170左曲軸箱加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD】

170左曲軸箱加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD】,說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD,170左曲軸箱加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD】,曲軸,加工,工藝,夾具,設(shè)計(jì),說(shuō)明書(shū),仿單,cad 南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）學(xué)院(系)：機(jī)械工程學(xué)院專 業(yè)：機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化學(xué) 生 姓 名：學(xué) 號(hào)：設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目：170左曲軸箱加工工藝編制及夾具設(shè)計(jì)起 迄 日 期:2013年02月24日 05月25日設(shè)計(jì)(論文)地點(diǎn):南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院指 導(dǎo) 教 師:楊正文專業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)人:龔光容日期: 2013年 月 日摘 要本文是對(duì)170左曲軸箱零件加工應(yīng)用及加工的工藝性分析，主要包括對(duì)零件圖的分析、毛坯的選擇、零件的裝夾、工藝路線的制訂、刀具的選擇、切削用量的確定、加工工藝文件的填寫(xiě)。選擇正確的加工方法，設(shè)計(jì)合理的加工工藝過(guò)程。此外還對(duì)162左曲軸箱零件的兩道工序的加工設(shè)計(jì)了專用夾具.機(jī)床夾具的種類很多，其中，使用范圍最廣的通用夾具，規(guī)格尺寸多已標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，并且有專業(yè)的工廠進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)。而廣泛用于批量生產(chǎn)，專為某工件加工工序服務(wù)的專用夾具，則需要各制造廠根據(jù)工件加工工藝自行設(shè)計(jì)制造。本論文夾具設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容是設(shè)計(jì)兩套氣動(dòng)夾具。關(guān)鍵詞：加工工藝，加工方法，工藝文件，夾具5AbstractThis article is about the Pump body parts processing application and processing technology and analysis, including the parts of the plan, the choice of blank, the clamping, the craft route making, tool selection, the determination of cutting conditions, processing documents. Choose the correct processing methods, design the reasonable process. In addition to the stuffing box cover part two process designing special fixture.Machine tool fixture of many kinds, among them, the most widely used common fixture, size specifications have been standardized, and a professional production plant. While widely used in batch production, specially for a workpiece processing services for the fixture, it needs each factory according to workpiece machining technology to design and manufacture. In this paper, fixture design are the main contents of design with two sets of pneumatic fixture.Key words: processing technology, processing method, process documentation, fixture目 錄摘 要3Abstract4目 錄5第1章 緒論11.1 機(jī)械加工工藝概述11.2機(jī)械加工工藝流程11.3夾具概述21.4機(jī)床夾具的功能21.5機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)31.5.1機(jī)床夾具的現(xiàn)狀31.5.2現(xiàn)代機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展方向4第2章 零件的分析52.1 零件的作用52.2 零件的工藝分析5第3章 工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)63.1 毛坯的制造形式63.2 基準(zhǔn)面的選擇63.2.1粗基準(zhǔn)的選擇63.2.2 精基準(zhǔn)的選擇63.3 制訂工藝路線63.3.1 工藝線路方案一73.3.2工藝路線方案二73.3.3 工藝方案的比較與分析73.4 機(jī)械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的確定83.5 確定切削用量及基本工時(shí)83.5.1 工序：銑削底面83.5.3 工序：銑頂面93.5.5 工序：精銑E、F端面103.5.7工序：精、粗、細(xì)鏜mm孔系113.5.6 工序 鉆E、 F面孔12第6章 鉆孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)144.1 問(wèn)題的指出174.2 夾具設(shè)計(jì)184.2.1 定位基準(zhǔn)的選擇184.2.2 切削力及夾緊力的計(jì)算184.2.3 氣缸的選型與計(jì)算184.3 定位誤差的分析284.4 定位元件設(shè)計(jì)284.5 定位誤差分析294.6 鉆套、襯套、鉆模板及夾具體設(shè)計(jì)304.7 夾具精度分析314.8 夾具設(shè)計(jì)及操作的簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明32總結(jié)33參 考 文 獻(xiàn)34致 謝35第1章 緒論1.1 機(jī)械加工工藝概述機(jī)械加工工藝是指用機(jī)械加工的方法改變毛坯的形狀、尺寸、相對(duì)位置和性質(zhì)使其成為合格零件的全過(guò)程，加工工藝是工人進(jìn)行加工的一個(gè)依據(jù)。機(jī)械加工工藝流程是工件或者零件制造加工的步驟，采用機(jī)械加工的方法，直接改變毛坯的形狀、尺寸和表面質(zhì)量等，使其成為零件的過(guò)程稱為機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程。比如一個(gè)普通零件的加工工藝流程是粗加工-精加工-裝配-檢驗(yàn)-包裝，就是個(gè)加工的籠統(tǒng)的流程。 機(jī)械加工工藝就是在流程的基礎(chǔ)上，改變生產(chǎn)對(duì)象的形狀、尺寸、相對(duì)位置和性質(zhì)等，使其成為成品 或半成品，是每個(gè)步驟，每個(gè)流程的詳細(xì)說(shuō)明，比如，上面說(shuō)的，粗加工可能包括毛坯制造，打磨等等，精加工可能分為車，鉗工，銑床，等等，每個(gè)步驟就要有詳 細(xì)的數(shù)據(jù)了，比如粗糙度要達(dá)到多少，公差要達(dá)到多少。 技術(shù)人員根據(jù)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量、設(shè)備條件和工人素質(zhì)等情況，確定采用的工藝過(guò)程，并將有關(guān)內(nèi)容寫(xiě)成工藝文件，這種文件就稱工藝規(guī)程。這個(gè)就比較有針對(duì)性了。每個(gè)廠都可能不太一樣，因?yàn)閷?shí)際情況都不一樣。 總的來(lái)說(shuō)，工藝流程是綱領(lǐng)，加工工藝是每個(gè)步驟的詳細(xì)參數(shù)，工藝規(guī)程是某個(gè)廠根據(jù)實(shí)際情況編寫(xiě)的特定的加工工藝。1.2機(jī)械加工工藝流程機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程是規(guī)定零件機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程和操作方法等的工藝文件之一，它是在具體的生產(chǎn)條件下，把較為合理的工藝過(guò)程和操作方法，按照規(guī)定的形式書(shū)寫(xiě) 成工藝文件，經(jīng)審批后用來(lái)指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)。機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程一般包括以下內(nèi)容：工件加工的工藝路線、各工序的具體內(nèi)容及所用的設(shè)備和工藝裝備、工件的檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目及 檢驗(yàn)方法、切削用量、時(shí)間定額等。 制訂工藝規(guī)程的步驟 1) 計(jì)算年生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)，確定生產(chǎn)類型。 2) 分析零件圖及產(chǎn)品裝配圖，對(duì)零件進(jìn)行工藝分析。 3) 選擇毛坯。 4) 擬訂工藝路線。 5) 確定各工序的加工余量，計(jì)算工序尺寸及公差。 6) 確定各工序所用的設(shè)備及刀具、夾具、量具和輔助工具。 7) 確定切削用量及工時(shí)定額。 8) 確定各主要工序的技術(shù)要求及檢驗(yàn)方法。 9) 填寫(xiě)工藝文件。 在制訂工藝規(guī)程的過(guò)程中，往往要對(duì)前面已初步確定的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行調(diào)整，以提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。在執(zhí)行工藝規(guī)程過(guò)程中，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)前所未料的情況，如生產(chǎn)條件的變化，新技術(shù)、新工藝的引進(jìn)，新材料、先進(jìn)設(shè)備的應(yīng)用等，都要求及時(shí)對(duì)工藝規(guī)程進(jìn)行修訂和完善。1.3夾具概述夾具是一種裝夾工件的工藝裝備，它廣泛地應(yīng)用于機(jī)械制造過(guò)程的切削加工、熱處理、裝配、焊接和檢測(cè)等工藝過(guò)程中。在金屬切削機(jī)床上使用的夾具統(tǒng)稱為機(jī)床夾具。在現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)中，機(jī)床夾具是一種不可缺少的工藝裝備，它直接影響著加工的精度、勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和產(chǎn)品的制造成本等，幫機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)在企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和制造以及生產(chǎn)技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備中占有極其重要的地位。機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)重要的技術(shù)工作。 “工欲善其事，必先利其器。”工具是人類文明進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志。