制動器擋油盤復(fù)合模設(shè)計(含二維和三維圖紙)
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設(shè)計任務(wù)題目: 擋油盤拉伸及沖孔模具設(shè)計 一、設(shè)計內(nèi)容通過基于現(xiàn)代CAD技術(shù)的沖壓模設(shè)計,在設(shè)計過程中掌握模具設(shè)計的一般規(guī)律, 對于運用現(xiàn)代CAD技術(shù)進行模具設(shè)計進行研究和應(yīng)用,完成擋油盤拉伸及沖孔模具設(shè)計,運用現(xiàn)代CAD技術(shù)提供的技術(shù)手段進行該模具的三維實體建模,生成三維爆炸視圖,以指導(dǎo)該模具的裝配生產(chǎn)。運用AutoCAD進行模具的裝配圖、二維工程圖的繪制, 以指導(dǎo)模具零件的加工。二、設(shè)計依據(jù)擋油盤零件其中:1.制品的尺寸精度要求:一般 2.制品所用材料名稱:Q235 3.制品的要求:表面光整4.制品的生產(chǎn)批量:5萬5.其他要求符合設(shè)計規(guī)范三、技術(shù)要求所設(shè)計拉伸及沖孔模具要能滿足模具工作狀態(tài)的質(zhì)量要求,使用時安全可靠,便于維修,在拉伸成型時要有較短的成型周期,成型后有較長的使用壽命,具有合理的模具制造工藝性。對拉伸模具成型零件進行加工分析,用數(shù)控加工進行編程加工。 21 前言近年來,沖壓成形工藝有很多新的進展,特別是精密沖裁、精密成形、精密剪切、復(fù)合材料成形、超塑性成形、軟模成形以及電磁成形等新工藝日新月異,沖壓見件的精度日趨精確,生產(chǎn)率也有極大提高,正在把沖壓加工提高到高品質(zhì)的、新的發(fā)展水平。前幾年的精密沖壓主要市是指對平板零件進行精密沖裁,而現(xiàn)在,除了精密沖裁外還可兼有精密彎曲、拉伸、壓印等,可以進行復(fù)雜零件的立體精密成形。過去的精密沖裁只能對厚度為5-8mm以下的中板或薄板進行加工,而現(xiàn)在可以對厚度達25mm 的厚板實現(xiàn)精密沖裁,并可對b 900MPa的高強度合金材料進行精沖。由于引入了CAE,沖壓成形已從原來的對應(yīng)力應(yīng)變進行有限元等分析而逐步發(fā)展到采用計算機進行工藝過程的模擬與分析,以實現(xiàn)沖壓過程的優(yōu)化設(shè)計。在沖壓毛坯設(shè)計方面也開展了計算機輔助設(shè)計,可以對排樣或拉伸毛坯進行優(yōu)化設(shè)計。此外,對沖壓成形性能和成形極限的研究,沖壓件成形難度的判定以及成形預(yù)報等技術(shù)的發(fā)展,均標(biāo)志著沖壓成形以從原來的經(jīng)驗、實驗分析階段開始走上由沖壓理論指導(dǎo)的科學(xué)階段,使沖壓成形走向計算機輔助工程化和智能化的發(fā)展道路。為了適應(yīng)大批量、高效率生產(chǎn)的需要,在沖壓模具和設(shè)備上廣泛應(yīng)用了各種自動化的進、出料機構(gòu)。對于大型沖壓件,例如汽車覆蓋件,專門配置了機械手或機器人,這不僅大大提高了沖壓件的生制件質(zhì)和生產(chǎn)率,而且也增加了沖壓工作和沖壓工人的安全性。在中小件的大批量生產(chǎn)方面,現(xiàn)已廣泛應(yīng)用多工位級進模、多工位壓力機或高速壓力機。在小批量多品種生產(chǎn)方面,正在發(fā)展柔性制造系統(tǒng)(FMS),為了適應(yīng)多品種生產(chǎn)時不斷更換模具的需要,已經(jīng)成功地發(fā)展了一種快速換模系統(tǒng),現(xiàn)在,換一副大型的沖壓模具,僅需6-8分鐘即可完成。此外,近年來,集成制造系統(tǒng)(CIMS)也正被引入沖壓加工系統(tǒng),出現(xiàn)了沖壓加工中心,并且使設(shè)計、沖壓生產(chǎn)、零件運輸、倉儲、品質(zhì)檢驗以及生產(chǎn)管理等全面實現(xiàn)自動化。發(fā)展了一些新的成形工藝(如高能成形和旋壓等)、簡易模具(如軟模和低熔點合金模等)、通用組合模具和數(shù)控沖壓設(shè)備等。這樣,就使沖壓生產(chǎn)既適合大量生產(chǎn),也同樣適用于小批生產(chǎn)。例如,研制高強度鋼板,用來生產(chǎn)汽車覆蓋件,以減輕零件重量和提高其結(jié)構(gòu)強度.現(xiàn)在是多品種、少批量生產(chǎn)的時代,到下一個世紀(jì),這種生產(chǎn)方式占工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的比例 將達75%以上。一方面是制品使用周期短,品種更新快,另一方面制品的花樣變化頻繁,均 要求模具的生產(chǎn)周期越快越好。