揚(yáng)州大學(xué)2017英語研究生中英互譯.doc

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1. An abstract serves an important function in a research report. It communicates the scope of your paper and the topics discussed to your reader. In doing so, it facilitates research. Abstracts help scientists to locate materials that are relevant to their research from among published papers, and many times scientists will only read a paper’s abstract in order to determine whether the paper will be relevant to them. Considering your audience and their needs will help you to determine what should be included in your abstract. ——摘要在一份研究報(bào)告中發(fā)揮著重要作用。它把你論文的范圍和討論的主題傳達(dá)給讀者。這樣做有利于研究。摘要幫助科學(xué)家從發(fā)表的論文中找到與他們研究相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)資料，科學(xué)家常常只閱讀一篇論文的摘要從而決定此論文是否與他們的研究有關(guān)?？紤]到你的讀者和他們的需求會將幫助你決定摘要該包含什么。 2. An informative abstract acts as a report in miniature, encapsulating the whole paper. It summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the report, and provides the key facts and conclusions from the body of the report. A good way to develop an informative abstract is to devote a sentence or two to each of the major parts of the report. If space permits, you can provide contextual information such as background of the problem and the significance of the research, but you can also omit contextual information because the abstract is not supposed to serve as an introduction to the subject matter of the report----your introduction will serve that role. You should, however, include key numerical facts to make the informative abstract brief and readers will not be surprised to see key data in an informative abstract. ——信息性摘要作為微型報(bào)告，概括整篇論文。它總結(jié)了報(bào)告主體各個(gè)主要部分的關(guān)鍵信息，并且提供了報(bào)告主體的關(guān)鍵事實(shí)和結(jié)論。寫信息摘要的一個(gè)很好的方法就是從報(bào)告的每一主要部分提煉一兩句話。如果篇幅允許，你可以提供給一些類上下文信息，如問題背景和研究的意義，但是你也可以省略這些信息，因?yàn)檎粦?yīng)作為文章主要內(nèi)容的介紹，而你的引言擔(dān)當(dāng)這一角色。你應(yīng)該無論如何要包含關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)從而使得信息摘要簡潔明了，并且讀者不會在信息摘要中看到關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)而驚訝。 3. An indicative abstract (sometimes called descriptive abstract) merely includes information about the purpose, scope and methods used to arrive at the findings contained in the original document. The function of indicative abstract is to help readers understand the general nature and scope of the research article. An indicative abstract indicates the subject and main findings of the paper but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved. It is brief and concise, from which readers can decide if they should continue to read the entire paper. This type of abstract is often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings.——指示性摘要有時(shí)候也稱作描述性摘要，僅僅包含原來文檔中的目的、范圍和為了獲得研究結(jié)果所使用的方法。指示性摘要的作用就是幫助讀者理解學(xué)術(shù)論文的一般性質(zhì)和范圍。指示性摘要指明論文的主題和主要發(fā)現(xiàn)，并不對試驗(yàn)過程進(jìn)行詳細(xì)地一步一步的解釋。指示性摘要簡明扼要，讀者能據(jù)此決定是否需要繼續(xù)閱讀整篇文章。這種類型的摘要經(jīng)常用于書寫理論論文、評論文章，在某些情況下，也會用于會議論文。 4. Put simply，abstracts and summaries are similar-they both represent abbreviated forms of longer works and occasionally the terms are used interchangeably-but they are not identical. Abstracts which frequently accompany journal articles and technical reports condense the document to give readers essential information about research purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations. Most abstracts are a single paragraph，and seldom more than one page. By contrast, summaries are thorough though usually longer than abstracts. They are less concerned with condensing the document than with emphasizing results, conclusions and recommendations. Independent or executive summaries precede document, concluding summaries end a document. ——簡而言之，摘要和總結(jié)是類似的--它們都呈現(xiàn)出長篇文章的縮短形式，有時(shí)候也會交替使用但并不完全相同。