自20世紀(jì)末期以來(lái)，現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)與機(jī)械制造工藝自動(dòng)化都有了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展。但工具（含夾具、刀具、量具與輔具等）在不斷的革新中，其功能仍然十分顯著。機(jī)床夾具對(duì)零件加工的質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)率和產(chǎn)品成本都有著直接的影響。因此，無(wú)論在傳統(tǒng)制造還是現(xiàn)代制造系統(tǒng)中，夾具都是重要的工藝裝備。1.4機(jī)床夾具的功能在機(jī)床上用夾具裝夾工件時(shí)，其主要功能是使工件定位和夾緊。1機(jī)床夾具的主要功能機(jī)床夾具的主要功能是裝工件，使工件在夾具中定位和夾緊。（1）定位 確定工件在夾具中占有正確位置的過(guò)程。定位是通過(guò)工件定位基準(zhǔn)面與夾具定位元件面接觸或配合實(shí)現(xiàn)的。正確的定位可以保證工件加工的尺寸和位置精度要求。（2）夾緊 工件定位后將其固定，使其在加工過(guò)程中保持定位位置不變的操作。由于工件在加工時(shí)，受到各種力的作用，若不將工件固定，則工件會(huì)松動(dòng)、脫落。因此，夾緊為工件提供了安全、可靠的加工條件。2機(jī)床夾具的特殊功能機(jī)床夾具的特殊功能主要是對(duì)刀和導(dǎo)向。（1）對(duì)刀 調(diào)整刀具切削刃相對(duì)工件或夾具的正確位置。如銑床夾具中的對(duì)刀塊，它能迅速地確定銑刀相對(duì)于夾具的正確位置。（2）導(dǎo)向 如鉆床夾具中的鉆模板的鉆套，能迅速地確定鉆頭的位置，并引導(dǎo)其進(jìn)行鉆削。導(dǎo)向元件制成模板形式，故鉆床夾具常稱為鉆模。鏜床夾具（鏜模）也具有導(dǎo)向功能。1.5機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的巨大進(jìn)步及社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的迅速提高，夾具已從一種輔助工具發(fā)展成為門類齊全的工藝裝備。1.5.1機(jī)床夾具的現(xiàn)狀國(guó)際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會(huì)的統(tǒng)計(jì)表明，目前中、小批多品種生產(chǎn)的工作品種已占工件種類總數(shù)的85%左右?，F(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)要求企業(yè)所制造的產(chǎn)品品種經(jīng)常更新?lián)Q代，以適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。然而，一般企業(yè)仍習(xí)慣于大量采用傳統(tǒng)的專用夾具。另一方面，在多品種生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)中，約4年就要更新80%左右的專用夾具，而夾具的實(shí)際磨損量?jī)H為15%左右。特別是近年來(lái)，數(shù)控機(jī)床（NC）、加工中心（MC）、成組技術(shù)（GT）、柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）等新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，對(duì)機(jī)床夾具提出了如下新的要求：1）能迅速而方便地裝備新產(chǎn)品的投產(chǎn)，以縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期，降低生產(chǎn)成本。2）能裝夾一組具有相似性特征的工件。3）適用于精密加工的高精度機(jī)床夾具。4）適用于各種現(xiàn)代化制造技術(shù)的新型機(jī)床夾具。5）采用液壓或氣壓夾緊的高效夾緊裝置，以進(jìn)一步提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。6）提高機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度。1.5.2現(xiàn)代機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展方向現(xiàn)代機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展方向主要表現(xiàn)為精密化、高效化、柔性化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化四個(gè)方面。精密化隨著機(jī)械產(chǎn)品精度的日益提高，勢(shì)必相應(yīng)提高了對(duì)夾具的精度要求。精密化夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)類型很多，例如用于精密分度的多齒盤，其分度精度可達(dá)0.1；用于精密車削的高精度三爪卡盤，其定心精度為5m；精密心軸的同軸度公差可控制在1m內(nèi)；又如用于軸承套圈磨削的電磁無(wú)心夾具，工件的圓度公差可達(dá)0.20.5m。高效化高效化夾具主要用來(lái)減少工件加工的基本時(shí)間和輔助時(shí)間，以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，減輕工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。常見(jiàn)的高效化夾具有：自動(dòng)化夾具、高速化夾具、具有夾緊動(dòng)力裝置的夾具等。例如，在銑床上使用電動(dòng)虎鉗裝夾工件，效率可提高5倍左右；在車床上使用的高速三爪自定心卡盤，可保證卡爪在（試驗(yàn)）轉(zhuǎn)速為2600r/min的條件下仍能牢固地夾緊工件，從而使切削速度大幅度提高。柔性化機(jī)床夾具的柔性化與機(jī)床的柔性化相似，它是指機(jī)床夾具通過(guò)調(diào)整、拼裝、組合等方式，以適應(yīng)可變因素的能力?？勺円蛩刂饕校汗ば蛱卣鳌⑸a(chǎn)批量、工件的形狀和尺寸等。具有柔性化特征的新型夾具種類主要有：組合夾具、通用可調(diào)夾具、成組夾具、拼裝夾具、數(shù)控機(jī)床夾具等。在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)，夾具的柔性化將是夾具發(fā)展的主要方向。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與通用化是相互聯(lián)系的兩個(gè)方面。在制訂典型夾具結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，首先進(jìn)行夾具元件和部件的通用化，建立類型尺寸系列或變型，以減少功能用途相近的夾具元件和部件的型式，屏除一些功能低劣的結(jié)構(gòu)。通用化方法包括夾具、部件、元件、毛壞和材料的通用化。夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化階段是通用化的深入，主要是確立夾具零件或部件的尺寸系列，為夾具工作圖的審查創(chuàng)造良好的條件。目前我國(guó)已有夾具零件及部件的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：GB/T2148T225991以及各類通用夾具、組合夾具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，有利于夾具的商品化生產(chǎn)，有利于縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期，降低生產(chǎn)總成本。35 第2章 零件的分析2.1 零件的作用題目所給定的零件是162左曲軸箱（附圖1），其主要作用是保證對(duì)曲軸起固定作用，保持曲軸的正常運(yùn)行。2.2 零件的工藝分析162左曲軸箱的零件圖中規(guī)定了一系列技術(shù)要求：（查表1.4-28機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)）1、底面2、頂面3、左端面4、右端面5、上下凸臺(tái)面6、各面孔系第3章 工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)3.1 毛坯的制造形式零件材料為硼鑄鐵，考慮到零件材料的綜合性能及材料成本和加工成本,保證零件工作的可靠,采用鑄造。零件輪廓尺寸不大，故可以采用鑄造成型，這從提高生產(chǎn)率、保證加工精度上考慮，也是應(yīng)該的。3.2 基準(zhǔn)面的選擇基面的選擇是工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)中的重要工作之一，基面選擇的正確與合理，可以使加工質(zhì)量得到保證，生產(chǎn)率得以提高。否則，加工工藝過(guò)程中會(huì)問(wèn)題百出，更有甚者，還會(huì)造成零件大批報(bào)廢，使生產(chǎn)無(wú)法正常進(jìn)行。3.2.1粗基準(zhǔn)的選擇 對(duì)于一般軸類零件而言，以外圓作為粗基準(zhǔn)是完全合理的。按照有關(guān)的粗基準(zhǔn)選擇原則（保證某重要表面的加工余量均勻時(shí)，選該表面為粗基準(zhǔn)。若工件每個(gè)表面都要求加工，為了保證各表面都有足夠的余量，應(yīng)選擇加工余量最小的表面為粗基準(zhǔn)。）3.2.2 精基準(zhǔn)的選擇按照有關(guān)的精基準(zhǔn)選擇原則（基準(zhǔn)重合原則；基準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)一原則；可靠方便原則），對(duì)于本零件，有中心孔，可以以中心孔作為統(tǒng)一的基準(zhǔn)，但是隨便著孔的加工，大端的中心孔消失，必須重新建立外圓的加工基面，一般有如下三種方法：當(dāng)中心孔直徑較小時(shí)，可以直接在孔口倒出寬度不大于2MM的錐面來(lái)代替中心孔。若孔徑較大，就用小端孔口和大端外圓作為定位基面，來(lái)保證定位精度。3.3 制訂工藝路線制訂工藝路線的出發(fā)點(diǎn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)是使零件的幾何形狀、尺寸精度以及位置精度等技術(shù)要求能得到合理的保證。在生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)已經(jīng)確定為中批生產(chǎn)的條件下，考慮采用普通機(jī)床以及部分高效專用機(jī)床，配以專用夾具，多用通用刀具，萬(wàn)能量具。部分采用專用刀具和專一量具。并盡量使工序集中來(lái)提高生產(chǎn)率。除此以外，還應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)效果，以便使生產(chǎn)成本盡量下降。3.3.1 工藝線路方案一工序 粗銑底面。精銑底面工序 粗銑頂面工序 精銑頂面.工序 粗、精、細(xì)鏜62、48H8（等為中心的孔系。工序 鉆底面端面、凸臺(tái)面各面孔工序 去毛刺，終檢。3.3.2工藝路線方案二工序 粗銑底面。精銑底面工序 粗銑頂面工序 精銑頂面.工序 粗、精、細(xì)鏜62、48H8（等為中心的孔系。工序 鉆底面端面、凸臺(tái)面各面孔工序 去毛刺，終檢。3.3.3 工藝方案的比較與分析上述兩個(gè)方案的特點(diǎn)在于：方案一是采用銑削方式加工端面，且是先加工孔后精加工外圓面和62H8（孔。；方案二是使用車削方式加工兩端面，12孔的加工放在最后。兩相比較起來(lái)可以看出，由于零件的端面尺寸不大，應(yīng)端面，在中批生產(chǎn)中，綜合考慮，我們選擇工藝路線二。這樣由于鉆孔屬于粗加工，其精度要求不高，且切削力較大，可能會(huì)引起已加工表面變形，表面粗糙度的值增大。因此，最后的加工工藝路線確定如下：工序 粗銑底面。精銑底面工序 粗銑頂面工序 精銑頂面.工序 粗、精、細(xì)鏜62、48H8（等為中心的孔系。工序 鉆底面端面、凸臺(tái)面各面孔工序 去毛刺，終檢。3.4 機(jī)械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的確定“170左曲軸箱”零件材料為硼鑄鐵，硬度為HBS190241，生產(chǎn)類型為中批生產(chǎn)，采用機(jī)器造型鑄造毛坯。根據(jù)上述材料及加工工藝，分別確定各加工表面的機(jī)械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸如下：（1） 表面考慮到尺寸較多且相差不大，為簡(jiǎn)化鑄造毛坯的外形，（2） 外圓表面沿軸線長(zhǎng)度方向的加工余量及公差。