因此,開發(fā)快速經(jīng)濟具越來越引起人們的重視。例如,研制 各種超塑性材料(環(huán)氧、聚脂等)制作或其中填充金屬粉末、玻璃纖維等的簡易模具:中、低 熔點合金模具、噴涂成型模具、快速電鑄模、陶瓷型精鑄模、陶瓷型吸塑模、疊層模及快速 原型制造模具等快速經(jīng)濟模具將進一步發(fā)展。快換模架、快換沖頭等也將日益發(fā)展。另外, 采用計算機控制和機械手操作的快速換模裝置、快速試模技術(shù)也會得到發(fā)展和提高。 模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的應(yīng)用將日漸廣泛。使用模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件不但能縮短模具制造周期,而且能提高模具質(zhì)量和降低模具制造成本。 因此,模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的應(yīng)用必將日漸廣泛。為此,首先要制訂統(tǒng)一的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并嚴格按標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 生產(chǎn);其次要逐步形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn),提高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件質(zhì)量、降低成本;再次是要進一步增加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件 規(guī)格品種,發(fā)展和完善聯(lián)銷網(wǎng),保證供貨迅速。 模具使用優(yōu)質(zhì)材料及應(yīng)用先進的表面處理技術(shù)將進一步受重視。在整個模具價格構(gòu)成中,材料所占比重不大,一般在20%30%之間,因此選用優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼 材和應(yīng)用的表面處理技術(shù)來提高模具的壽命就顯得十分必要。對于模具鋼來說,要采用電渣 重熔工藝,努力提高鋼的純凈度、等向性、致密度和均勻性及研制更高性能或有特殊性能的 模具鋼。如采用粉末冶金工藝制作的粉末高速鋼等。粉末高速鋼解決了原來高速鋼冶煉過程 中產(chǎn)生的一次碳化物粗大和偏析,從而影響材質(zhì)的問題。其碳化物微細,組織均勻,沒有材 料方向性,因此它具有韌性高、磨削工藝性好、耐磨性高、長年使用尺寸穩(wěn)定等特點,是一 種很有發(fā)展前途的鋼材。特別對形狀復(fù)雜的沖件及高速沖壓的模具,其優(yōu)越性更加突出。這 種鋼材還適用于注射成型漆加玻璃纖維或金屬粉末的增強塑料的模具,如型腔、形芯、澆口 等主要部件。另外,模具鋼品種規(guī)格多樣化、產(chǎn)品精料化、制品化,盡量縮短供貨時間亦是 重要方向。 模具熱處理和表面處理是能否充分發(fā)揮模具鋼材性能的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。模具熱處理的發(fā)展 方向是采用真空熱處理。模具表面處理除完善普及常用表面處理方法,即擴滲如:滲碳、滲 氮、滲硼、滲鉻、滲釩外,應(yīng)發(fā)展設(shè)備昴貴、工藝先進的氣相沉積(TiN、TiC等)、等離子 噴涂等技術(shù)。2.分析工件零件圖及總體沖壓生產(chǎn)工藝2.1分析工件圖圖2-1 擋油盤零件圖A.工件的整體工藝分析該工件為汽車底盤發(fā)動機底殼上的擋油盤,要求內(nèi)形,孔尺寸,沒有厚度不變要求。此工件的形狀滿足工件的拉伸工藝,可用拉伸工序加工。根據(jù)工件的形狀和技術(shù)要求可以認為該工件為帶凸緣的圓筒形工件,且工件的相對凸緣直徑、相對凸緣高度較為適宜,拉伸工藝較好。而圓角半徑R1mm,R2mm偏小些,但拉伸高度較?。℉=9.5mm),故還是可以滿足拉伸對圓角半徑的要求。86的尺寸精度較高一些。按公差表查的為IT14級,滿足拉伸工序?qū)ぜ畹囊笥捎谟?SR2的小凸包,所以若在拉伸時直接壓包,會引起工件凸緣邊上產(chǎn)生嚴重的皺折且無法消除。底部86的孔有兩種加工方案a.拉伸成階梯形再沖底孔。b.拉伸成階梯形再車去底部。在上述的兩種加工方案,采用第一種加工方案,工件的質(zhì)量較高,但零件的生產(chǎn)效率教低,而且費料。