摘要通常伴隨著期刊文章和技術(shù)報(bào)告，將文章進(jìn)行簡化，為讀者提供諸如研究目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論和建議這些必要的信息。大多數(shù)摘要就只有一個(gè)單獨(dú)的段落，并且很少超過一頁。相比之下，總結(jié)較為周密，通常比摘要長。比起簡化文章來，總結(jié)重在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果、結(jié)論和建議。獨(dú)立執(zhí)行的摘要在文章之前，總結(jié)結(jié)束一篇文章。 5. An abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It cant assume (or attempt to provoke) the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague statement. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to consider include: Meet the word count limitation. If your abstract runs too long, either it will be rejected or someone will take a chainsaw to it to get it down to size. Your purposes will be better served by doing the difficult task of cutting yourself , rather than leaving it to someone else who might be more interested in meeting size restrictions than in representing your efforts in the best possible manner. ——摘要必須是論文一個(gè)完整的自成體系的壓縮描述。它不能假設(shè)（或試圖驅(qū)使）讀者為了尋找一個(gè)含糊不清話語的解釋而閱讀摘要。它本身必須是有意義的。需要考慮的幾點(diǎn)如下：滿足字?jǐn)?shù)限制。如果你的摘要寫的太長，要么會被退回，要么會有人采取措施把你的摘要縮短直到滿足要求。你自己完成縮短摘要篇幅這一艱巨的任務(wù)，會更好地將你的目的呈現(xiàn)出來，而不是把它交給一個(gè)單純?yōu)榱丝s短篇幅不顧成果展現(xiàn)形式的人來處理。 6. Of the various types of documents, scientists and engineers take greatest pride in writing research papers for publication in journals，which keep scientists and engineers up to date on what is going on in their professions. The writer has information the reader needs: what was found , how it was found，what the findings mean. Good scientists and engineers are as interested in the quality of their writing as they are in other aspects of their work. They know that technical effort counts for little if the written reports of that work do not convey information adequately. —— 在各種類型的文檔中，科學(xué)家和工程師以發(fā)表在期刊上的科研論文為最大的驕傲，這使得科學(xué)家和工程師把他們領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的進(jìn)展及時(shí)更新。作者有讀者需要的信息：發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么，它是如何被發(fā)現(xiàn)的，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)有什么意義？優(yōu)秀的科學(xué)家和工程師對他們寫作質(zhì)量和對研究的其他方面一樣感興趣。他們知道如果書面研究報(bào)告不能充分傳遞信息那么他們的技術(shù)努力也是沒有價(jià)值的。 7. The key to an effective research paper is integrating the research into the body of the paper. This is also the most difficult part of writing the paper. The research should support and lend credence to your conclusions, but it should not dominate the paper. Much of the writing should be your own ideas that are supported by research. Transitional words and phrases should be used to connect your thoughts to the references. If thats not done，the writing will be stilted and contrived; The paper will be choppy, and coherence will be lost. Remember that the research paper is like all other formal essays, and all of the rules of good writing apply. The paper should have an introduction, a body and a conclusion. It should be focused and fully developed. ——篇有效論文的關(guān)鍵在于整合研究內(nèi)容使其成為論文的主體。這也是寫論文最困難的部分。研究應(yīng)該支持并且驗(yàn)證你的結(jié)論，但不應(yīng)該占主導(dǎo)地位。所寫的大部分內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是你自己的觀點(diǎn)，這些觀點(diǎn)由研究內(nèi)容來支撐。應(yīng)該使用過渡詞和過渡語句將你的觀點(diǎn)和參考文獻(xiàn)聯(lián)系起來。如果不這樣做，文章會顯得生硬、不自然，論文將會斷斷續(xù)續(xù)從而失去連貫性。要切記研究論文和其他正式論文一樣，所有好的寫作規(guī)則都適用。論文應(yīng)該有一個(gè)引言、主體和結(jié)論。