查機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)（以下簡(jiǎn)稱工藝手冊(cè)表2.2-1,鑄件輪廓尺寸(長(zhǎng)度方向100160mm,故長(zhǎng)度方向偏差為 mm.長(zhǎng)度方向的余量查表2.2-4,其余量值規(guī)定為3.03.5 mm.現(xiàn)取3.0 mm。(5) 62H8()孔底面加工.按照表2.3-21及2.3-231. 研磨余量 Z=0.0100.014 取Z=0.0102. 磨削余量 Z=0.20.3 取Z=0.33. 銑削余量 Z=3.00.30.01=2.69(6)底面溝槽.采用鏜削,經(jīng)過(guò)底面研磨后鏜可保證其精度. Z=0.5(7) 6孔及2M106H孔、4M106H深20孔。均為自由尺寸精度要求。16孔可一次性直接鉆出。2查工藝手冊(cè)表2.320得攻螺紋前用麻花鉆直徑為8.5的孔。鉆孔 8.5 攻螺紋 M103.5 確定切削用量及基本工時(shí)3.5.1 工序：銑削底面本工序采用計(jì)算法確定切削用量加工條件工件材料：硼鑄鐵，鑄造。加工要求：銑底面表面粗糙度值R 為4.3。機(jī)床：X6132臥式銑床。刀具：刀片材料為YG6，計(jì)算切削用量確定端面最大加工余量：已知毛坯長(zhǎng)度方向單邊余量為3mm，則毛坯長(zhǎng)度方向的最大加工余量為4.25mm,分兩次加工,a=2mm計(jì)。長(zhǎng)度加工方向取IT12級(jí)，取mm。確定進(jìn)給量f:根據(jù)切削用量簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)（第三版）（以下簡(jiǎn)稱切削手冊(cè)表1.4,當(dāng)?shù)稐U16mmX25mm, aFJ需。夾具的夾緊裝置和定位裝置1 2夾具中的裝夾是由定位和夾緊兩個(gè)過(guò)程緊密聯(lián)系在一起的。定位問(wèn)題已在前面研究過(guò)，其目的在于解決工件的定位方法和保證必要的定位精度。僅僅定好位在大多數(shù)場(chǎng)合下，還無(wú)法進(jìn)行加工。只有進(jìn)而在夾具上設(shè)置相應(yīng)的夾緊裝置對(duì)工件進(jìn)行夾緊，才能完成工件在夾具中裝夾的全部任務(wù)。夾緊裝置的基本任務(wù)是保持工件在定位中所獲得的即定位置，以便在切削力、重力、慣性力等外力作用下，不發(fā)生移動(dòng)和震動(dòng)，確保加工質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)安全。有時(shí)工件的定位是在夾緊過(guò)程中實(shí)現(xiàn)的，正確的夾緊還能糾正工件定位的不正確。一般夾緊裝置由動(dòng)源即產(chǎn)生原始作用力的部分。夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)即接受和傳遞原始作用力，使之變?yōu)閵A緊力，并執(zhí)行夾緊任務(wù)的部分。他包括中間遞力機(jī)構(gòu)和夾緊元件?？紤]到機(jī)床的性能、生產(chǎn)批量以及加工時(shí)的具體切削量決定采用手動(dòng)夾緊。螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)是斜契夾緊的另一種形式，利用螺旋桿直接夾緊元件，或者與其他元件或機(jī)構(gòu)組成復(fù)合夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)夾緊工件。是應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)中所用的螺旋，實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于把契繞在圓柱體上，因此他的作用原理與斜契是一樣的。也利用其斜面移動(dòng)時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的壓力來(lái)夾緊工件的。不過(guò)這里上是通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)螺旋，使繞在圓柱體是的斜契高度發(fā)生變化來(lái)夾緊的。典型的螺旋夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：（1）結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單；（2）擴(kuò)力比大；（3）自瑣性能好；（4）行程不受限制；（5）夾緊動(dòng)作慢。夾緊裝置可以分為力源裝置、中間傳動(dòng)裝置和夾緊裝置，在此套夾具中，中間傳動(dòng)裝置和夾緊元件合二為一。力源為機(jī)動(dòng)夾緊，通過(guò)螺栓夾緊移動(dòng)壓板。達(dá)到夾緊和定心作用。工件通過(guò)定位銷的定位限制了繞Z軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，通過(guò)螺栓夾緊移動(dòng)壓板，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)工件的夾緊。并且移動(dòng)壓板的定心裝置是與工件外圓弧面相吻合的移動(dòng)壓板，通過(guò)精確的圓弧定位，實(shí)現(xiàn)定心。此套移動(dòng)壓板制作簡(jiǎn)單，便于手動(dòng)調(diào)整。通過(guò)松緊螺栓實(shí)現(xiàn)壓板的前后移動(dòng)，以達(dá)到壓緊的目的。壓緊的同時(shí)，實(shí)現(xiàn)工件的定心，使其定位基準(zhǔn)的對(duì)稱中心在規(guī)定位置上。刀具：高速鋼麻花鉆頭，尺寸為5。 則軸向力：見(jiàn)工藝師手冊(cè)表28.4F=Cdfk3.1 式中： C=420， Z=1.0, y=0.8, f=0.35 k=(F=420轉(zhuǎn)矩T=Cdfk式中: C=0.206, Z=2.0, y=0.8T=0.206功率 P=在計(jì)算切削力時(shí),必須考慮安全系數(shù),安全系數(shù) K=KKKK式中 K基本安全系數(shù)，1.5; K加工性質(zhì)系數(shù)，1.1;K刀具鈍化系數(shù), 1.1;K斷續(xù)切削系數(shù), 1.1則 F=KF=1.53.4氣缸的選擇氣缸的選用要根據(jù)以下方面進(jìn)行分析：1、類型的選擇 根據(jù)工作要求和條件，正確選擇氣缸的類型。要求氣缸到達(dá)行程終端無(wú)沖擊現(xiàn)象和撞擊噪聲應(yīng)選擇緩沖氣缸；要求重量輕，應(yīng)選輕型缸；要求安裝空間窄且行程短，可選薄型缸；有橫向負(fù)載，可選帶導(dǎo)桿氣缸；要求制動(dòng)精度高，應(yīng)選鎖緊氣缸；不允許活塞桿旋轉(zhuǎn)，可選具有桿不回轉(zhuǎn)功能氣缸；高溫環(huán)境下需選用耐熱缸；在有腐蝕環(huán)境下，需選用耐腐蝕氣缸。在有灰塵等惡劣環(huán)境下，需要活塞桿伸出端安裝防塵罩。要求無(wú)污染時(shí)需要選用無(wú)給氣或無(wú)氣潤(rùn)滑氣缸等。 2、安裝形式 根據(jù)安裝位置、使用目的等因素決定。在一般情況下，采用固定式氣缸。在需要隨工作機(jī)構(gòu)連續(xù)回轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)（如車床、磨床等），應(yīng)選用回轉(zhuǎn)氣缸。在要求活塞桿除直線運(yùn)動(dòng)外，還需作圓弧擺動(dòng)時(shí)，則選用軸銷式氣缸。有特殊要求時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇相應(yīng)的特殊氣缸。 3、作用力的大小即缸徑的選擇。根據(jù)負(fù)載力的大小來(lái)確定氣缸輸出的推力和拉力。一般均按外載荷理論平衡條件所需氣缸作用力，根據(jù)不同速度選擇不同的負(fù)載率，使氣缸輸出力稍有余量。缸徑過(guò)小，輸出力不夠，但缸徑過(guò)大，使設(shè)備笨重，成本提高，又增加耗氣量，浪費(fèi)能源。在夾具設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，應(yīng)盡量采用擴(kuò)力機(jī)構(gòu)，以減小氣缸的外形尺寸。 4、活塞行程與使用的場(chǎng)合和機(jī)構(gòu)的行程有關(guān)，但一般不選滿行程，防止活塞和缸蓋相碰。如用于夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)等，應(yīng)按計(jì)算所需的行程增加1020的余量。5、活塞的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度主要取決于氣缸輸入壓縮空氣流量、氣缸進(jìn)排氣口大小及導(dǎo)管內(nèi)徑的大小。要求高速運(yùn)動(dòng)應(yīng)取大值。氣缸運(yùn)動(dòng)速度一般為50800/s。對(duì)高速運(yùn)動(dòng)氣缸，應(yīng)選擇大內(nèi)徑的進(jìn)氣管道；對(duì)于負(fù)載有變化的情況，為了得到緩慢而平穩(wěn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度，可選用帶節(jié)流裝置或氣液阻尼缸，則較易實(shí)現(xiàn)速度控制。選用節(jié)流閥控制氣缸速度需注意：水平安裝的氣缸推動(dòng)負(fù)載時(shí)，推薦用排氣節(jié)流調(diào)速；垂直安裝的氣缸舉升負(fù)載時(shí)，推薦用進(jìn)氣節(jié)流調(diào)速；要求行程末端運(yùn)動(dòng)平穩(wěn)避免沖擊時(shí)，應(yīng)選用帶緩沖裝置的氣缸。 圖3.1 氣缸實(shí)物圖 6、氣缸的選型步驟及其類型介紹程序1：根據(jù)操作形式選定氣缸類型：氣缸操作方式有雙動(dòng)，單動(dòng)彈簧壓入及單動(dòng)彈簧壓出等三種方式程序2：選定其它參數(shù)：1、選定氣缸缸徑大小 根據(jù)有關(guān)負(fù)載、使用空氣壓力及作用方向確定2、選定氣缸行程 工件移動(dòng)距離3、選定氣缸系列4、選定氣缸安裝型式 不同系列有不同安裝方式，主要有基本型、腳座型、法蘭型、U型鉤、軸耳型5、選定緩沖器 無(wú)緩沖、橡膠緩沖、氣緩沖、氣壓吸震器6、選定磁感開(kāi)關(guān) 主要是作位置檢測(cè)用，要求氣缸內(nèi)置磁環(huán)7、選定氣缸配件 包括相關(guān)接頭（一）單作用氣缸 單作用氣缸只有一腔可輸入壓縮空氣，實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)方向運(yùn)動(dòng)。其活塞桿只能借助外力將其推回；通常借助于彈簧力，膜片張力，重力等。其原理及結(jié)構(gòu)見(jiàn)下圖：圖3.2單作用氣缸1 缸體；2活塞；3彈簧；4活塞桿；單作用氣缸的特點(diǎn)是： 1）僅一端進(jìn)（排）氣，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，耗氣量小。 2）用彈簧力或膜片力等復(fù)位，壓縮空氣能量的一部分用于克服彈簧力或膜片張力，因而減小了活塞桿的輸出力。 3）缸內(nèi)安裝彈簧、膜片等，一般行程較短；與相同體積的雙作用氣缸相比，有效行程小一些。 4）氣缸復(fù)位彈簧、膜片的張力均隨變形大小變化，因而活塞桿的輸出力在行進(jìn)過(guò)程中是變化的。 由于以上特點(diǎn)，單作用活塞氣缸多用于短行程。其推力及運(yùn)動(dòng)速度均要求不高場(chǎng)合，如氣吊、定位和夾緊等裝置上。單作用柱塞缸則不然，可用在長(zhǎng)行程、高載荷的場(chǎng)合。（二） 雙作用氣缸 雙作用氣缸指兩腔可以分別輸入壓縮空氣，實(shí)現(xiàn)雙向運(yùn)動(dòng)的氣缸。其結(jié)構(gòu)可分為雙活塞桿式、單活塞桿式、雙活塞式、緩沖式和非緩沖式等。此類氣缸使用最為廣泛。b. 雙活塞桿雙作用氣缸雙活塞桿氣缸有缸體固定和活塞桿固定兩種。c. 缸體固定時(shí)，其所帶載荷（如工作臺(tái)）與氣缸兩活塞桿連成一體，壓縮空氣依次進(jìn)入氣缸兩腔（一腔進(jìn)氣另一腔排氣），活塞桿帶動(dòng)工作臺(tái)左右運(yùn)動(dòng)，工作臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍等于其有效行程s的3倍。安裝所占空間大，一般用于小型設(shè)備上?；钊麠U固定時(shí)，為管路連接方便，活塞桿制成空心，缸體與載荷（工作臺(tái)）連成一體，壓縮空氣從空心活塞桿的左端或右端進(jìn)入氣缸兩腔，使缸體帶動(dòng)工作臺(tái)向左或向左運(yùn)動(dòng)，工作臺(tái)的運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍為其有效行程s的2倍。適用于中、大型設(shè)備。 圖3.3雙活塞桿雙作用氣缸a）缸體固定；b）活塞桿固定1缸體；2工作臺(tái)；3活塞；4活塞桿；5機(jī)架雙活塞桿氣缸因兩端活塞桿直徑相等，故活塞兩側(cè)受力面積相等。