由于工件的高度較小,裝夾教困難。采用第二種加工方案,零件的生產(chǎn)效率高,省料,減少浪費,而且質(zhì)量易保證。按工件的使用情況,此工藝完全可以保證工件的技術(shù)要求。根據(jù)上面的工藝分析,知道無法用一副模具完成工件的加工,必須設(shè)計兩副模具。單工序拉伸模和沖孔模。B.沖壓件的工藝性分析 沖壓件的工藝性體現(xiàn)在零件的形狀特點,尺寸大小,設(shè)計基準(zhǔn),精度和粗糙度,位置誤差要求,材料厚度及成型后允許變薄量,材料的機械性能等方面。本次沖壓的零件是擋油盤。材料是Q235鋼。易于沖壓。擋由盤邊緣有規(guī)則的孔和凸包,因此選用模具的冷沖壓成型來進行生產(chǎn)。沖壓成型后不必采用特殊的控制變形措施,工藝過程簡單,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定,操作方便。C.沖壓生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟分析 批量生沖壓生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)越性主要體現(xiàn)在大量。零件采用沖壓方法是否較為經(jīng)濟合理,主要決定于零件的生產(chǎn)批量和零件的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀、尺寸等因素。Q235鋼是優(yōu)質(zhì)碳素鋼,具有良好的沖壓性能。初步可以認為此工件是階梯裝的有凸緣的圓桶形件。拉伸高度相對較小,易于成型。除86所有尺寸都未注公差,均按IT14級制造。零件尺寸精度對沖壓工藝過程的要求 零件尺寸精度要求也是確定工藝方案、工序數(shù)量和順序的重要依據(jù)。在沖壓成型過程中,當(dāng)坯料的強區(qū)和弱區(qū)對比不明顯時,沖壓件不可能得到穩(wěn)定而準(zhǔn)確的尺寸。在這種情況下,對零件有公差要求的部位,應(yīng)在成形后沖出。凡是孔的尺寸和位置會受到成型工序的影響,而且公差要求較高時,必須在有關(guān)的成型工序之后沖出。但是,只要孔的尺寸和位置不受后續(xù)成型工序影響,后孔的尺寸和位置要求不高時,可在成型工序之前的平板坯料上沖出,以便簡化模具,提高生產(chǎn)力。由于材料性能的方向性、模具結(jié)構(gòu)及壓料力不均勻等原因,都會造成拉伸件的外邊緣或孔翻邊的內(nèi)邊緣形狀不規(guī)則。所以一般情況下,在拉伸或孔翻邊工序之后應(yīng)進行切邊或修邊。但是如果拉伸件或翻邊件高度不大,周邊有關(guān)尺寸又沒有嚴格公差要求,也可不切邊或修邊。對零件上幾何形狀和尺寸公差要求較高而成型工序又達不到要求的部位,應(yīng)加整形工序。整形工序一般安排在成型工序之后。有些零件對變薄量有要求,其工藝方案予以保證。2.2確定總體沖壓生產(chǎn)方案 根據(jù)對SR2的小凸包分析可知,小凸包雖小但在拉伸時還是會在工件的凸緣部分形成無法消除的皺折,嚴重影響工件的質(zhì)量。所以無法將兩套模具設(shè)計為一套級進模,故不用條料排樣。用圓形的毛胚料手工送料,用專用工具送、取料,以避免對工人的危險。3.拉伸模具的設(shè)計3.1工藝分析拉伸是利用模具將平板毛坯或半成品毛坯拉伸成開口空心件的一種冷沖壓工藝。拉伸工藝可制成的制品形狀有:圓筒形、階梯形、球形、錐形、矩形及其它各種不規(guī)則的開口空心零件。拉伸工藝與其它沖壓工藝結(jié)合,可制造形狀復(fù)雜的零件,如落料工藝與拉伸工藝組合在一起的落料拉伸復(fù)合模。日常生活中常見的拉伸制品有:旋轉(zhuǎn)體零件:如搪瓷臉盆,鋁鍋。方形零件:如飯盒,汽車油箱復(fù)雜零件:如汽車覆蓋件。此零件的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為階梯形圓桶件的拉伸,所以要對工件的拉伸次數(shù)、拉伸高度進行分析,具體過程在下面計算過程中體現(xiàn)。3.1.1計算毛坯直徑 本工件采用Q235鋼,拉伸性能較好。在計算毛胚前,需要先確定拉伸、沖孔前的半成品的形狀和尺寸。具體計算過程如下:計算毛胚直徑D:如零件圖所示。H=9.5mm,h=(9.5-0.5-0.5)mm=8.5mm,d=90mm,d凸=160.d凸/d=1.777。根據(jù)凸緣的相對直徑從表4-4沖模設(shè)計應(yīng)用實例中查得有凸緣件的修邊余量h=4mm。從模具設(shè)計大典中查得此類階梯形旋轉(zhuǎn)體的毛胚計算公式為: (3-1)將d3=169,d1=91,h1=4,d2=114,h2=4.5,代入上式,即得毛胚直徑為: D= 179.0754mm所以毛胚直徑D=180mm。