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畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書(論文)
作 者:
學 號:
系 部:
專 業(yè):
題 目:
轉(zhuǎn)速器盤加工工藝及
關(guān)鍵工序工裝設(shè)計
指導者:
評閱者:
2009 年 6 月
畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書(論文)中文摘要
工藝規(guī)程是工裝設(shè)計、制造和確定零件加工方法與加工路線的主要依據(jù),它對組織生產(chǎn)、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、提高勞動生產(chǎn)率、降低成本、縮短生產(chǎn)周期及改善勞動條件等都有著直接的影響,因此是生產(chǎn)中的關(guān)鍵工作。夾具在機械加工中起著重要的作用,它直接影響著機械加工的質(zhì)量,生產(chǎn)效率和成本,因此,夾具設(shè)計是機械工藝準備和施工中的一項重要工作。本文對機轉(zhuǎn)速器盤的結(jié)構(gòu)和工藝進行了分析,確定了機械加工工藝路線,制訂出了零件的鑄造工藝方案和機械加工工藝規(guī)程,并為加工零件上直徑mm的孔設(shè)計了一套專用鉆床夾具和專用組合機床。
關(guān)鍵詞 加工工藝 鑄造工藝 工藝規(guī)程 夾具設(shè)計
畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書(論文)外文摘要
Abstract
The process is the base of frock design、manufacturing、the method of machining and machining route. Its function is flowing: organizing produce, controlling quality, enhancing productivity, reducing cost, reducing produce periods, improving work conditions, etc. So, the process planning is the core part of produce. Fixture is very important equipment in process of machine manufacturing because it can directly affect the quality of products and productivity and cost. So fixture designing is also a basilica portion in machine process preparative and manufacture. This thesis is about the analysis with the craftwork and the structure of the speed governor tray , make sure the process route, establish the foundry process project and the process planning of the parts, and design a set of appropriative fixture for the bore with diameter 10mm.
Keywords Group technology Foundry technology Process planning Fixture design
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)開題報告
學 生 姓 名:
學 號:
專 業(yè):
設(shè)計(論文)題目:
轉(zhuǎn)速器盤加工工藝及
關(guān)鍵工序工裝設(shè)計
指 導 教 師:
2009 年 3 月 22 日
開題報告填寫要求
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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(論 文)開 題 報 告
1.結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)課題情況,根據(jù)所查閱的文獻資料,每人撰寫
2000字左右的文獻綜述:
文 獻 綜 述
摘要 本文著重講述了機械行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢,轉(zhuǎn)速器盤的用途,機械加工工藝規(guī)程的作用及內(nèi)容以及夾具設(shè)計。隨著科學的日益發(fā)展進步和國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的調(diào)整,工程機械行業(yè)已成為沒有政策壁壘的完全競爭行業(yè)。
關(guān)鍵詞 工藝規(guī)程 加工工藝 夾具設(shè)計
1.機械行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢
機械工業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟的裝備產(chǎn)業(yè),是科學技術(shù)物化的基礎(chǔ),是高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的載體,是國防建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè),也是為提高人民生活質(zhì)量提供消費類機電產(chǎn)品的行業(yè)。機械工業(yè)具有產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)聯(lián)度高,需求彈性大,對經(jīng)濟增長帶動促進作用強,對國家積累和社會就業(yè)貢獻大等特點。各工業(yè)化國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的歷程表明,沒有強大的裝備制造業(yè),就不可能實現(xiàn)國民經(jīng)濟的工業(yè)化、現(xiàn)代化和信息化。目前裝備制造業(yè)發(fā)展滯后是制約我國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級的重要因素,加大結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整力度,推進機械工業(yè)持續(xù)、健康、穩(wěn)定發(fā)展,對于轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟增長方式,提高國民經(jīng)濟整體素質(zhì),增強我國經(jīng)濟的國際競爭力,保障國防安全等都具有重要而深遠的意義。