當(dāng)輸入壓力、流量相同時(shí)，其往返運(yùn)動(dòng)力及速度均相等。(三)緩沖氣缸緩沖氣缸對(duì)于接近行程末端時(shí)速度較高的氣缸，不采取必要措施，活塞就會(huì)以很大的力（能量）撞擊端蓋，引起振動(dòng)和損壞機(jī)件。為了使活塞在行程末端運(yùn)動(dòng)平穩(wěn)，不產(chǎn)生沖擊現(xiàn)象。在氣缸兩端加設(shè)緩沖裝置，一般稱為緩沖氣缸。緩沖氣缸見(jiàn)下圖，主要由活塞桿1、活塞2、緩沖柱塞3、單向閥5、節(jié)流閥6、端蓋7等組成。其工作原理是：當(dāng)活塞在壓縮空氣推動(dòng)下向右運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，缸右腔的氣體經(jīng)柱塞孔4及缸蓋上的氣孔8排出。在活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)接近行程末端時(shí)，活塞右側(cè)的緩沖柱塞3將柱塞孔4堵死、活塞繼續(xù)向右運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，封在氣缸右腔內(nèi)的剩余氣體被壓縮，緩慢地通過(guò)節(jié)流閥6及氣孔8排出，被壓縮的氣體所產(chǎn)生的壓力能如果與活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)所具有的全部能量相平衡，即會(huì)取得緩沖效果，使活塞在行程末端運(yùn)動(dòng)平穩(wěn)，不產(chǎn)生沖擊。調(diào)節(jié)節(jié)流閥6閥口開(kāi)度的大小，即可控制排氣量的多少，從而決定了被壓縮容積（稱緩沖室）內(nèi)壓力的大小，以調(diào)節(jié)緩沖效果。若令活塞反向運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，從氣孔8輸入壓縮空氣，可直接頂開(kāi)單向閥5，推動(dòng)活塞向左運(yùn)動(dòng)。如節(jié)流閥6閥口開(kāi)度固定，不可調(diào)節(jié)，即稱為不可調(diào)緩沖氣缸。圖3.4緩沖氣缸1活塞桿；2活塞；3緩沖柱塞；4柱塞孔；5單向閥6節(jié)流閥；7端蓋；8氣孔7、氣缸結(jié)構(gòu)氣缸是由缸筒、端蓋、活塞、活塞桿和密封件組成，其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)如圖所示： 初步確定氣缸參數(shù)表5-1 按負(fù)載選擇工作壓力1負(fù)載/ KN50工作壓力/MPa 0.811.522.5334455表5-2 各種機(jī)械常用的系統(tǒng)工作壓力1機(jī)械類型機(jī) 床農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械小型工程機(jī)械建筑機(jī)械液壓鑿巖機(jī)液壓機(jī)大中型挖掘機(jī)重型機(jī)械起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械磨床組合機(jī)床龍門刨床拉床工作壓力/MPa0.82352881010182032由于鉆削力為4239N，往往要取大一些，在這取負(fù)載約為10000N，初選氣缸的設(shè)計(jì)壓力P1=3MPa，為了滿足工作這里的氣缸課選用單桿式的，并在快進(jìn)時(shí)差動(dòng)連接，則氣缸無(wú)桿腔與有桿腔的等效面積A1與A2應(yīng)滿足A1=2A2（即氣缸內(nèi)徑D和活塞桿直徑d應(yīng)滿足：d=0.707D。為防止切削后工件突然前沖，氣缸需保持一定的背壓，暫取背壓為0.5MPa，并取氣缸機(jī)械效率。則氣缸上的平衡方程故氣缸無(wú)桿腔的有效面積：氣缸直徑氣缸內(nèi)徑： 按GB/T2348-1980，取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值D=80mm；因A1=2A，故活塞桿直徑d=0.707D=56mm（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直徑）則氣缸有效面積為：2.缸體壁厚的校核查機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)，取壁厚為10mm。則根據(jù)時(shí)； （4-2）可算出缸體壁厚為：1.25，滿足最低速度的要求。2.活塞桿強(qiáng)度計(jì)算： 56mm （4-4）式中 許用應(yīng)力；（Q235鋼的抗拉強(qiáng)度為375-500MPa，取400MPa，為位安全系數(shù)取5，即活塞桿的強(qiáng)度適中）3活塞桿的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 活塞桿的外端頭部與負(fù)載的拖動(dòng)電機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)相連接，為了避免活塞桿在工作生產(chǎn)中偏心負(fù)載力，適應(yīng)氣缸的安裝要求，提高其作用效率，應(yīng)根據(jù)負(fù)載的具體情況，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)幕钊麠U端部結(jié)構(gòu)。4.活塞桿的密封與防塵活塞桿的密封形式有Y形密封圈、U形夾織物密封圈、O形密封圈、V形密封圈等6。采用薄鋼片組合防塵圈時(shí)，防塵圈與活塞桿的配合可按H9/f9選取。薄鋼片厚度為0.5mm。為方便設(shè)計(jì)和維護(hù)，本方案選擇O型密封圈。所以,鉆削時(shí)工件不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),故本夾具可安全工作。4.3 定位誤差的分析定位元件尺寸及公差的確定。本夾具的主要定位元件為止口，而該定位元件的尺寸公差為，而孔徑尺寸為自由尺寸精度要求，可滿足加工要求。4.4 定位元件設(shè)計(jì)本工序選用的是兩銷與一面，定位基準(zhǔn)為一面兩孔，所對(duì)應(yīng)的定位元件是兩銷，一個(gè)為圓銷，另一個(gè)位菱形銷，因此主要設(shè)計(jì)為兩銷設(shè)計(jì)。由夾具裝配圖中可得兩銷中心距325 其尺寸公差取工件孔中心距公差 所以兩孔中心距為：325根據(jù)機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)削邊銷與圓柱銷的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算過(guò)程如下：（1）確定兩定位銷中心距尺寸及其偏=325（2）確定圓柱銷直徑及其公差：32和48 （基準(zhǔn)孔最小直徑）?。?）削邊銷與基準(zhǔn)孔的最小配合間隙 其中：基準(zhǔn)孔最小直徑 圓柱銷與基準(zhǔn)孔的配合間隙（5）削邊銷直徑及其公差 按定位銷一般經(jīng)濟(jì)制造精度，其直徑公差帶為h6，根據(jù)機(jī)械制圖第六版附錄D表則菱形銷的定位圓柱部分定位直徑尺寸為（6）補(bǔ)償值4.5 定位誤差分析本夾具選用的定位元件為一面兩銷定位。其定位誤差主要為：（1）移動(dòng)時(shí)基準(zhǔn)位移誤差 （2）轉(zhuǎn)角誤差 其中： 4.6 鉆套、襯套、鉆模板及夾具體設(shè)計(jì)工藝孔的加工需鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸三次切削才能滿足加工要求。故選用快換鉆套（其結(jié)構(gòu)如下圖所示）以減少更換鉆套的輔助時(shí)間。根據(jù)工藝要求：工藝孔分鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸三個(gè)工步完成加工。即先用的麻花鉆鉆孔，根據(jù)GB114184的規(guī)定鉆頭上偏差為零，故鉆套孔徑為即。再用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擴(kuò)孔鉆擴(kuò)孔，根據(jù)GB114184的規(guī)定擴(kuò)孔鉆的尺寸為，故鉆套尺寸為即。最后用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鉸刀鉸孔，根據(jù)GB114184的規(guī)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鉸刀尺寸為故鉆套孔徑尺寸為。 圖：快換鉆套鉸工藝孔鉆套結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)如下表：dHD公稱尺寸允差51818+0.023+0.01230281271011.520.5襯套選用固定襯套其結(jié)構(gòu)如圖所示：其結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)如下表：dHDC 公稱尺寸允差公稱尺寸允差5+0.01802425+0.039+0.02510.6鉆模板選用懸掛式鉆模板，在本夾具中選用的是氣動(dòng)滑柱式鉆模板。利用夾具體內(nèi)安裝氣缸，使滑柱帶動(dòng)升降板上升或下降由于氣缸始終作用故不需要自鎖機(jī)構(gòu)。夾具體的設(shè)計(jì)主要考慮零件的形狀及將上述各主要元件聯(lián)成一個(gè)整體。這些主要元件設(shè)計(jì)好后即可畫(huà)出夾具的設(shè)計(jì)裝配草圖。整個(gè)夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)見(jiàn)夾具裝配圖2所示。4.7 夾具精度分析利用夾具在機(jī)床上加工時(shí)，機(jī)床、夾具、工件、刀具等形成一個(gè)封閉的加工系統(tǒng)。它們之間相互聯(lián)系，最后形成工件和刀具之間的正確位置關(guān)系。因此在夾具設(shè)計(jì)中，當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)方案確定后，應(yīng)對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)的夾具進(jìn)行精度分析和誤差計(jì)算。由工序簡(jiǎn)圖可知，本道工序由于工序基準(zhǔn)與加工基準(zhǔn)重合，又采用頂面為主要定位基面，故定位誤差很小可以忽略不計(jì)。本道工序加工中主要保證兩工藝孔尺寸及位置度公差及表面粗糙度。本道工序最后采用精鉸加工，選用GB114184鉸刀，直徑為，并采用鉆套，鉸刀導(dǎo)套孔徑為，外徑為同軸度公差為。固定襯套采用孔徑為，同軸度公差為。該工藝孔的位置度應(yīng)用的是最大實(shí)體要求。即要求：（1）、各孔的實(shí)際輪廓受最大實(shí)體實(shí)效邊界的控制即受直徑為的理想圓柱面的控制。（2）、各孔的體外作用尺寸不能小于最大實(shí)體實(shí)效尺寸。（3）、當(dāng)各孔的實(shí)際輪廓偏離其最大實(shí)體狀態(tài)，即其直徑偏離最大實(shí)體尺寸時(shí)可將偏離量補(bǔ)償給位置度公差。（4）、如各孔的實(shí)際輪廓處于最小實(shí)體狀態(tài)即其實(shí)際直徑為時(shí)，相對(duì)于最大實(shí)體尺寸的偏離量為，此時(shí)軸線的位置度誤差可達(dá)到其最大值。即孔的位置度公差最小值為。工藝孔的尺寸，由選用的鉸刀尺寸滿足。工藝孔的表面粗糙度，由本工序所選用的加工工步鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸滿足。影響兩工藝孔位置度的因素有（如下圖所示）：（1）、鉆模板上兩個(gè)裝襯套孔的尺寸公差：（2）、兩襯套的同軸度公差：（3）、襯套與鉆套配合的最大間隙：（4）、鉆套的同軸度公差：（5）、鉆套與鉸刀配合的最大間隙： 所以能滿足加工要求。4.8 夾具設(shè)計(jì)及操作的簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明 如前所述，在設(shè)計(jì)夾具時(shí)，為提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，應(yīng) 南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書(shū)學(xué)院(系)：機(jī)械工程學(xué)院專 業(yè)：機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化學(xué) 生 姓 名：學(xué) 號(hào)：設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目：170左曲軸箱加工工藝編制及夾具設(shè)計(jì)起 迄 日 期:2013年02月24日 05月25日設(shè)計(jì)(論文)地點(diǎn):南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院指 導(dǎo) 教 師:楊正文專業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)人:龔光容發(fā)任務(wù)書(shū)日期: 2013年 02 月 24 日畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書(shū)1本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題應(yīng)達(dá)到的目的： 1、能熟練掌握機(jī)械制圖的識(shí)圖、繪圖能力。 