectional Unidirectionalmeansthatalltransmissionstravelinthesamedirection Thus eachdevicecancommunicatewithonlyoneneighbor Bidirectionalmeansthatdatatransmissionstravelineitherdirection thatis adevicecancommunicatewithbothneighbors RingtopologiessuchasIBM stokenringnetworkoftenconnectPCsinasingleofficeordepartment ApplicationsfromonePCthuscanaccessdatastoredonotherswithoutrequiringamainframetocoordinatecommunications 3 Instead communicationsarecoordinatedby passingatokenamongallthestationsinthering Astationcansendsomethingonlywhenitreceivesthetoken Adisadvantageoftheringtopologyisthatwhenonestationsendstoanother allstationsinbetweenareinvolved Moretimeisspentrelayingmessagesmeantforothersthanin forexample abustopology 4 Moreover thefailureofonestationcausesabreakintheringthataffectscommunicationsamongallthestations Manycomputernetworksarecombinationsofvarioustopologies Fig 4 19showsapossiblecombination Fig 4 19 Combinationsofvarioustopologies 信息類國(guó)內(nèi) 外重要學(xué)術(shù)期刊一般認(rèn)為 信息學(xué)科主要包括電工 電機(jī) 電子 通信 計(jì)算機(jī) 自動(dòng)化等學(xué)科 下面列出了國(guó)內(nèi) 外信息類主要的學(xué)術(shù)期刊 國(guó)內(nèi)信息類學(xué)術(shù)期刊國(guó)內(nèi)重要學(xué)術(shù)期刊一般由中國(guó)科學(xué)院 科技部 教育部以及各專業(yè)學(xué)會(huì)主辦 如 自動(dòng)化學(xué)報(bào) 由中國(guó)自動(dòng)化學(xué)會(huì)主辦 計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)報(bào) 由中國(guó)計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)會(huì)主辦等 表4 1 電工類國(guó)內(nèi)主要學(xué)術(shù)期刊 表4 2 電子 通信類國(guó)內(nèi)主要學(xué)術(shù)期刊 表4 3 自動(dòng)化 控制類國(guó)內(nèi)主要學(xué)術(shù)期刊 表4 4 計(jì)算機(jī)類國(guó)內(nèi)主要學(xué)術(shù)期刊 國(guó)外信息類學(xué)術(shù)期刊國(guó)外信息類學(xué)術(shù)期刊眾多 除鼎鼎大名的 Science 與 Nature 外 主要以美國(guó)IEEE會(huì)刊 ACM會(huì)刊 英國(guó)IEE會(huì)刊為主 表4 5 電信類國(guó)外主要學(xué)術(shù)期刊 表4 6自動(dòng)化 控制類國(guó)外主要學(xué)術(shù)期刊 表4 7計(jì)算機(jī)類國(guó)外主要學(xué)術(shù)期刊 表4 8電工 電子類國(guó)外主要學(xué)術(shù)期刊 Notes 1 Withallthesepeopleaccessinginformation theirrequestsinevitablywillconflict 在這么多人存取信息的情況下 不可避免地會(huì)產(chǎn)生沖突 本句中的With表示 在 的情況下 而accessinginformation是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) 修飾前面的thesepeople back 2 Eachonecancommunicatedirectlywitheitherorbothofitsneighborsbutnobodyelse 每一個(gè)設(shè)備只能與它相鄰的一邊或兩邊之間進(jìn)行的通信 而不能與此外其他設(shè)備直接通信 back 3 ApplicationsfromonePCthuscanaccessdatastoredonotherswithoutrequiringamainframetocoordinatecommunications 一個(gè)PC上的應(yīng)用程序可以訪問其他機(jī)器上的數(shù)據(jù) 而用不著大型機(jī)對(duì)通信進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào) storedonothers是過去分詞短語(yǔ) 作定語(yǔ)修飾它前面的名詞 數(shù)據(jù) 而withoutrequiringamainframetocoordinatecommunications表示條件 back 4 Moretimeisspentrelayingmessagesmeantforothersthanin forexample abustopology 這樣 比起總線拓?fù)鋪?要花更多的時(shí)間來為其他的站點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)數(shù)據(jù) 本句中 relayingmessages是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ) 表示原因 而meantforothers是一個(gè)過去分詞短語(yǔ) 修飾messages back- 1.請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對(duì)于不預(yù)覽、不比對(duì)內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來的問題本站不予受理。
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