目前機械工業(yè)全行業(yè)擁有企業(yè)3.97萬個,其中工業(yè)聯(lián)合會系統(tǒng)企業(yè)2.99萬個,從業(yè)人員1118.1多萬人。從事6大類、48中類、205小類產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)。全國規(guī)模以上機械工業(yè)企業(yè)總產(chǎn)值完成28489億元,同比增長25.12%;按90年不變價計算的總產(chǎn)值完成28206億元,同比增長23.39%。這一增長速度比同期全國工業(yè)增速15.70%和18.90%分別高9.42個百分點和4.49個百分點,居工業(yè)各行業(yè)之首。全行業(yè)實現(xiàn)的凈利潤和交納的稅金也分別達到了831.1億元和694.8億元。這是機械工業(yè)持續(xù)五年增長,而且是我國機械行業(yè)歷史上罕見的高速。機械工業(yè)經(jīng)過改組,多種成分共同發(fā)展、相互促進的局面已基本形成。民營資本主要經(jīng)濟指標已占機械行業(yè)的40%,三資企業(yè)主要指標占全行業(yè)的30%左右,而利潤和出口交貨值分別超過全行業(yè)的50%和60%。
2.轉(zhuǎn)速器盤的用途
轉(zhuǎn)速器盤從整體上來說,其徑向尺寸比軸向尺寸大,因此,可以將其劃定為不規(guī)則的盤類零件。零件上直徑為Φ10mm的孔裝一偏心軸,此軸一端通過銷與手柄相連,另一端與油門拉桿相連。轉(zhuǎn)動手柄,偏心軸轉(zhuǎn)動,油門拉桿即可打開油門(增速)或關(guān)小油門(減速);兩個直徑為Φ6mm孔裝兩個定位銷,起限位作用。手柄可在120°內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動,實現(xiàn)無級變速。轉(zhuǎn)速器盤通過兩個直徑為Φ9mm的螺栓孔用M8螺栓與柴油機機體相連。
3.機械加工工藝規(guī)程的作用及內(nèi)容
機械加工工藝規(guī)程的主要作用:①機械加工工藝規(guī)程是生產(chǎn)準備工作的主要依據(jù)。根據(jù)它來組織原材料和毛坯的供應(yīng),進行機床調(diào)整,專用工藝裝備的設(shè)計與制造,編制生產(chǎn)作業(yè)計劃,調(diào)配勞動力,以及進行生產(chǎn)成本核算等。②機械加工工藝規(guī)程也是組織生產(chǎn)、進行計劃調(diào)度的依據(jù)。有了它就可以制定生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的進度計劃和相應(yīng)的調(diào)度計劃,并能做到各工序科學地銜接,使生產(chǎn)均衡、順利,實現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)和低消耗。③機械加工工藝規(guī)程是新建工廠的基本技術(shù)文件。根據(jù)它和生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng),才能確定所需機床的種類和數(shù)量、工廠的面積、機床的平面布置、生產(chǎn)工人的工種、等級和數(shù)量、以及各輔助部門的安排等。
機械加工工藝規(guī)程包括的內(nèi)容是機械加工工藝過程卡片和機械加工工序卡片,是兩個主要的工藝文件。機械加工工藝過程卡片,是說明零件加工工藝過程的工藝文件。在單件、小批量生產(chǎn)中,以機械加工工藝過程卡片指導生產(chǎn),過程卡的各個項目編制較為詳細。機械加工工序卡片是為每個工序詳細制定的,用于直接指導工人進行生產(chǎn),多用于大批量生產(chǎn)的零件和成批生產(chǎn)中的重要零件。
制訂機械加工工藝規(guī)程的步驟如下:①根據(jù)零件的生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)決定生產(chǎn)類型;②分析零件加工的工藝性;③選擇毛坯的種類和制造方法;④擬訂工藝過程;⑤工序設(shè)計;⑥編制工藝文件。
4.夾具設(shè)計
在機床上裝夾工件所使用的工藝裝備稱為機床夾具。夾具是機械加工不可缺少的部件,在機床技術(shù)向高速、高效、精密、復合、智能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展的帶動下,夾具技術(shù)正朝著高精、高效、模塊、組合、通用、經(jīng)濟方向發(fā)展。機床夾具由定位元件、夾緊裝置、對刀及導引元件、連接元件、夾具體、其他裝置或元件組成。定位元件、夾緊裝置和夾具體是夾具的基本組成部分。
按夾具的應(yīng)用范圍分類有通用夾具、專用夾具、成組夾具、組合夾具等;按夾具上的動力源分類有手動夾具、氣動夾具、液壓夾具、電動夾具、磁力夾具、真空夾具、切削力及離心力夾具等。
機床夾具的主要作用為:①易于保證加工精度,并使一批工件的加工精度穩(wěn)定;②縮短輔助時間,提高勞動生產(chǎn)率,降低生產(chǎn)成本;③減輕工人操作強度,降低對工人的技術(shù)要求;④擴大機床的工藝范圍,實現(xiàn)一機多能;⑤減少生產(chǎn)準備時間,縮短新產(chǎn)品試制周期。
定位是指確定工件在機床或夾具中占有正確位置的過程。夾緊是指工件定位后將其固定,使工件在加工過程中保持定位位置不變的操作。工件在夾具中的定位通常有以下四種情況:完全定位、部分定位、欠定位、重復定位。工件在夾具中的夾緊是由夾具的夾緊裝置完成的。夾緊裝置通常由動力裝置和夾緊機構(gòu)兩大部分組成。典型的夾緊機構(gòu)有斜楔夾緊機構(gòu)、螺旋夾緊機構(gòu)、圓偏心夾緊機構(gòu)、定心夾緊機構(gòu)、鉸鏈夾緊機構(gòu)、聯(lián)動夾緊機構(gòu)等。夾緊動力裝置有氣動夾緊裝置、液壓夾緊裝置、電磁夾緊裝置、真空夾緊裝置等。
5.組合機床設(shè)計
5.1 組合機床的特點
組合機床是由大量的通用部件和少量專用部件組成的工序集中的高效率專用機床。它能夠?qū)σ环N(或幾種)零件進行多刀、多軸、多面、多工位加工。在組合機床上可以完成鉆孔、擴孔、銑削磨削等工序,生產(chǎn)效率高,加工精度穩(wěn)定。
組合機床與通用機床、其他專用機床比較,具有以下特點:
(1) 組合機床上的通用部件和標準零件約占全部機床零、部件總量的70~80%,因此設(shè)計和制造的周期短,投資少,經(jīng)濟效果好。
(2) 由于組合機床采用多刀加工,并且自動化程度高,因此比通用機床生產(chǎn)效率高,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定,勞動強度低。