2、對(duì)零件的加工內(nèi)容、加工要求要能分析，找出最經(jīng)濟(jì)的加工方法，并能滿足產(chǎn) 品圖樣設(shè)計(jì)要求。 3、根據(jù)產(chǎn)品要求編制合理的加工工藝。4、對(duì)加工夾具進(jìn)行合理設(shè)計(jì)，并繪制夾具圖紙。2本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求（包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等）：原始數(shù)據(jù)(1) 工件材質(zhì)：硼鑄鐵(2) 加工要求如圖示： 設(shè)計(jì)要求：（1）熟悉并掌握170左曲軸箱體加工工藝編制。（2）設(shè)計(jì)170左曲軸箱體加工中心氣動(dòng)夾具一套。夾具設(shè)計(jì)合理，工件裝卸方便， 可靠。（3）夾具設(shè)計(jì)全部使用氣缸夾緊，必須根據(jù)切削力的大小，選擇合適缸徑的氣缸。對(duì)剛性不足處應(yīng)增加輔助支承。 工作任務(wù)：（1）查閱資料15篇以上，翻譯外文資料不少于3000漢字，撰寫(xiě)文獻(xiàn)綜述和開(kāi)題報(bào)告。（2）完成夾具總體設(shè)計(jì)，繪制裝配圖1份（0號(hào)圖紙）。（3）完成機(jī)夾具零件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)；繪制零件圖不少于5張（圖紙須用計(jì)算機(jī)繪制）。（4）撰寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明書(shū)不少于1.5萬(wàn)字。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書(shū)3對(duì)本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題成果的要求包括畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文、圖表、實(shí)物樣品等： 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)成果以圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū)形式交卷。符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn);說(shuō)明書(shū)層次分明、論據(jù)可靠、技術(shù)正確、圖標(biāo)規(guī)范、語(yǔ)句通順。4主要參考文獻(xiàn)：1 李慶壽主編.機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)M.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1983. 2 趙志修主編. 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1984.3 濮良貴主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)M.5th北京:高等教育出版社，1989.4 劉守勇機(jī)械制造工藝與機(jī)床夾具M(jìn)北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1994. 5 沈炳余，顧蔭雙.機(jī)械原理M.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1987. 6 張日晉主編.機(jī)械零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)M.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1987.7 王家雄，董良瑋.機(jī)制工藝基礎(chǔ)與夾具M(jìn).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1988.8 謝傳鋒主編.理論力學(xué)M.北京：中央廣播電視大學(xué)出版社，1987.9 畢承恩主編.現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機(jī)床M.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1990.10王棟梁主編.公差配合與技術(shù)測(cè)量基礎(chǔ)M.北京：中國(guó)勞動(dòng)出版社，1996.11屠義舉，李習(xí)成.機(jī)械制圖M.北京：勞動(dòng)人事出版社，1985.12曲彩云，黃麗梅.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)S.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2004.畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書(shū)5本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃：起 迄 日 期工 作 內(nèi) 容2013年2月25日 3月11日3月11日 3 月18日3月11日 3月18日3月18日 3月27日3月27日 4月17日4月18日 4月27日4月28日 5月5日5月6日 5月10日5月11日 5月20日5月21日 5月25日熟悉課題，查閱資料，外文翻譯。圍繞主題開(kāi)展調(diào)研工作，了解專用機(jī)床在一般機(jī)械加工行業(yè)中所起的作用，了解鋁合金加工的一般方法，了解加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)的方法。撰寫(xiě)文獻(xiàn)綜述，完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告原理方案設(shè)計(jì)，經(jīng)過(guò)綜合討論確定合理方案，繪制總體方案簡(jiǎn)圖，熟悉相關(guān)軟件編制相關(guān)軟件，計(jì)算相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)，選擇通用部件及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)與修改，使之完善完成總裝圖，繪制零件圖整理相關(guān)資料，撰寫(xiě)并打印設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)正式提交設(shè)計(jì)成果（包括圖紙及論文）準(zhǔn)備論文答辯所在專業(yè)審查意見(jiàn)：負(fù)責(zé)人： 年 月 日學(xué)院（系）意見(jiàn)：院（系）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)： 年 月 日Proceedings ofthe2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems October9- 15, 2006, Beijing, China ANovelModularFixtureDesignandAssemblySystem BasedonVR PengGaoliang, LiuWenjian SchoolofMechatronicsEngineering HarbinInstituteofTechnology Harbin, 150001, China pgl7782a Abstract - Modular fixtures are one oftheimportant aspects ofmanufacturing. This paper presents a desktop VR system for modular fixture design. The virtual environmentis designed and the design procedure is proposed. It assists the designer to make the feasible design decisions effectively and efficiently. A hierarchical data model is proposed to represent the modular fixture assembly. Based on this structure, the user can manipulate the virtual models precisely in VE during the design and assembly processes. Moreover, the machining simulation for manufacturing interaction checking is discussed and implemented. Finally, the case study has demonstrated the functionality of the proposed system. Compared with the immersive VR system, the proposed system has offered an affordable andportable solutionformodularfixtures design. Index Terms - Modularfixture, desktop VR, assembly design, machiningsimlulation. I. INTRODUCTION Modular fixtures are one of the important aspects of manufacturing. Proper fixture design is crucial to product quality in terms of precision, accuracy, and finish of the machined part. Modular fixture is a system of interchange- eable and highly standardized components designed to securely and accurately position, hold, and support the workpiece throughout the machining process 1. Tradition- ally, fixture designers rely on experience or use trial-and- error methods to determine an appropriate fixturing scheme. With the advent of computer technology, computer aided design has been prevalent in the area of modular fixture design. In general, the associated fixture design activities, namely setup planning, fixture element design, and fixture layout design are often dealt with at the downstream end of the machine tool development life-cycle. These practices do not lend themselves well to the bridging of design and manufacturing activities. Forexample, very few systems have incorporated the functionality of detecting machining interference. This leads to a gap between the fixture design andmanufacturing operationswheretheaspectofcutterpaths is not considered during