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Virtual Manufacturing
What is Virtual Manufacturring
Virtual manufacturing(VM) is an integrated, synthetic manufacturing environment exercised to enhance all leveles of decision and control in a manufaceturing enterprise. VM can be described as a simulated model of the actual manufacturing setup which may or may not exist. It holds all the information relating to the process , the process control and management and product specific data. It is also possible to have part of the manufacturing plant be real and the other part virtual . Virtual manufacturing is the use of computer models and simulations of manufacturing process to aid in design and production of manufactured products.
Lawrence Associate[1996], have identified three different types of Virtual Manufacturing paradigms that use Virtual Reality technology to provide the integrated environment.
(1)Design-centered VM: provides designers with the tools to design products that meet design criteria such as design for X
(2)Production-centered VM: provides the means develop and analyse alternative production the process plans;
(3)Control-centered VM: allows the evaluation of product design, production plans, and control strategy and a means to iteratively to improve all of them through the simulation of the control process.
What is the Significance of VM
VM aims at providing an integrated environment for a number of isolated manufacturing technologies such as Computer Aided Design , Computer Aided Manufacturing, and Computer Aided Process Planning, thus allowing multiple users to concurrently carry out all or some of these functions without the need for being physically close to each other. For example, a process planning engineer and a manufacturing engineer can evaluate and provide feedback to a product designer, who may be physically located in another state or country, at the same time as the design is being conceived.
Another important contribution of VM is Virtual Engerprise(VE). Lin et al[1995] defined a Virtual Enterprise as “rapidly configured multi-disciplinary network of small, process specific firms configured to meet a window of opportunity to design and produce a specific product.” Using this techonology, a group of people , or corporations can pool their expertise and resources and capitalize a market opportunity, by sharing informatiion in a VM environment. The principal advantage of this technology is its ability to provide a multi-media envirnoment , enhancing communication at all levels in a product’s life cycle.
Application of VM
Application of VM encompass the entire life cycle of a product. Reported developments include a virtual space decision support system by Imamura and Nomural[1994] at the Matsushita company in Japan. This system applied towards the marketing and sales of kitchen furniture, allows customers to experience a kitchen environment and evaluate alternatives and select the best combination according to preferences. Their preferences are stored as drawings and subsequently transferred to the company’s production facilities.
Owen[1994] presented the work implemented at John Deere Company’s production facility, that used Virtual Manufacturing for the installation of an arc welding production system. The project involved using a Virtual 3-D environment for design, evaluation, and testing of the robotic production system. Part of the work was carried out at John Deere facility’s while part of it was done by Genesis System and Technomatrix Technologies. The VM approach helped shorten the design-to-manufacturing cycle-time.
DuPont[1994] presented an overview of Virtual Reality applications, and reported about Virtual prototyping being carried out at the Coventty School of Art and Design. These virtual prototypes are constructed in a computer at the beginning of the design process and allow the designer to perform tests on the virtual prototype such as a car beforehand, by walking around or through the design, examine its performance on a virtual road , sit in the driver’s seat , and check view lines, etc. Also reported were VM applications such as the virtual concurrent design and assembly of a landing gear, and simulation of side-impact collision to test vehicle safety.
Kim et al.[1994] also reported VR applications including the use of VM by designers at Boeing Aircraft Company for the ergonomic evaluation of their airplane designs for operation as well as maintenance. Another study used a VM environment to train robots. An operator’s movements were recognized, interpreted and stored in the form of robotic movement command. Shenai described the Virtual Wafer Fabrication(VWF) infratructure which provided an framework for the optimization of the key process and design variables in the development of application specific semi-conductor devices. Other application areas discussed in Larijani[1994] include machine-vision applications for diagnosis, fault detection , inspection and preventive maintenance, safety and maintenance training, ergonomic analysis. For example , new cab or shovel configurations for each Caterpillar moving equipment are tested by real drivers for possible imbalances while handling virtual bulldozers and turcks.