(3) 組合機床的通用部件是經(jīng)過周密設(shè)計和長期生產(chǎn)實踐考驗的,又有廠成批制造,因此結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定、工作可靠,使用和維修方便。
(4) 在組合機床上加工零件時,由于采用專用夾具、刀具和導向裝置等,加工質(zhì)量靠工藝裝備保證,對操作工人水平要求不高。
(5)當被加工產(chǎn)品更新時,采用其他類型的專用機床時,其大部分件要報廢。用組合機床時,其通用部件和標準零件可以重復利用,不必另行設(shè)計和制造。
(6)組合機床易于聯(lián)成組合機床自動線,以適應(yīng)大規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)需要。
組合機床常用的通用部件有:機身、底座、立柱、動力箱、動力滑臺,各種工藝切削頭等。對于一些按循序加工的多工位組合機床,還具有移動工作臺或回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺。
動力箱、各種工藝切削頭和動力滑臺是組合機床完成切削主運動或進給運動的動力部件。其中還有能同時完成切削主運動和進給運動的動力頭。
機身、立柱、中間底座等是組合機床的支承部件,起著機床的基礎(chǔ)骨架作用。組合機床的剛度和部件之間的精度保持性,主要是由這些部件保證。
5.2 組合機床的分類和組成
組合機床的通用部件分大型和小型兩大類。大型通用部件是指電機功率為1.5-3.0千瓦的動力部件及其配套部件。這類動力部件多為箱體移動的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。小型通用部件是指電機功率為1.1-2.2千瓦的動力部件及其配套部件。這類動力部件多為套筒移動的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。用大型通用部件組成的機床稱為大型組合機床。用小型通用部件真誠的機床稱為小型組合機床。按設(shè)計的要求本次設(shè)計的機床為小型通用機床。
組合機床除分為大型和小型外,按配置形式又分為單工為和多工位機床兩大類。單工位機床又有單面、雙面、三面和四面幾種,多工位機床則有移動工作臺式、回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺式、中央立柱式和回轉(zhuǎn)鼓輪式等配置型式。
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[13] 廖念釗,莫雨松,李碩根,互換性與技術(shù)測量[M].北京:中國計量出版社,
2000:9~19.
[14] 王光斗,王春福,機床夾具設(shè)計手冊[M].上海:上??茖W技術(shù)出版社,2000.
[15] 樂兌謙,金屬切削刀具,北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,2005:4~17.
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(論 文)開 題 報 告
2.本課題要研究或解決的問題和擬采用的研究手段(途徑):
一、課題研究內(nèi)容
由于轉(zhuǎn)速器盤它結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊性,所以不能用以往各類盤套類夾具來應(yīng)用,應(yīng)該針對它這個特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計出對應(yīng)的鉆床夾具。最后用相關(guān)的繪圖軟件繪出零件圖和裝配圖。
本課題是轉(zhuǎn)速器盤鉆床夾具的設(shè)計與制造,需要研究或解決的問題有如下幾個方
面:
1.認真查閱資料,分析轉(zhuǎn)速器盤的結(jié)構(gòu)特點以及相關(guān)的技術(shù)要求。
2.分析通用夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)特點以及相關(guān)的技術(shù)規(guī)范。
3.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)速器盤的特點,設(shè)計出適合的鉆床夾具結(jié)構(gòu)。
4.材料的選擇。根據(jù)材料的性能不同和經(jīng)濟性,選擇適合的夾具材料。同時還要對夾具做受力分析,計算夾緊力,是否滿足要求。
5.擬訂工藝路線。首先劃分加工階段,然后選擇表面的加工方法和合適的定位基
準,最后確定工序安排的原則。
6.確定工序的設(shè)計。首先選擇機床和工件(刀具和夾具),然后確定加工余量和工序尺寸,最后計算尺寸鏈。
7.編寫工藝過程卡片,制定工藝規(guī)程。
8. 設(shè)計關(guān)鍵工序加工的組合機床,包括“三圖一卡”
二、研究途徑(手段)
1.通過實習了解轉(zhuǎn)速器盤夾具的機構(gòu)設(shè)計原理。
2.通過查閱書籍和資料,設(shè)計出幾個方案,對偏心軸套銑夾具的優(yōu)劣進行總結(jié),然后選擇最合理的鉆床夾具。
3.對照畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)書中的相關(guān)技術(shù)要求對夾具進行計算,得出合理的設(shè)計。
4.利用CAD和PRO/E完成偏心軸套銑夾具的零件圖和裝配圖的繪制。
5.組合機床的方案選擇
(1)制定工藝方案 要深入現(xiàn)場了解被加工零件的加工特點、精度和技術(shù)要求、定位夾壓情況以及生產(chǎn)率的要求等。確定在組合機床上完成的工藝內(nèi)容及其加工方法。這里要確定加工工步數(shù),決定刀具的種類和型式。
(2)機床結(jié)構(gòu)方案的分析和確定 根據(jù)工藝方案確定機床的型式和總體布局。在選擇機床配置型式時,既要考慮實現(xiàn)工藝方案,保證加工精度,技術(shù)要求及生產(chǎn)效率;又要考慮機床操作、維護、修理是否良好;還要注意被加工零件的生產(chǎn)批量,以便使設(shè)計的組合機床符合多快好省的要求。
(3)組合機床總體方案 這里要確定機床各部件間的相互關(guān)系,選擇通用部件的刀具的導向,計算切削用量及機床生產(chǎn)率。給制機床的總聯(lián)系尺寸圖及加工示意圖等。
(4)組合機床的部份方案和施工方案 制定組合機床流水線的方案時,與一般單個的組合機床方案有所不同。 流水線上由于工序的組合不同,機床的型式和數(shù)量都會有較大的變化。因此,這時應(yīng)按流水線進行全面考慮,而不應(yīng)將某一臺或幾臺機床分裂開來設(shè)計。即使暫時不能全面地進行流水線設(shè)計,制定方案時也應(yīng)綜合研究,才能將工序組合得更為合理,更可靠地滿足工件的加工要求,用較多的工作,也為進一步發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了有利條件。