3.1.2判斷拉伸次數(shù)判斷拉伸次數(shù) : 工件的總拉伸因數(shù)為h/dmin=8.5/91=0.104查表5-14沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計t/d100=1/180100=0.56df/d=(160+9)/91=1.857查表1.82.0對應(yīng)的是0.320.380.1040.320.38故可一次拉伸成型。3.2確定工藝方案從該工件的零件圖可以看出中間的86的孔為IT10級加工精度,其他尺寸未標(biāo)注公差查沖壓設(shè)計應(yīng)用實例附錄D。所以拉伸工件按平常加工精度加工。3.3拉伸工序必要的計算3.3.1計算壓邊力,拉伸力,壓力機公稱壓力查表5-10沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計拉伸力的計算: F=d1bk1 (3-2)Q235的b取460查表5-6沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計,k1取0.75將b=460,k1=0.75代入上式F=3.1411414600.75 =123496.2M=114/180=0.63查表5-8沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計軟鋼t0.5所以取2.02.5查表5-8沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計軟鋼t(1 )t由此可見本旋轉(zhuǎn)體拉伸模凹凸模的拉伸圓角半徑可以取工件的圓角半徑。c)通氣孔的確定拉伸模的凸模上必須要設(shè)計通氣孔,因為沒有通氣孔工件將吸附在凸模上,給工件的取出帶來了極大的困難。通過查表4-14沖壓設(shè)計應(yīng)用實例取通氣孔的直徑為8mm。3.4模具的總體設(shè)計模具的總裝配圖見拉伸模裝配圖 圖3-1拉伸模裝配圖拉伸模是在單動壓力機上拉伸,壓邊圈采用平面式的,胚料用壓邊圈的凹槽定位,凹槽的厚度必須小于1mm,因為大于等于1mm對壓料會產(chǎn)生很大的影響,這里凹槽的伸度取0.5mm以便于壓料。壓邊力用彈性元件控制。模具采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),以便在下部空間較大的位置安裝和調(diào)節(jié)壓邊裝置。工件出件時用推件器靠彈簧的彈力將工件推出。(推件器一定要有通氣孔,還有推件與凹模之間的安裝必須可無阻力的活動。)由于此拉伸模為非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式,需計算模具的閉合高度。其中各模柄、上模座、下模座極其配件均取自國標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件。模具的閉合高度為:取H=(55+48.5+40+60+1)=204.5mm4.沖孔模模具的設(shè)計4.1沖壓件的工藝分析底部86的孔有兩種加工方案a)拉伸成階梯形再沖底孔。b)拉伸成階梯形再車去底部。在上述的兩種加工方案,采用第一種加工方案,工件的質(zhì)量較高,但零件的生產(chǎn)效率教低,而且費料。由于工件的高度較小,裝夾教困難。采用第二種加工方案,零件的生產(chǎn)效率高,省料,減少浪費,而且質(zhì)量易保證。按工件的使用情況,此工藝完全可以保證工件的技術(shù)要求。根據(jù)上面的工藝分析,知道使用 孔模比較好。另外6SR2的凹包拉伸時材料的進給量很小,而且在計算毛胚的時候加入了修邊余量所以可以在沖孔的同時拉伸出來。工件的其他尺寸按照沖裁的加工公差查詢。4.2 計算沖壓力4.2.1沖裁力的計算為降低沖裁力,提高模具壽命,將沖86與13.2的多凸模作階梯行布置,小孔613.3的小凸模做短一些,686的大凸模做長些。其小孔層與大孔層相差1mm。查書的沖裁力公式: F=Lt (4-1)式中 F-沖裁力(N)L-沖裁件的周長(mm)T-材料的厚度(mm)-材料抗剪強度(MPa),見沖壓設(shè)計應(yīng)用實例書末附錄A得Q235的材料抗剪強度為310380(MPa)小孔層的沖裁力計算: = t= nt (4-2)由零件圖可得n=6, =13.2mm,t=1mm,=380MPa。將上面的數(shù)值帶入式中得 =613.2mm3.141mm380MPa =94501.44(N)大孔層:公式 (4-3)通過工件尺寸可知:=86mm,n=1, =380MPa將數(shù)據(jù)代入上式可得=13.1486mm380MPa=102615.2N=102.6KN由于小凸包在此拉伸工序中壓成,故要計算拉伸力。