它應(yīng)該專注于主題并且充分構(gòu)思。 8. It is widely recognized that writing introductions is slow, difficult, and troublesome for both native speakers as well as nonnative speakers. A very long time ago, the Greek philosopher Plato remarked, “The beginning is half of the whole.” Indeed, eventually producing a good Introduction section always seems like a battle hard won. ——為人知，寫引言對于說母語和說外來語言的人來說都是很慢的、困難的、麻煩的。很久以前，希臘哲學(xué)家柏拉圖說過，“好的開始是成功的一半?！钡拇_，最終寫出一個(gè)好的引言部分似乎像是一場來之不易的戰(zhàn)爭。 9. In contrast to other types of introductions，research paper introductions aimed at specialists include technical details and a short review of previous work on the topic. Articles aimed at specialists may begin with an introduction based on either a long-form or a short-form problem statement. The problem or research question is normally the topic or one aspect of a research which cant be possible without the previous research work and giants’ contribution. Therefore，citations of their research are necessary.——較其他類型的引言來說，針對專家的研究論文引言包括技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)和關(guān)于該主題前期工作的簡短回顧。針對專家的文章可能會以一個(gè)或長篇或短篇形式的問題陳述為基礎(chǔ)來展開一個(gè)引言部分。問題或研究的疑問通常就是主題或研究領(lǐng)域的某一方面，這與之前的研究和偉人們的貢獻(xiàn)是分不開的。因此，引用他們的研究是必不可少的。 10. Summaries of the statistical analyses may appear either in the text (usually parenthetically) or in the relevant Tables or Figures (in the legend or as footnotes to the Table or Figure). The Results section should be organized around a series of Tables and/or Figures sequenced to present your key findings in a logical order. The text of the Results section follows this sequence and highlights the answers to the questions/hypotheses you investigated. Important negative results should be reported, too. Authors usually write the text of the results section based upon this sequence of Tables and Figures. ——統(tǒng)計(jì)的總結(jié)可能會出現(xiàn)在文本（通常一帶而過）或者在相關(guān)表格和圖表中（在圖例中或者作為圖表的注腳）。結(jié)果部分應(yīng)有邏輯性地圍繞一系列有順序的表和/或圖來呈現(xiàn)你的重要發(fā)現(xiàn)。結(jié)果的文本部分遵循圖表順序并且突出你所調(diào)查的問題的答案/假設(shè)。重要的負(fù)面結(jié)果也應(yīng)報(bào)告出來。作者通?；趫D表的順序書寫結(jié)果的文本部分。 11. Like many other aspects of writing, data commentaries are exercises in positioning yourself. There are, as a result，both dangers and opportunities. One danger is to simply repeat in words what the data has expressed in nonverbal form——in other words, to offer description rather than commentary. An opposite danger is to read too much into the data and draw unjustified conclusions. The art of the matter is to find the right strength of claim for the data and then order your statements in some appropriate way (such as from the more significant to the less significant).In most cases, this means moving in a general-specific direction. ——寫作許多其他方面一樣，數(shù)據(jù)評論是定位自己的練習(xí)。結(jié)果既有危險(xiǎn)又有機(jī)遇。危險(xiǎn)之一就是簡單地重復(fù)以非語言的形式展現(xiàn)出的數(shù)據(jù)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容--換句話說，提供描述而不是評論。與之相反的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)是過度解讀數(shù)據(jù)，得出不合理的結(jié)論。處理這個(gè)事情的藝術(shù)在于找到描述數(shù)據(jù)的適當(dāng)語氣強(qiáng)度，然后以某種適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞秸夏愕恼Z句（如從更重要的到不太重要的）。在大多數(shù)情況下，這意味著由一般向特殊的轉(zhuǎn)變。 12. With any scientific process，there is no such ideal as total proof or total rejection，and researchers must, by necessity, work upon probabilities. That means that，whatever level of proof was reached, there is still the possibility that the results may be wrong. Therefore，writers need not only good judgment about data while making highlight statements about data，but also good presentation of judgment. Thus，they have two requirements. One is the need to be cautious-and sometimes critical-about the data. As Skelton (1988) neatly observed, “It is important for students to learn to be confidently uncertain.” The other requirement is to have the linguistic resources to express this caution. ——何科學(xué)過程都不會有完全證明或完全否定這樣的理想狀態(tài)，研究者不可避免地基于可能性進(jìn)行研究。