以上只是對本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計的一些初步思考,在畢業(yè)設(shè)計過程中將不斷糾正設(shè)計方向,完善設(shè)計理念。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(論 文)開 題 報 告
指導教師意見:
1.對“文獻綜述”的評語:
2.對本課題的深度、廣度及工作量的意見和對設(shè)計(論文)結(jié)果的預測:
指導教師:
年 月 日
所在專業(yè)審查意見:
負責人:
年 月 日
被加工
零件
圖號
毛坯種類
鑄件
名稱
轉(zhuǎn)速器盤
毛坯重量
材料
HT200
硬度
175~255HBS
工序名稱
鉆Φ9.8孔
工序號
序號
工步
名稱
工作行程/
mm
切速/
(m/min)
進給量/
(mm/r)
進給量/
(mm/min)
工時/min
工進
時間
輔助
時間
1
安裝工件
0.7
2
工件定位、夾緊
0.05
3
鉆頭快進
150
5000
0.03
4
鉆頭工進
30
6
0.43
84
0.36
5
死擋鐵停留
0.01
6
鉆頭快退
180
5000
0.036
7
工件松開
0.05
8
卸下工件
0.7
備注
1. 一次安裝加工一個工件
2. 本機床裝卸工件時間取1.4min
累計
0.036
1.576
單件總工時
1.612
機床生產(chǎn)率
37.22(件/h)
理論生產(chǎn)率
27.17(件/h)
負荷率
73%
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書(論文) 第 II 頁 共 Ⅱ 頁
目 錄
1 引言……………………………………………………………………………………1
2 零件分析………………………………………………………………………………2
2.1 零件的生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)及生產(chǎn)類型………………………………………………………2
2.2 零件的作用…………………………………………………………………………2
2.3 零件的加工工藝分析………………………………………………………………2
2.4 零件主要技術(shù)條件分析及技術(shù)關(guān)鍵問題…………………………………………2
3 鑄造工藝方案設(shè)計……………………………………………………………………4
3.1 確定毛坯的成形方法………………………………………………………………4
3.2 鑄件結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性分析………………………………………………………………4
3.3 鑄造工藝方案的確定………………………………………………………………4
3.4 鑄造工藝參數(shù)的確定………………………………………………………………5
3.5 型芯設(shè)計……………………………………………………………………………5
4 機械加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計………………………………………………………………7
4.1 基面的選擇…………………………………………………………………………7
4.2 表面加工方案的選擇………………………………………………………………7
4.3 制訂機械加工工藝路線……………………………………………………………8
4.4 確定機械加工余量及工序尺寸……………………………………………………9
4.5 確定切削用量及基本工時……………………………………………………… 13
5 夾具設(shè)計…………………………………………………………………………… 35
5.1 工件分析………………………………………………………………………… 35
5.2 繪制夾具總體圖………………………………………………………………… 41
6 組合機床設(shè)計……………………………………………………………………… 42
6.1 組合機床結(jié)構(gòu)方案的確定……………………………………………………… 42
6.2 被加工零件工序圖繪制………………………………………………………… 42
6.3 被加工零件加工示意圖繪制…………………………………………………… 42
6.4 組合機床聯(lián)系尺寸圖的繪制…………………………………………………… 43
結(jié)束語………………………………………………………………………………… 44
致謝…………………………………………………………………………………… 45
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………… 46
附圖 1 轉(zhuǎn)速器盤零件圖
附圖 2 轉(zhuǎn)速器盤加工工藝過程綜合卡
附圖 3 轉(zhuǎn)速器盤加工工藝各工序工序卡
附圖 4 夾具裝配圖
附圖 5 被加工零件工序圖
附圖 6 被加工零件加工示意圖
附圖 7 組合機床聯(lián)系尺寸
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯
系 部: 機械工程系
專 業(yè):
姓 名:
學 號:
外文出處: Electromechanical Integration and
The development of Technology Trends
附 件: 1.外文資料翻譯譯文;2.外文原文。
指導教師評語:
簽名:
年 月 日
附件1:外文資料翻譯譯文
機電一體化技術(shù)
一、機電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展歷程及其趨勢
自電子技術(shù)一問世,電子技術(shù)與機械技術(shù)的結(jié)合就開始了,只是出現(xiàn)了半導體集成電路,尤其是出現(xiàn)了以微處理器為代表的大規(guī)模集成電路以后,機電一體化技術(shù)之后有了明顯進展,引起了人們的廣泛注意。
(一)機電一體化的發(fā)展歷程
1.數(shù)控機床的問世,寫下了機電一體化歷史的第一頁;
2.微電子技術(shù)為機電一體化帶來勃勃生機;
3.可編程序控制器、電力電子等的發(fā)展為機電一體化提供了堅強基礎(chǔ);
4.激光技術(shù)、模糊技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)等新技術(shù)使機電一體化躍上新臺階。
(二)機電一體化發(fā)展趨勢
1.光機電一體化。一般的機電一體化系統(tǒng)是由傳感系統(tǒng)、能源系統(tǒng)、信息處理系統(tǒng)、機械結(jié)構(gòu)等部件組成的。因此,引進光學技術(shù),實現(xiàn)光學技術(shù)的先天優(yōu)點是能有效地改進機電一體化系統(tǒng)的傳感系統(tǒng)、能源(動力)系統(tǒng)和信息處理系統(tǒng)。光機電一體化是機電產(chǎn)品發(fā)展的重要趨勢。