the design stage 2. As a result, re- designcannotbeavoidedwhenthecutterisfoundtointerfere with the fixture components in the manufactu- ring set-up. Therefore, in orderto bring machining fixture design into the arenaofflexiblemanufacturing, amoresystematicandnatural designenvironmentisrequired. As a synthetic, 3D, interactive environment typically generated by a computer, VR has been recognized as a very powerful human-computer interface for decades 4. VR holds great potential in manufacturing applications to solve problems before being employed in practical manufacturing thereby preventing costly mistakes. The advances in VR technology in the last decade have provided the impetus for applying VR to different engineering applications such as product design 5, assembly 6, machining simulation 7, andtraining 8. The goal ofthis paper is to develop a VR- basedmodular fixtures design system (VMJFDS). This is the firststepto develop anintegratedandimmersiveenvironment for modular fixture design. This application has the advantages of making the fixture design in a natural and instructive manner, providing better match to the working conditions, reducing lead-time, and generally providing a significantenhancementoffixtureproductivityandeconomy. II. OVERVIEWOFTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEM The system architecture of the proposed desktop VR systemismodularisedbasedonthefunctionalrequirements of thesystem,whichisshowninFig.1. Atthesystemlevel,three modules of proposed system, namely, Graphic interface (GUI), Virtual environment (VE) and Database modules are designed. For each ofthe modules, a set ofobjects has been identified to realize its functional requirements. The detailed objectdesignandimplementation are omittedfromthispaper. Instead, the briefdescription ofthese three modules is given below. 1) Graphic Interface (GUI): The GUI is basically a friendly graphic interface that is used to integrate the virtual environmentandmodularfixturedesignactions. 2) Virtual environment (VE): TheVEprovidestheusers with a 3D display for navigating and manipulating the models of modular fixture system and its components in the virtual environment. As shown in Fig. 1, the virtual environment module comprises two parts, namely assembly design environment andmachiningsimulationenvironment. Theuser selects appropriate elements andputs downthese elements on the desk in the assembly design area. Then he assembles the selected elements one by one to build up the final fixture systemwiththeguidanceofthesystem. 1-4244-0259-X/06/$20.00 C)2006IEEE 2650 Authorized licensed use limited to: Nanchang University. Downloaded on December 20, 2009 at 22:44 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Fig.1.OverviewofthedesktopVRbasedmodularfixturedesignsystem. 3) Database: The database deposit all of the models of environment and modular fixture elements, as well as the domain knowledge and useful cases. There are 5 databases shown in Fig.1. Among them, knowledge & rule base governing all fixture planning principles forms the brains of thesystem. III. PROCEDUREOFMODULARFIXTUREDESIGN In this section, an instructive modular fixture design procedure within VE is presented. Besides the 3D depth that the users feel and the real-world like operation process, this procedure features intelligence and introduction. During the design process, some useful cases and suggestion will be presented to the user for reference based on intelligent inference method such as Case based reasoning (CBR) and Rule based reasoning (RBR). Further more, relative knowledge andrules arepresented ashelppages thattheuser caneasilybrowsedduringthedesignprocess. Overview of modular fixture design process is summarized in Fig. 2. After the VE environment is initialed andthe workpiece is loaded, the first step is fixtureplanning. Inthis step, theuserfirstdecides thefixturing scheme, thatis specifies the fixturing faces of the workpiece interactively. Forhelptheusersdecision-making, someusefulcasesaswell as their fixturing scheme will be presented via the automatic CBR retrieval method. Once the fixturing faces are selected, theusermaybepromptto specifythefixturingpoints. Inthis task, somesuggestions andrulesaregiven. After the fixturing planning, the next step is fixture FUs design stage. In this stage, the user may be to select suitable fixture elements andassembletheseindividualparts into FUs. According to the spatial information ofthe fixturingpoints in relation to the fixture base and the workpiece, some typical FUs and suggestions may be presented automatically. These willbehelpfulfortheuser. AftertheplanningandFUs design stage, the next stage is interactively assembling the designed fixtureFUstoconnecttheworkpiecetothebaseplate. When the fixture configuration is completed, the result will be checked and evaluated within the machining environment. The tasks executed in this environment including assembly planning, machining simulation, and fixture evaluation. Assemblyplanning isusedto gain optimal assembly sequence and assembly path of each component. Machining simulation is responsible for manufacturing interaction detection. Fixture evaluation will check and evaluate the design result. In conclusion, the whole design process isinanaturemannerforthebenefitofVE. Moreover, the presented information of suggestion and knowledge can advise the user on how to make decisions ofthe best design selection. IV. ASSEMBLYMODELINGOFMODULARFIXTURE A. Modularfixturestructureanalysis A functionalunit(FU) is acombination offixture elements to provide connectionbetweenthebaseplate and aworkpiece 11. Generally, modularfixture structuremaybe dividedinto three functional units according to its basic structure characteristics, namely locating unit, clamping unit, and supporting unit. The number offixture elements in aFU may consist ofone or more elements, in which only one element serves as a locator, support or clamp. The major task ofthe modularfixture assembly is to selectthe supporting, locating, clamping and accessory elements to generate the fixture FUs toconnecttheworkpiecetothebaseplate. By analyzing the practical application ofmodular fixtures, it is found that the assembly ofmodular fixtures begins by selecting the suitable fixture elements to construct FUs, then subsequentlymountingtheseFUs onthebaseplate. Therefore, the FUs can be regarded as subassemblies ofmodular fixture system.Further,thestructureofmodularfixturesystemcanbe representedasahierarchalstructureasshowninFig.3. 