也就是說，不管證明達(dá)到何種水平，結(jié)果是錯誤的可能性仍然存在。因此，作者在對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行突出描述時(shí)不僅要有好的判斷能力，還要有好的判斷表達(dá)能力。因此，他們需要兩方面的要求。要求之一就是對數(shù)據(jù)要小心謹(jǐn)慎，有時(shí)候也要勇于批評。斯凱爾頓1988年巧妙地觀察到：“讓學(xué)生學(xué)會有信心地質(zhì)疑很重要。” 另一個(gè)要求就是要有語言資源來表達(dá)這種謹(jǐn)慎。 13. The discussion and conclusion section is somehow the counterpart of the introduction. The function of the discussion is to interpret your results in light of what was already known about the subject of the investigation，and to explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration. The discussion explains the implications of your results. It fits the results into the context of the field by relating your results to other work, both theoretical and experimental. Along with the Introduction, it explains why your work is important, how it contributes to the advancement of the field. You want to avoid introducing new ideas here or discussing tangential issues not directly related to the exploration and discovery of your thesis. It is critical that the discussion be done carefully and thoroughly. ——討論和結(jié)論部分某種程度上是配對介紹。討論部分的作用是根據(jù)已經(jīng)知道的調(diào)查對象詮釋你的結(jié)果，并且在考慮到你的結(jié)果后解釋我們對于此問題的新的理解。討論部分解釋了你結(jié)果所蘊(yùn)含的內(nèi)容。通過將你的結(jié)果與其他的理論和實(shí)驗(yàn)工作相聯(lián)系使你的結(jié)果符合研究領(lǐng)域的上下文信息。與引言一起，它解釋了為什么你的工作很重要，它如何有助于該領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)步。你要避免在這里介紹新的想法或討論與你論文的探索發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有直接關(guān)系的離題問題。至關(guān)重要的是，討論部分必須是仔細(xì)的和徹底的。 14.Writing a summary (or summarizing information) is a common way of integrating information into your original work that requires care and attention to detail. By summarizing, an author reduces a text, concept, idea, or data set to its most basic point or element without appropriating the language of the source. While you cannot retain all the definition and detail of the original context of the information in a brief summary, effort to represent the essential point within its context is essential or you risk distortion of the original meaning. ——寫一篇總結(jié)(或總結(jié)信息)是一種將信息整合到你的原創(chuàng)作品中的常見方式，需要對細(xì)節(jié)的關(guān)心和關(guān)注?？偨Y(jié)時(shí)，作者縮短文本，概念，想法，或數(shù)據(jù)集使之成為不占用語言資源的最基本的點(diǎn)或元素。雖然在一個(gè)簡短的總結(jié)里你不能保留原文所有的定義和細(xì)節(jié)，但是努力將文章的基本點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)出來是很有必要的，否則你會冒著原文意義失真的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 15.An active and efficient researcher may use summarizing as an effective way of building his own repository of research literature that he can readily tap into. Writing a summary and a review following reading a research report can help the reader and potential researcher digest the information of the source and develop insights into it, let alone form a lasting memory of it. Writing a summary helps a writer develop an understanding of the subject matter. Once that understanding is developed the writer becomes up to date hopefully with current knowledge.——積極高效的研究人員可使用總結(jié)作為一個(gè)構(gòu)建自己的研究文獻(xiàn)存儲庫的有效方式, 他可以很容易利用。閱讀一篇研究報(bào)告后寫一個(gè)總結(jié)和回顧可以幫助讀者和潛在研究人員消化原始資料信息并對其展開思考，更不用說形成一個(gè)持久的記憶。寫總結(jié)可以幫助作者展開對主題的理解。一旦理解形成，作者的想法很有希望能成為當(dāng)前最新的知識。