2.自律分配系統(tǒng)化——柔性化。未來的機電一體化產(chǎn)品,控制和執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)有足夠的冗余度,有較強的柔性,能較好地應(yīng)付突發(fā)事件,被設(shè)計成自律分配系統(tǒng)。在自律分配系統(tǒng)中,各個子系統(tǒng)是相互獨立工作的,子系統(tǒng)為總系統(tǒng)服務(wù),同時具有本身的自律性,可根據(jù)不同的環(huán)境條件作出不同反應(yīng)。其特點是子系統(tǒng)可產(chǎn)生本身的信息并附加所給信息,在總的前提下,具體行動是可以改變的。這樣,既明顯地增加了系統(tǒng)的適應(yīng)能力(柔性),又不因某一子系統(tǒng)的故障而影響整個系統(tǒng)。
3.全息系統(tǒng)化——智能化。今后的機電一體化產(chǎn)品全息特征越來越明顯,智能化水平越來越高。這主要收益于模糊技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)(尤其是軟件及芯片技術(shù))的發(fā)展。除此之外,其系統(tǒng)的層次結(jié)構(gòu),也變簡單的從上到下的形勢而為復雜的、有較多冗余度的雙向聯(lián)系。
4.生物一軟件化—仿生物系統(tǒng)化。今后的機電一體化裝置對信息的依賴性很大,并且往往在結(jié)構(gòu)上是處于靜態(tài)時不穩(wěn)定,但在動態(tài)(工作)時卻是穩(wěn)定的。這有點類似于活的生物:當控制系統(tǒng)(大腦)停止工作時,生物便死亡,而當控制系統(tǒng)(大腦)工作時,生物就很有活力。仿生學研究領(lǐng)域中已發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些生物體優(yōu)良的機構(gòu)可為機電一體化產(chǎn)品提供新型機體,但如何使這些新型機體具有活的生命還有待于深入研究。這一研究領(lǐng)域稱為生物——軟件或生物——系統(tǒng),而生物的特點是硬件(肌體)——軟件(大腦)一體,不可分割。看來,機電一體化產(chǎn)品雖然有向生物系統(tǒng)化發(fā)展趨,但有一段漫長的道路要走。
5.微型機電化——微型化。目前,利用半導體器件制造過程中的蝕刻技術(shù),在實驗室中已制造出亞微米級的機械元件。當將這一成果用于實際產(chǎn)品時,就沒有必要區(qū)分機械部分和控制器了。屆時機械和電子完全可以融合,機體、執(zhí)行機構(gòu)、傳感器、CPU等可集成在一起,體積很小,并組成一種自律元件。這種微型機械學是機電一體化的重要發(fā)展方向。
二、典型的機電一體化產(chǎn)品
機電一體化產(chǎn)品分系統(tǒng)(整機)和基礎(chǔ)元、部件兩大類。典型的機電一體化系統(tǒng)有:數(shù)控機床、機器人、汽車電子化產(chǎn)品、智能化儀器儀表、電子排版印刷系統(tǒng)、CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)等。典型的機電一體化元、部件有:電力電子器件及裝置、可編程序控制器、模糊控制器、微型電機、傳感器、專用集成電路、伺服機構(gòu)等。這些典型的機電一體化產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展趨勢、市場前景分析從略。
三、我國發(fā)展機電一體化面臨的形勢和任務(wù)
機電一體化工作主要包括兩個層次:一是用微電子技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè),其目的是節(jié)能、節(jié)材,提高工效,提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,把傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)的技術(shù)進步提高一步;二是開發(fā)自動化、數(shù)字化、智能化機電產(chǎn)品,促進產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代。
(一)我國機電一體化工作面臨的形勢
1. 我國用微電子技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)的工作量大而廣,有難度。
2. 我國用機電一體化技術(shù)加速產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代,提高市場占有率的呼聲高,有壓力。
3. 我國用機電一體化產(chǎn)品取代技術(shù)含量和附加值低,耗能、耗水、耗材高、污染、擾民產(chǎn)品的責任重,有意義。在我國工業(yè)系統(tǒng)中,能耗、耗水大戶,對環(huán)境污染嚴重的企業(yè)還占相當大的比重。近年來我國的工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)雖然幾經(jīng)調(diào)整,但由于多種原因,成效一直不夠明顯。這里面固然有上級領(lǐng)導部門的政出多門問題,有企業(yè)的故土難離,死守故業(yè)問題,但不可否認也有優(yōu)化不出理想的產(chǎn)業(yè),優(yōu)選不出中意的產(chǎn)品問題。上佳的答案早就擺在了這些企業(yè)的面前,這就是發(fā)展機電一體化,開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)有關(guān)的機電一體化產(chǎn)品。機電一體化產(chǎn)品功能強、性能好、質(zhì)量高、成本低,且具有柔性,可根據(jù)市場需要和用戶反映時產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)和生產(chǎn)過程做必要的調(diào)整、改革,而無須改換設(shè)備。這是解決機電產(chǎn)品多品種、少批量生產(chǎn)的重要出路。同時,可為傳統(tǒng)的機械工業(yè)注入新鮮血液,帶來新的活力,把機械生產(chǎn)從繁重的體力勞動中解脫出來,實現(xiàn)文明生產(chǎn)。
另外,從市場需求的角度看,由于我國研制、開發(fā)機電一體化產(chǎn)品的歷史不長,差距較大,許多產(chǎn)品的品種、數(shù)量、檔次、質(zhì)量都不能滿足需求,每年進口量都比較大,因此亟需發(fā)展。
(二) 我國機電一體化工作的任務(wù)