查公式4-35計算工件拉伸力, (4-4) 由表4-18中查得,K=1將K=1,d=5mm,t=1mm, =380MPa代入上式得=35.796KN因為所以選擇沖床時的沖裁力為。4.2.2 卸料力的計算卸料力公式查書沖壓設(shè)計應(yīng)用實例得: (4-5)查表2-15,取=0.03由上面計算沖裁力可知,取最大力=102.6KN將數(shù)據(jù)代入上式,=0.03,=102.6KN=0.03=0.03102.6KN=3.078KN推件力的計算查參考文獻得推件力計算公式 (4-6)式中 沖裁力(N); n卡在凹模洞口中的工件(或廢料)數(shù)目;通過分析工件可知n=1查參考文獻=0.05將數(shù)據(jù)代入上式可得=10.05102.6KN=5.13KN選擇沖床時的總壓力=102.6KN+35.796KN+3.078KN+5.13KN=146.596KN4.2.3 確定壓力中心通過對工件的形狀分析可知:該工件的基本形狀為原形,沖裁的幾個孔都為中心對稱,所以該模具的壓力中心為模具中心。4.2.4計算凸凹模的刃口尺寸a)模具間隙:模具問題系指凸、凹模刃口間縫隙的距離,并用C表示,則是單面間隙。而雙面間隙則用Z表示。間隙對沖裁件質(zhì)量、沖裁力、模具壽命影響很大,是沖裁工藝與模具設(shè)計中的一個極其重要的問題。間隙對沖裁件質(zhì)量的影響:沖裁件質(zhì)量是指斷面質(zhì)量、尺寸精度及形狀誤差。切斷面應(yīng)平直、光潔,即無裂紋、撕裂、夾層、毛刺的缺陷。零件表面應(yīng)盡可能平整,即穹彎小。尺寸應(yīng)保證不超出圖樣規(guī)定的公差范圍。影響沖裁件質(zhì)量的因素有:凸凹模間隙大小及分布的均解剖學(xué)性、模具刃口狀態(tài)、模具結(jié)構(gòu)與制造精度、材料性質(zhì)等,其中間隙值大小與均勻程度是主要因素。間隙對沖裁件切斷面質(zhì)量的影響:沖裁時,裂紋不一定從兩刃口同時發(fā)生,上下裂紋是否重合與凸、凹模間隙值的大小有關(guān)。當(dāng)把凸、凹模間隙控制在一定的合理值范圍內(nèi)時,由凸、凹模刃口沿最大刀應(yīng)力方向產(chǎn)生的裂紋將互相重合。此時沖出的制件斷面雖有一定的斜度,但比較平直、光潔、毛刺很小。且間隙過小時,由凹模刃口處產(chǎn)生的裂紋進入凸膜下面的壓應(yīng)力區(qū)后停止發(fā)展。當(dāng)凸膜繼續(xù)下壓力時,在上、下裂紋中間將產(chǎn)生二次剪切,制件斷面的中部留下撕裂面,而兩端光亮帶,在端面出現(xiàn)擠長的毛刺。毛刺雖有所增長,但易去除,且制件穹彎小,斷面垂直,故只要中間撕裂不是很深,仍可使用。間隙過大時,材料的彎曲與拉伸增大,拉應(yīng)力增大,材料易被撕裂,且裂紋在離開刃口稍遠的側(cè)面上產(chǎn)生,致使制件光亮帶減少,塌角與斷裂斜度都增大,毛刺大而厚,難以去除。所以,隨著間隙的增大,制件斷裂面的傾斜庫與塌角增大。毛刺增高。b)間隙對尺寸精度的影響沖裁件的尺寸精度是指仲裁件的實際尺寸與基本尺寸的差值,差值越小,則精度越高,這個差值包括兩方面的偏差,一是沖裁件相對于凸?;虬寄5钠?,一是模具本身的制造偏差。沖裁件相對于凸、凹模尺寸的偏差,主要是工件脫離模具時,材料在沖裁所受的擠壓變形,纖維伸長,穹彎都要產(chǎn)生彈恢復(fù)造成的。差值可能為正,也可能為負值。當(dāng)間隙較大時,材料所受拉伸作用增大,沖裁完后因材料的彈性恢復(fù)使落料尺寸小于凹模尺寸,沖孔尺寸大小于凸模尺寸。在間隙較小時,由于材料離占、凹模擠壓力大,故仲裁完后,材料的彈性恢復(fù)使落料尺寸增大,沖孔孔徑變小。此外,尺寸變化量的大小還與材料性質(zhì)、厚度、軋制方向等因素有關(guān)。軟鋼的彈性變形量小,沖裁的彈性恢復(fù)也很小,硬鋼的彈性恢復(fù)量較大。c) 尺寸計算原則:A 落料件的尺寸取決于凹模尺寸,沖裁件的尺寸取決于凸模尺寸。B 計算尺寸時要考慮磨損情況,落料時,凹模取最小的尺寸,沖孔時凸模取 最大尺寸。C 確定刀口制造公差時,要保證工件的精度要求又能保證有合理的間隙,一般模具到造精度要比工件精度高34級,如沒有注明公差。要查表。d) 計算凸凹模刃口尺寸查表2-10沖壓設(shè)計應(yīng)用實例查得間隙值,據(jù)表2-12沖壓設(shè)計應(yīng)用實例查得凹凸模的制造公差 : : 校核 不滿足的條件不可采用凸凹模分開加工的方法校核 不滿足的條件,不可采用凸凹模分開加工的方法。