2651 Authorized licensed use limited to: Nanchang University. Downloaded on December 20, 2009 at 22:44 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. UsefTa6 *T- siikg&Sugge lr,l Fixtui e Elemenets rUetrieval i0 Tools rKetrieval 4 Fig.2Modularfixturedesignprocedureinproposedsystem B. Hierarchically structured data modelfor modularfixture representation in VE It is common that the corresponding virtual environment may contain millions ofgeometric polygon primitives. Over thepastyears, anumberofmodel sub-division schemes, such asBSP-tree 10 andOctrees,havebeenproposedto organize largepolygonalmodels.However, formodular Ba 1I_ 1 Hsreplalte Bansepla1nte Elements *Locatng ElementsL,cating Units AccessoryEllements ClamnpingElemnents !ClampingUnits SupportingElemntsSupporting Ufnits Accessory Elements Fig. 3Hierarchical structureofmodularfixture system design applications, the scene is also dynamically changing, due to interactions. For example, in design process, the part object may change its spatial position, orientation and assembly relations. This indicates that a static representation, such as BSP-tree, is not sufficient. Further more, the above models can only represent the topology structure of fixture system in the component level. However, to the assembly relationship among fixture components, which refers to the mating relationship between assembly features that is not concerned. In this section, we present a hierarchically structuredandconstraint-baseddatamodelformodularfixture system representation, real-time visualization and precise 3D manipulationinVE. As shown in Fig.4, the high-level component based model is used for interactive operations involving assemblies or disassembles. It provides both topological structure and link relationsbetweencomponents. Theinformationrepresent- ed in the high-level model can be divided into two types, i.e. component objects and assembly relationships. Component objects can be a subassembly or a part. A subassembly consists of individual parts and assembly relationships betweentheparts. Component Level (Pt Part S Subassembly Assembly relationship Feature Level Ft3 Feature Feature mating relationship t- -t Polygon Level FZ-ll. Polygon Fig.4ThehierarchicalstructuredatamodelinVE Themiddle-levelfeaturebasedmodelisbuiltuponfeatures and feature constraints. In general, the assembly relationship often treated as the mating relationships between assembly features. Thus the featurebasedmodel isusedto describethe assembly relationship andprovides necessary information for spatial relationship calculating during assembly operation. In this model, only the feature relationships between two different components are considered. The relationship between features ofone element will be discussed in feature basedmodularfixtureelementmodelingbelow. The low-level polygon based model corresponds to the above two level models for real-time visualization and interaction. It describes the entire surface as an inter- connected triangular surface mesh. More about how the polygons organized of a single element will be discussed is thenextsection. C. Modularfixtureelementsmodeling As we know, in VE, the part is only represented as a number ofpolygon primitives. This result in the topological 2652 Authorized licensed use limited to: Nanchang University. Downloaded on December 20, 2009 at 22:44 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. relations- hips and parametric information are lost during the translation process of models from CAD systems to VR systems. However, this important information is necessary in design and assembly process. In order to fulfill the requirements, we present a modeling scheme for fixture elementsrepresentationinthissection. The modular fixture elements are pre-manufactured parts withstandarddimensions. Afterthefixturingschemedesigned, the left job is to select suitable standard elements and assemblethese elements to formafixture systeminafeasible andeffectivemanner. Therefore, intheproposed system, only the assembly features of the fixture elements need to be considered. Inthispaperanassemblyfeature isdefinedas apropertyof afixture element, whichprovidesrelatedinformationrelevant to modular fixture design and assembly/disassembly. The following eight function faces are defined as assembly featuresoffixtureelements: supportingfaces, supportedfaces, locating holes, counterbore holes, screw holes, fixing slots, andscrewbolts. Besidestheinformation aboutthefeaturelike typeanddimension, otherparameters, i.e. therelativeposition andorientationofthe featureintheelements localcoordinate system are recorded with the geometric model in the fixture element database. When one element assembles with another, the information aboutthematedfeatures isretrieved andused to decide the spatial relationship ofthe two elements. More information about the assembly features and their mating relationship arediscusseddetailedinRef 1. D. Constraintbasedfixtureassemblyin VE 1)Assemblyrelationshipbetweenfixtureelements Mating relationships have been used to define assembly relationships between part components in the field of assembly. According to the assembly features summarized in the above section, there are fivetypes ofmating relationships between fixture elements. Namely against, fit, screw fit, across, andT-slotfit,which are illustrated inFig. 