我國在機電一體化方面的任務(wù)可以概括為兩句話:一句話是廣泛深入地用機電一體化技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè);另一句話是大張旗鼓地開發(fā)機電一體化產(chǎn)品,促進機電產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代??偟哪康氖谴龠M機電一體產(chǎn)業(yè)的形成、為我國產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整作貢獻。
總之,機電一體化技術(shù)既是振興傳統(tǒng)機電工業(yè)的新鮮血液和源動力,又是開啟我國機電行業(yè)產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整大門的鑰匙。
四、我國發(fā)展機電一體化的對策
(一)加強統(tǒng)籌安排,協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展計劃
目前,我國從事機電一體化研究開發(fā)及生產(chǎn)的單位很多。各自都有一套自己的發(fā)展策略。各單位的計劃由于受各自立足點、著眼點的限制,難免只考慮局部利益,各主管部門的有關(guān)計劃和規(guī)劃,也有統(tǒng)一考慮不足,統(tǒng)籌安排不夠的問題,同時缺少綜觀全局的有權(quán)威性的發(fā)展計劃和戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃。因此,建議各主管部門責成有關(guān)單位在進行深入調(diào)查研究、科學分析的基礎(chǔ)上,制定出統(tǒng)管全局的機電一體化研究、開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)計劃和規(guī)劃,避免開發(fā)上重復,生產(chǎn)上撞車。
(二)強化行業(yè)管理,發(fā)揮協(xié)會作用
目前,我國機電一體化較熱,而按目前的行業(yè)劃分方法和管理體制,政出多門是難哆的。因此,我國有必要明確一個機電一體化行業(yè)的統(tǒng)管機構(gòu),根據(jù)目前國家政治體制改革和經(jīng)濟體制改革的精神,以及機電一體化行業(yè)特點,我們建議,盡快加強北京機電一體化協(xié)會的建設(shè),賦予其行業(yè)管理職能。協(xié)會要進一步擴大領(lǐng)導機構(gòu)——理事會的代表層面和復蓋面,要加強辦公室、秘書處的建設(shè);要通過其精明干練的辦事機構(gòu)、經(jīng)濟實體,組織行業(yè)發(fā)展計劃、戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃的擬制;指導行業(yè)布點布局的調(diào)整,進行發(fā)展突破口的選擇,抓好重點工程的試點和有關(guān)項目的發(fā)標、招標工作……
(三)優(yōu)化發(fā)展環(huán)境、增大支持力度
優(yōu)化發(fā)展環(huán)境指通過宣傳群眾,造成一種社會上下、企業(yè)內(nèi)外都重視、支持機電一體化發(fā)展的氛圍,如盡快為外商到我國投資發(fā)展機電一體化產(chǎn)業(yè)提供方便;盡可能為興辦開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)機電一體化產(chǎn)品的高新技術(shù)企業(yè)開綠燈;盡力為開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)機電一體化產(chǎn)品調(diào)配好資源要素等。
增大支持力度,在技術(shù)政策上,要嚴格限制耗電、耗水、耗材高的傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展,對未采用機電一體化技術(shù)落后產(chǎn)品限制強制淘汰;大力提倡用機電一體化技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)進行改造,對有關(guān)機電一體化技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)乾地改造,對有關(guān)技術(shù)開發(fā)、應(yīng)用項目優(yōu)先立項、優(yōu)先支持,對在技術(shù)開發(fā)、應(yīng)用中做出貢獻的單位領(lǐng)導、科技人員進行表彰獎勵等。
(四)突出發(fā)展重點,兼顧兩個層次
機電一體化產(chǎn)業(yè)復蓋面非常廣,而我們的財力、人力和物力是有限的,因此我們在抓機電一體化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展時不能面面俱到、平鋪直敘,而應(yīng)分清主次,大膽取舍,有所為,有所不為。要注意抓兩個層次上的工作。第一個層次是面上的工作,即用電子信息技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)進行改造,在傳統(tǒng)的機電設(shè)備上植入或嫁接上微電子(計算機)裝置,使機械和電子技術(shù)在淺層次上結(jié)合。第二個層次是提高工作,即在新產(chǎn)品設(shè)計之初,就把機械與電子統(tǒng)一起來進行考慮,使機械與電子密不可分,深度結(jié)合,生產(chǎn)出來的新產(chǎn)品起碼正做到機電一體化。
結(jié)束語:本論文在各位老師的悉心指導和嚴格要求下已完成。在學習和生活期間,也始終感受著導師的精心指導和無私的關(guān)懷,我受益匪淺。在此向各位老師表示深深的感謝和崇高的敬意。不積跬步何以至千里,本設(shè)計能夠順利的完成,也歸功于各位任課老師的認真負責,使我能夠很好的掌握和運用專業(yè)知識,并在設(shè)計中得以體現(xiàn)。同時我在網(wǎng)上也搜集了不少資料,才使我的畢業(yè)論文工作順利完成。在此向?qū)W院工程系的全體老師表示由衷的謝意。
附件2:外文原文
Electromechanical Integration
1. electromechanical integration and the development of technology trends
Since an electronic technology birth of electronic technology and mechanical technology integration began, only a semiconductor integrated circuit, particularly in a microprocessor representative of the large-scale integrated circuits for the future, “mechatronics,” a technical after significant progress, and has attracted widespread attention.