e)通過以上的分析可知,必須采用凸模與凹模配合加工的方法,這種加工方法的特點是:A 模具間隙是在配制中保證的,因此不需要校核,所以加工B 基準(zhǔn)件時可以適當(dāng)放寬公差,使其加工容易。尺寸標(biāo)注簡單,只需在基準(zhǔn)件上標(biāo)注尺寸和公差,配制件僅標(biāo)注基本尺寸并注明配做所留間隙值。 因此,目前一般工廠大多采用這種方法,但用此方法制造的凸、凹模是不能互換的。 由于復(fù)雜形狀工件,其各部分尺寸性質(zhì)不同,凸模與凹模磨損情況也不同,所以,基準(zhǔn)件的刃口需要按不同方法計算。 第一類是凹模磨損后增大的尺寸; 第二類是凹模磨損后減小的尺寸; 第一類是凹模磨損后沒有增減的尺寸。同理,對于沖孔件,應(yīng)以凸模為基準(zhǔn)件,可根據(jù)凸模的磨損情況,分成A、B、C三類。當(dāng)凸模磨損后,其尺寸的情況也是增大、減小、不變這一同樣的規(guī)律。因此對于復(fù)雜形狀的落料或沖孔件,其模具基準(zhǔn)件的刃口尺寸均可按式計算。A類 B類 C類 式中 、 基準(zhǔn)件尺寸(mm) 、 工件極限尺寸(mm) 工件公差(mm)對于與基準(zhǔn)件相配合的非基準(zhǔn)件凸?;虬寄5娜锌诔叽缗c公差一般不在圖樣上標(biāo)注,而是僅標(biāo)注基本尺寸,并注明其公差按基準(zhǔn)件凹?;蛲鼓5膶嶋H尺寸配做,并保證應(yīng)留的間隙值。另外,如果由于加工需要,希望對落料件以凸模為基準(zhǔn)件,對沖孔件以凹模為基準(zhǔn)件,則模具的刃口尺寸可按下式計算A類 B類 C類 4.3 模具總體設(shè)計及主要零、部件設(shè)計導(dǎo)柱式簡單沖裁模由于這模具準(zhǔn)確可靠,能保證沖裁間隙的均勻,沖裁的工件精度較高、模具使用壽命長而且在沖床上安裝使用方便,因此導(dǎo)柱式?jīng)_裁模是應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種沖模,適合大批量生產(chǎn)。4.3.1 凸凹模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計a)凸模設(shè)計圓形凸模的結(jié)構(gòu),有以下幾種型式:沖小圓孔凸模:為了增加凸模的強度與剛度,凸模非工作部分直徑應(yīng)做成逐漸增大的多級型式。第一種適用于d=1-8mm, d=1-15mm的小孔。第二種適用于沖中型圓孔的凸模:適用于d=8-30mm。以上兩種凸模都有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸。第三種為沖大圓孔或落料用的凸模,一般用3-4個螺釘緊固,為減少磨削加工面積,凸模外圓直徑要車小,端面要加工成凹坑型式。如采用鑲塊式凸模,其工作部分用工具鋼制造并進行熱處理,非工作部分采用一般的結(jié)構(gòu)鋼,為減少凸模的磨削面積,故將中部挖成空心。經(jīng)過對工件圖的分析,沖86的孔用第三種類型的大凸模如圖4-1,沖13.2的孔用第一種小凸模,具體結(jié)構(gòu)見零件圖。圖4-1 凸模b)凹模外形尺寸凹模的外形尺寸常用下列經(jīng)驗公式確定:凹模厚度 H=Kb (4-7) 凹模壁厚 c=(1.5-2)H (4-8) 式中: H凹模厚度,mm,其值不應(yīng)于15mm; K系數(shù). b凹模孔的最大寬度,mm; c凹模壁厚,mm;H=0.286=17.2mm4.3.2凸模與凹模的固定機械固定凸模和凹模,最常用的方法是采用固定板固定,凸模和凹模與固定板采用H7/h6配合,上面留有臺階。對于形狀簡單的大、中型凸模和凹??梢圆捎弥苯庸潭ㄔ谀W?。小凸??梢圆捎勉T接的方法固定。對于經(jīng)常更換的凸??梢圆捎每焖俑鼡Q凸模結(jié)構(gòu)。 4.4 卸料板的形式4.4.1卸料板一般分為剛性卸料板和彈性卸料板兩種形式。剛性卸料板:a)為固定式剛性卸料板,適用于沖壓厚度在0.5mm以上的條料;b)為懸臂式剛性卸料板,適用于窄而長的沖壓件卸料;c)為鉤形剛性卸料板,適用于在底部沖孔時卸空心工件,還可用于簡單的彎曲模和拉伸模。4.4.2剛性卸料板的安裝事項剛性卸料板用螺釘和銷釘固定在下模上,能承受的卸料力較大,常用于較厚板材沖壓件的卸料。其卸料可靠、安全;但操作不便,生產(chǎn)效率不高。剛性卸料板和凸模的單邊間隙一般取0.1mm0.5mm。剛性卸料板的厚度與卸料力的大小及卸料尺寸等有關(guān),一般取5mm15mm。4.4.3彈性卸料板的結(jié)構(gòu)采用彈性卸料板有敞開的工作空間,操作方便,生產(chǎn)效率高。彈性卸料板在沖壓前對毛坯有預(yù)壓作用,沖壓后也可使沖壓件平穩(wěn)卸料。