5. Based on these mating relationships, we can reason the possible assemblyrelationshipofanytwoassembledfixtureelements. 2)Assemblyrelationshipreasoning Ingeneral, the assemblyrelationship oftwo assembledpart isrepresented as thematedassembly featurepairs ofthem. In the above section, we defined five basic mating relationships between fixture elements. Therefore, it is enabled to decide the possible assembly relationships through finding the possible mating assembly feature pairs. These possible assembly relationships are saved in assembly relationships database(ARDB)forfixtureassemblyinnextstage. However, when the fixture is complicated and the numbers ofcomposite fixture elements is large, the possible assembly relationships are too much to take much time for reasoning andtreating. To avoidthis situation, wefirstdecide the possible assembled elements pairs. That is to avoid reasoning the assembly relationship between a clamp andthe baseplate, for they never were assembled together. In this stage, some rules are utilized to find the possible assembled elementspairs. The algorithm of assembly relationships reasoning is similar to what discussed in Ref 12. Thus the detailed descriptionofthealgorithmisomittedfromthispaper. (a) AIlai.ns .2 l.I.F LIi I7 F d) Asicmie 1f-isxkt Elmn Fig. 5Fivebasicmatingrelationshipsbetweenfixtureelements 3)Constraint-basedfixtureassembly Aftercarrying outthe assemblyrelationships reasoning, all possible assembly relationships ofthe selected elements are establishedandsavedinARDB. Basedontheserelationships, the trainee can assemble these individual parts to a fixture system. This section is about the discussion of interactive assembly operation in VE. The process ofa single assembly operation is presented in Fig.5 and illustrated by two simple partsassemblyasshowninFig.6. In general, the assembly operation process is divided into three steps, namely assembly relationship recognizing, constraint analysis and applying, constraint-based motion. Firstly, the trainee selects an element and moves it to the assembled component. Once an inference between the assembling and assembled component is detected during the moving,the inferredfeatures is checked. Ifthetwo features is one of the assembly relationships in ARDB, they will be highlighted and will await the users confirmation. Once it is confirmed, the recognized assembly relationship will be appliedby constraint analyzing and solving, that is adjustthe translationandorientationoftheassemblingelementtosatisfy the position relationship ofthese two components, as well as applythenew constrainttotheassemblingelement.Whenthe new constraint is applied, the motion of the assembling element will be mapped into a constraint space. This is done bytransferring 3Dmotiondatafromtheinputdevicesintothe allowable motions ofthe object. The constraint-based motion notonlyensuresthattheprecisepositionsofacomponentcan be obtained, but also guarantee that the existing constraints will not be violated during the future operations. The assembling element will reach to the final position through succession assembly relationship recognizing and constraint applying. 2653 Ii 1-11 4- (b) F.t Authorized licensed use limited to: Nanchang University. Downloaded on December 20, 2009 at 22:44 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. NO Assembly relationship Iis possible checking elatioohship? Fig. 6Processofassemblyconstraintestablishment No V. MACHINING SIMULATION A. Manufacturinginteractions During the machining process, there are many types of manufacturing interactions associated with the fixture may occur. These interactions can be divided into two broad categories illustrated below, namely static interactions and dynamicinteractions. 1) Static interactions refer to the interference between fixture components, the interference between fixture components and machine tool, and the interference between fixture components andmaching feature ofworkpiece during theworkpiecesetup. 2)Dynamicinteractionsrefertothetool-fixtureinteractions, which occur within a single operation when the tool and the fixtureusedinthatoperationmaycollideduringcutting. Generally, the aspects of machining process and cutter paths are not considered duringthe fixture design stage. As a result, these interactions may often occur during the practical manufacturing. Thus the human machinists have to spend muchoftheirtimeidentifyingtheseinteractions andresolving them. Itis oftenresults inmodification orre-designoffixture system. Thatistediousandtimecostly. B.Interferencedetection Although the currently commercial software, like VERICUT, can simulates NC machining to detect tool path errors and inefficient motion prior to machining an actual workpiece. It is available to eliminate errors that could ruin the part, damage the fixture, break the cutting tool, or crash the machine during the part programming stage. However, these software are expensive and oriented to NC program- mertherebynotsuitableforfixturedesigners. During the fixture design stage, it should be ensured that the associated fixture interactions can be avoided. In this system, after the fixture configuration is complete, the machining simulation module is presented to the user to identifytheinteractionsandresolvethem. Within the machining simulation environment, the 3D digitalmodelofmachinetoolispresented. The canassemble the fixture components on the work bench and setup the workpiece, just as what the machining engineers do in the actual site. During the setup, the fixture components and the workpiece are move to their assembly position under manipulation. Theinterferencecheckingmoduleiscarriedout. Ifinterference occurs, the inferred objectwill be highlight. It is p