(1) mechanical-electrical integration, “the course of development
1. CNC machine tools come out, wrote “mechatronics,” the first page of history;
2. Microelectronic technology, “mechatronics''bring a great vitality;
3. PLC, “Power Electronics” for the development of “mechatronics” provide a firm foundation;
4. Laser technology, fuzzy technology, information technology and other new technologies to “mechanical and electrical integration,” a new and higher level.
(B) mechanical-electrical integration, “the development trend
1. Integration of optical and electrical machinery. General mechanical and electrical integration system by sensing systems, energy systems, information processing systems, machinery, and other components of the structure. Therefore, the introduction of optical technology, the realization of the inherent advantages of optical technology is effective Improved mechanical-electrical integration system sensing system, energy (power) systems and information processing system. optical and electrical machinery integration is the development of mechanical and electrical products trend.
2. Systematic self-distribution - Flexible Future electromechanical integration products, and implementation of control systems are adequate “redundancy” and more “flexible” and can better deal with an emergency, is designed “self-distribution system.” Self-discipline in the distribution system, the various subsystems are independent of each other's work, the subsystem for system services, and has its own “self-discipline”, according to different environmental conditions react differently. Its characteristics are subsystem can generate its own information and additional information given in the overall premise, specific “action” can be changed. In this way, significantly increase the system's ability to adapt (flexible), not because of the failure of a subsystem of the whole system.
3. Holographic systematic - intelligent. Future integration of mechanical and electrical products, “holographic” features more and more obvious, more and more high-level intelligence. This is mainly revenues in the fuzzy technology, information technology (especially software and chip technology) development. In addition, the hierarchical structure of the system, a simple change of “top-down” situation is complex, there is much more two-way link redundancy.
4. “Of a software” of the - Biomimetic systematic. Future integration of electrical and mechanical devices on the dependence of great information, and often the structure is in a “static” instability, but in a dynamic (work) when is stable. This is a bit like living biological: When control system (the brain) to stop work, then of “Death”, and when control system (brain) work, the biological vitality. Bionics research in the field of a number of organisms have been found good institutions can provide products for the electrical and mechanical integration of the new body, but how to live with these new body of “Life” has to be in-depth study. This field of study referred to as “biological - Software” or “biological - System”, and biological characteristics of the hardware (body) - Software (brain) one and indivisible. It seems, electromechanical integration of the products although there are more systematic development, but there is a long way to go.
5. MEMS of - miniaturization. At present, the semiconductor devices used in the manufacturing process of etching technology, in the lab has produced sub-micron mechanical components. When will this result for the actual product, there is no need to distinguish between the mechanical part and controller. Will be completely mechanical and electronic “integration”, and the body, the Executive Body, sensors, such as CPU can be integrated with the size of a small, and the formation of a self-regulatory components. This micro-mechanical integration of electromechanical important direction of development.
Second, the typical electromechanical integration products
Mechanical and electrical subsystems integration products (complete machine) and the foundation yuan, part two categories. Typical mechanical-electrical integration system: CNC machine tools, robotics, automotive electronic products, intelligent instrumentation, electronic publishing printing systems, CAD / CAM systems. Typical electromechanical integration yuan, components are: power electronic devices and devices, programmable logic controller, fuzzy controller, micro-motors, sensors, ASIC, servo institutions. These typical electromechanical integration of technical status quo and development trends, market analysis of (not quoted).
Third, China's development “mechatronics” the situation and tasks facing
Mechanical and electrical integration mainly include two levels: First, by using microelectronic technology to transform traditional industries, and its purpose is energy and materials to enhance efficiency, improve product quality, the traditional industries of technological advances in improving step two is to develop automated, digital , intelligent mechanical and electrical products, and promote the upgrading of products.
(1) China's “mechatronics” of the situation facing
1. China's microelectronics technology to transform traditional industries with the workload of large and broad, difficult
2. Electromechanical integration technology with China's accelerated product upgrading, enhancing the voice of the market share, pressure.