但由于受彈簧、橡膠等零件的限制,卸料力較小,并且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,可靠性與安全笥不如剛性卸料板,常用于較薄板材的卸料。彈性卸料板與凸模的單邊間隙一般取0.2mm0.5mm,對于中小件卸料,彈性卸料板的厚度取5mm15mm。4.4.4卸料板常用零件彈簧和橡膠彈簧和橡膠是模具中廣泛應(yīng)用的彈性零件,主要用于卸料、推件和壓力等工作。a)圓鋼絲、螺旋壓縮彈簧模具設(shè)計時,彈簧一般是按照國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選用的,表8-2為沖模中常用的圓柱螺旋壓縮彈簧國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。彈簧的選用包括以下內(nèi)容:選擇彈簧壓力,即F卸n F預(yù) (4-9)式中:F預(yù)彈簧的預(yù)壓力,N; F預(yù)卸料力,N; n彈簧根數(shù)。選擇彈簧壓縮量,即 hjh總=h預(yù)+h工作+h修磨 (4-10) 式中 hj 彈簧允許的最大壓縮量(mm);h總 彈簧需要的總壓縮量(mm);h預(yù) 彈簧的預(yù)壓縮量(mm);h工作 卸料板的工作行程(mm),對于沖裁模取(板料厚度+1)(mm);h修磨 模具的修磨量或調(diào)整量(mm),一般取4mm6mm。壓縮彈簧的選擇要符合模具結(jié)構(gòu)空間的要求。因為模具閉合高度的大小限定了彈簧在預(yù)壓狀態(tài)下的長度;上、下模座的尺寸限定了卸料板的面積,也就限定了允許彈簧占用的面積,所以選取彈簧的根數(shù)、直徑和長度,必須符合模具結(jié)構(gòu)空間的要求。b)選擇彈簧的步驟根據(jù)模具結(jié)構(gòu)初步確定彈簧根數(shù)n,并計算出每根彈簧分別承擔(dān)的卸料力F卸/n。根據(jù)預(yù)壓力F預(yù)和模具結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸,由彈簧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中選出若干個彈簧,這些彈簧均需滿足最大工作負荷FjF預(yù)的條件。h1 模板厚度(mm);h2 凸模高度(mm);h3 刃口修磨量(mm);h4 卸料板厚度(mm);L 卸料螺釘長度(mm)。4.5 沖壓設(shè)備的選擇a)壓力機的行程大小,應(yīng)該能保證成行零件的取出與毛坯的放進,例如拉伸所用壓力機的行程,至少應(yīng)大于成品零件高度的兩倍以上。b)壓力機工作臺面的尺寸應(yīng)大于沖模的平面尺寸,且還須留有安裝固定的余地,但是過大的工作平面上安裝小尺寸的沖模對工作臺的受力是不利的。壓力機工作臺面的尺寸大于壓力機滑塊底面積, 壓力機滑塊底面積必須大于模具的尺寸,所以只須考慮壓力機滑塊底面積的大小.c)所選的壓力機的封閉高度應(yīng)與沖模的封閉高度相適用。模具的閉合高度H0是指上模在最低的工作位置時,下模板的底面到上模板的頂面的距離。壓力機的閉合高度H是指滑塊在下死點時,工作臺面到滑塊下端面的距離。大多數(shù)壓力機,其連桿長短能調(diào)節(jié),也即壓力機的閉合高度可以調(diào)整,故壓力機有最大閉合高度Hmax和最小閉合高度Hmin。設(shè)計模具時,模具閉合高度H0得數(shù)值應(yīng)滿足下式 Hmax-5mmH0Hmin+10mm (4-11) 無特殊情況H0應(yīng)取上限值,即最好取在:H0Hmin+1/3L,這是為了連桿調(diào)節(jié)過長,羅紋接觸面積過小而被壓壞。如果模具閉合高度實在太小,可以在壓床臺面上加墊板。導(dǎo)柱式簡單沖裁模由于這模具準(zhǔn)確可靠,能保證沖裁間隙的均勻,沖裁的工件精度較高、模具使用壽命長而且在沖床上安裝使用方便,因此導(dǎo)柱式?jīng)_裁模是應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種沖模,適合大批量生產(chǎn)。模柄,模架均選用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模架經(jīng)過比較分析選擇導(dǎo)柱式簡單沖裁模。5 三維造型及數(shù)控編程 5.1三維造型a)拉伸模凹模圖5-1拉伸模凹模b)拉伸模凸模圖5-2拉伸模凸模本設(shè)計的所有三維造型都在三維圖集中列出。5.2數(shù)控加工拉伸模凹模數(shù)控編程刀軌示意圖及部分程序,全部程序見附件。