虛擬制造技術(shù)
什么是虛擬制造技術(shù)
虛擬制造是人們使用的一種高度集成化的、虛擬的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境，其目的是為了增強(qiáng)制造業(yè)的各種決策和控制力。在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，人們把虛擬制造技術(shù)描述成一個(gè)可存在或可不存在的實(shí)際生產(chǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的仿真模型。該模型包含了所有與生產(chǎn)過(guò)程、生產(chǎn)過(guò)程控制管理和產(chǎn)品詳細(xì)數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的信息；同時(shí)它也可能包含部分實(shí)際上存在或不存在的有關(guān)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的信息。虛擬制造技術(shù)通過(guò)使用計(jì)算機(jī)模型來(lái)模擬生產(chǎn)過(guò)程， 以達(dá)到產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)與之招商有所幫助的目的。
1996年Lawrence Associate吧虛擬制造技術(shù)（該技術(shù)利用虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)來(lái)提供集成環(huán)境的）分成3種不同的模式。
(1)以設(shè)計(jì)為中心的虛擬制造。該技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)是向設(shè)計(jì)者提供適當(dāng)?shù)墓ぞ邅?lái)設(shè)計(jì)不同的產(chǎn)品。
(2)以生產(chǎn)為中心的虛擬制造。該技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)是向生產(chǎn)決策者提供一定的方法來(lái)分析、研究待選擇的生產(chǎn)加工計(jì)劃。
(3)以控制為中心的虛擬制造。該技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)是允許生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)管理人員對(duì)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃和控制決策進(jìn)行評(píng)估，同時(shí)也允許生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)管理人員采用對(duì)控制過(guò)程進(jìn)行摸你的方法對(duì)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃和控制覺車進(jìn)行不斷的改進(jìn)。
虛擬制造技術(shù)的意義
虛擬制造技術(shù)的目的是向許多獨(dú)立的制造技術(shù)提供一個(gè)集成化環(huán)境。這些技術(shù)包括計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、制造和過(guò)程規(guī)劃。在這個(gè)虛擬制造的成環(huán)境中，有多種應(yīng)用目的的用戶無(wú)需將上述各技術(shù)緊密結(jié)合，就可完成部分甚至所有的任務(wù)。例如，一個(gè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的計(jì)劃工程師和一個(gè)制造工程師能夠?qū)ιa(chǎn)過(guò)程進(jìn)行評(píng)估，并且可以將評(píng)估的結(jié)果反饋給住在異地的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)工程師，由他對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)。
虛擬制造技術(shù)的另外一個(gè)重要貢獻(xiàn)是虛擬企業(yè)。1995年Lin et al.把虛擬企業(yè)定義成快速構(gòu)造的小型專業(yè)公司的多學(xué)科聯(lián)合。構(gòu)造該企業(yè)的目的是完成某種專門產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)。通過(guò)分享虛擬制造環(huán)境中的信息資源，許多人和公司借助該技術(shù)科共享它們之間的相關(guān)技術(shù)、資源和有利的市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì)。因此，虛擬制造技術(shù)的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能夠向用戶提供一個(gè)擁有多種媒體的虛擬環(huán)境，加強(qiáng)了產(chǎn)品循環(huán)周期各個(gè)層次的信息交流。
虛擬制造技術(shù)的應(yīng)用
在實(shí)際應(yīng)用過(guò)程中，虛擬制造技術(shù)往往貫穿產(chǎn)品的整個(gè)生命周期，比如，1994年日本Matsushita公司的Imamura和Nomura的一項(xiàng)研究成果中包括了一個(gè)可視化的空間決策系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)主要應(yīng)用于廚具銷售領(lǐng)域。它首先允許顧客去感受某種廚房環(huán)境，然后由顧客對(duì)這些廚具進(jìn)行比較，最后根據(jù)他們自己的喜好選擇出最好的組合。當(dāng)然，這些顧客的喜好會(huì)被記錄起來(lái)，然后反饋給公司的生產(chǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)。
Owen在1994年向公眾介紹了John Deere公司生產(chǎn)部門所完成的一項(xiàng)研究成果，該成果利用虛擬制造技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了某種生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的安裝過(guò)程。該項(xiàng)成果包括運(yùn)用虛擬三維技術(shù)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)、 評(píng)估和測(cè)試機(jī)器人生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)。在這項(xiàng)成果的研制過(guò)程中，有一些工作由John Deere公司完成的，而另外一些工作由Genesis系統(tǒng)和Technomatrix技術(shù)公司完成.此項(xiàng)虛擬制造技術(shù)的運(yùn)用對(duì)于縮短該產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)-生產(chǎn)周期起了一定的作用。
1994年DuPont對(duì)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用做了總的介紹，同時(shí)他對(duì)英國(guó)的Coventry藝術(shù)與設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院完成的虛擬樣機(jī)進(jìn)行了報(bào)道。這些虛擬樣機(jī)剛開始是在計(jì)算機(jī)中構(gòu)造完成的，這使得設(shè)計(jì)者可以在計(jì)算機(jī)上預(yù)先對(duì)它們（例如汽車）進(jìn)行一些方面的測(cè)試。通過(guò)在計(jì)算機(jī)上運(yùn)行這些虛擬樣機(jī)，設(shè)計(jì)者可以對(duì)汽車在虛擬道路上的行駛性能、駕駛員坐在駕駛室的舒適程度及其開車時(shí)的視野狀況等方面做一定的測(cè)試和檢查。另外，虛擬制造技術(shù)還可應(yīng)用在虛擬并行設(shè)計(jì)，飛機(jī)起落架的虛擬裝配合和檢測(cè)汽車碰撞性能的仿真等方面。
Kim et al.在1994年也報(bào)道了一些虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)運(yùn)用的實(shí)例，其中包括波音飛機(jī)公司的設(shè)計(jì)師們利用虛擬制造技術(shù)對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)的飛機(jī)在操作和維護(hù)方面所做的一些有關(guān)飛機(jī)對(duì)環(huán)境影響方面的評(píng)估。另一個(gè)有關(guān)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)的運(yùn)用實(shí)例是利用虛擬制造技術(shù)的環(huán)境訓(xùn)練機(jī)器人，即以機(jī)器人運(yùn)動(dòng)指令的形式對(duì)操作者的行為進(jìn)行識(shí)別、解釋并最終儲(chǔ)存起來(lái)。Shennai描述了虛擬制造技術(shù)在膠片結(jié)構(gòu)制作方面的應(yīng)用（該技術(shù)被稱為虛擬膠片構(gòu)造技術(shù)）。該技術(shù)為特殊半導(dǎo)體在研制過(guò)程中的主要工藝和設(shè)計(jì)變量的優(yōu)化提供了一定的方法。1994年Larijani還介紹了其他有關(guān)虛擬制造技術(shù)應(yīng)用方面的實(shí)例，主要包括虛擬可視化技術(shù)在機(jī)器的故障診斷、故障檢測(cè)、檢查預(yù)防性維護(hù)、安全和維護(hù)培訓(xùn)及環(huán)境分析設(shè)計(jì)方面的應(yīng)用。比如，Caterpillar公司的每一輛汽車和推土機(jī)均由實(shí)際駕駛?cè)藛T通過(guò)在計(jì)算機(jī)上操作虛擬推土機(jī)和汽車，來(lái)檢測(cè)它們?cè)趯?shí)際運(yùn)行過(guò)程中可能出現(xiàn)的不平衡的問(wèn)題。
出處：趙運(yùn)才﹒機(jī)電工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)﹒北京大學(xué)出版社﹒2006