3. Electromechanical integration with China replaced by products of low technology content and added value, energy, water, supplies, pollution, disturbing product liability heavy and meaningful. China's industrial systems, energy consumption, water consumption big, serious environmental pollution enterprises also accounted for a fairly large proportion. In recent years China's industrial structure, product mix Although several adjustments, but for various reasons, lack of effectiveness has been obvious. This is a higher level inside leading departments from many doors, enterprises are “finding it hard to leave their native land”, “is entrenched industry”, but also optimize the undeniable not the ideal industry, the optimized no Italian products. The best answer long ago put these enterprises in the face, this is the development of mechanical and electrical integration, development and production of the electrical and mechanical integration products. Mechatronics product features strong, good performance, high-quality, low cost, and has a flexible, according to the needs of the market and reflect the user when the product mix and production process to do the necessary restructuring and reform, instead of switching equipment. This is the solution of mechanical and electrical products and more variety, the less important way to mass production. At the same time, for the traditional mechanical industries injection of fresh blood, bringing new vitality, and the heavy machinery production from the manual relieved to achieve civilized production.
Furthermore, from the point of view of market demand, China's research and development of mechanical and electrical integration products with no long history, a big gap between the many varieties of product, quantity, grade, quality, can not meet the demand, larger than the annual import volume, much-needed development.
(2) China's “mechatronics,” the task
China's mechanical and electrical integration, the task can be summed up in two sentences: The first observation is extensively used electromechanical integration technology to transform traditional industries; Another observation is that the mechanical and electrical integration in a big way to develop products, and promote the upgrading of mechanical and electrical products. The overall goal is to promote the formation of mechanical and electrical integration industry for China's industrial structure and product mix adjustment and make contributions.
In short, electromechanical integration technology is to revitalize traditional electromechanical industrial source of fresh blood and driving force, is to open China's electromechanical industry products, the industrial structure adjustment of the keys to the door.
Fourth, China's development “mechatronics” Countermeasures
(1) strengthen the co-ordination arrangements, coordinated development plan
Currently, the country engaged in “mechatronics” research and development and production of many units. Each had a set of its own development strategy. The units in their plans because of the foothold, the focus of the restrictions, it is inevitable to consider only local interests, the competent departments of the project and planning, lack of a unified consider, and make enough issue, the lack of authoritative Looking at the overall development plans and strategic planning. It is therefore recommended that the competent departments instruct the relevant units of in-depth investigation and study and scientific analysis on the basis of the overall development of a unified management “mechatronics” research, development, production plans and programmes to avoid duplication of development, production crashes!
(B) strengthen regulation of the industry, to play the “Association” role
At present, China's “mechatronics” more heat, while the current industry breakdown methods and management system, “from many doors” is the difficult pyridoxine. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify our country a “mechatronics” industry's management body, according to the country's political and economic reforms the spirit, as well as mechanical and electrical integration industry characteristics, we propose that the Beijing as soon as possible to strengthen the construction of the Electrical and Mechanical Integration Association, given its industry management functions. “Association” We should further expand the leadership - the representatives of the Governing Council and the level of coverage, we must strengthen the Office of the Secretariat building; able to pass its smart offices, economic entities, organizations, “industry” development, strategic planning fiction; guidance layout layout of the industry adjustment, the starting point for the development of options, do a good job of the pilot and key projects of the issuing of the project, the tender exercise……
(C) Optimization development environment, increased support for the
Optimization development environment that through propaganda among the masses, creating a community as a whole, both inside and outside the enterprise to support “the mechanical and electrical integration,” the atmosphere of development, such as China as soon as possible for foreign investors to invest in the development of “mechatronics” industry to provide convenient as possible for the establishment of development, production integration of mechanical and electrical products give the green light to high-tech enterprises; endeavour to develop, manufacture electromechanical integration products, such as the deployment of elements of good resources.
Increase the intensity of support, technology policy, it is necessary to strictly limit the consumption of electricity, water, supplies high-traditional product development, did not use the mechanical and electrical integration of backward technology products restrictions mandatory elimination; strongly advocated using electromechanical integration on the traditional industries for the transformation of the electrical and mechanical integration technology to transform traditional industries dry on the technical development and application of project priority projects, and give priority support to the technical development and application of the unit to contribute to leadership, science and technology personnel of recognition incentives.
(D) to highlight key development, take into account the “two levels”
Mechatronics industries cover a very wide, and our financial, human and material resources are limited, so we grasp mechatronics industry development can not be exhaustive, Bengpuzhixu, it should distinguish between primary and secondary, bold choices, in order, selective. Attention should be paid to work on two levels. The first level is the “face” of work, namely the use of electronic information technology to transform traditional industries, in the traditional electromechanical devices implanted or grafted on Microelectronics (computer) devices, the “machinery” and “electronic” technology in the Jiancengci integrate. The second level is the “increase”, that is the beginning of the new product design, they “machinery” and “electronic” unified consideration, “machinery” and “electronic” inextricably linked, in-depth integration of the new production Products are at least do electromechanical integration.
CONCLUSION: In this paper, in the careful guidance of teachers and strict requirements have been completed. Learning and life, will always feel the careful guidance of a mentor and selfless caring, I benefited. You are here to express our deep gratitude and lofty respect. Why not plot to step of a thousand miles, the smooth completion of the design, but also owe much to the datum related to the serious and responsible teacher, I can well understand and use our professional knowledge, and to be reflected in the design. At the same time, I collected a lot of online information before making my dissertation work smoothly. College of Engineering here to all teachers expressed heartfelt thanks.