圖5-3 拉伸模凸模刀軌拉伸模凹模數(shù)控程序:%N0010 G40 G17 G90 G70N0020 G91 G28 Z0.0:0030 T00 M06N0040 G0 G90 X37.3101 Y-90.2953 S0 M03N0050 G43 Z26. H00N0060 Z23.N0070 G1 Z20. F250. M08N0080 X28.5454N0090 X-28.5454N0100 G0 X-37.3101N0110 Z23.N0120 Z26.N0130 X46.5626 Y-85.8907N0140 Z23.N0150 G1 Z20.N0160 X39.8858N0170 X-39.8858N0180 G0 X-46.5626N0190 Z23.N0200 Z26.N0210 X53.901 Y-81.486N0220 Z23.N0230 G1 Z20.N0240 X48.2505N0250 X-48.2505N0260 G0 X-53.901N0270 Z23.N0280 Z26.N0290 X60.0312 Y-77.0814N0300 Z23.N0310 G1 Z20.N0320 X55.0141N0330 X-55.0141N0340 G0 X-60.0312N0350 Z23.N0360 Z26.N0370 X65.2946 Y-72.6767N0380 Z23.N0390 G1 Z20.N0400 X60.7139N0410 X-60.7139N0420 G0 X-65.2946N0430 Z23.N0440 Z26.N0450 X69.8871 Y-68.2721N0460 Z23.N0470 G1 Z20.N0480 X65.6278N0490 X-65.62786.結(jié)論 這次設(shè)計擋油盤拉伸及沖孔模具嚴格按照沖壓模的設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計,按照經(jīng)濟方便的設(shè)計理念去進行設(shè)計,此結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計對于50000件的生產(chǎn)量來說比較合理 。經(jīng)初步校核計算完全達到技術(shù)要求。參 考 文 獻1許發(fā)樾.實用模具設(shè)計與制造手冊M.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,20012鄭大中,房金妹,譚平宇.模具結(jié)構(gòu)圖冊M.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,19983王桂萍.模具的設(shè)計與制造問答M.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,19964孟少農(nóng).機械加工工藝手冊M.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,19915模具制造手冊編寫組M.模具制造手冊.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,19826馮炳堯,韓泰榮,蔣文森.模具設(shè)計與制造簡明手冊M.上海:上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,19887洪如瑾,陳焱.UG NX2 CAD 快速入門指導(dǎo)M.北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,20048彭建聲.簡明模具工實用技術(shù)手冊M.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,19939成大先.機械設(shè)計手冊M.第四版.北京:化學(xué)出版社,200210薛彥成.數(shù)控原理與編程M. 北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,199411卓迪仕.數(shù)控技術(shù)及應(yīng)用M.北京:國防工業(yè)出版社,199719%N0010 G40 G17 G90 G70N0020 G91 G28 Z0.0:0030 T00 M06N0040 G0 G90 X-.4626 Y-33.8073 S0 M03N0050 G43 Z33. H00N0060 G1 X-.3999 Y-33.8434 Z32.9806 F250. 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