高三英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞講義

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情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would), must, have to, need, dare (dared), ought to, used to. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化，不能獨(dú)立使用，它與其后面的動(dòng)詞原形合成謂語(yǔ)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的具體用法如下： 1 can 1）表示能力 能，能夠 A computer can not think for itself, it must be told what to do. 2）表示可能（理論上或是邏輯判斷上）。 The temperature can fall to –60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing. 氣溫可降至—60℃，也就是零下60℃。 He can’t (couldn’t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足夠的錢買新車。 3）表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度。（主要用在否定句、疑問(wèn)句或驚嘆句中）“是否有可能” ______ it be true that your bike was stolen again? (Is it possible…?) How _____ you be so careless! _______ anyone be such a fool as to believe that? 4）用來(lái)表示一種可能出現(xiàn)的事情，或表示某事、某物、某人偶然或通常有做出什么事的傾向。通常（但并非總是）指不愉快的事情?；虮硎灸承┨厥馇闆r下的可能性,客觀的可能性 Our house is on the top of a hill, and in winter the winds ______ be pretty cold. The World Wide Web is jokingly called the World Wide Wait, for sometimes it can be very slow. It can be very cold in the mountains. Accidents can happen on such rainy days. I would rather go shopping alone than go with her because she can be rather tiresome at times. 比較： Driving on these roads _____ be a very nerve-racking business. Driving on this icy road _____ be dangerous today. 5）比較委婉客氣地提出問(wèn)題或陳述看法。 Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 幫我一把好嗎？ I’m afraid we couldn’t give you an answer today. 恐怕我們今天不能給你答復(fù)。 6) can表示能力時(shí)，還可用be able to代替。如： I could / was able to play chess when I was six. 但be able to 可用于各種時(shí)態(tài) Ill not be able to come this afternoon. I have been able to do the work. I hope to be able to do the work. 區(qū)別： Something was wrong with my car, but I ________ drive it to the garage. = Something was wrong with my car, but I ________ drive it to the garage. = Something was wrong with my car, but I ________ drive it to the garage. be able to 可以表示經(jīng)過(guò)努力或克服了困難之后做成了某事，相當(dāng)于manage to do , succeed in doing 7)表推測(cè) can’t have done 表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情的否定推測(cè) She can’t be at home now, for the lights are all out. It can’t have rained last night, for the ground is dry. 8) can 的習(xí)慣用法 It is as good as can be. 不能再好了。 One cannot be too careful to drive a car./ in driving a car. One can not but be moved by his noble deeds. 人們不能不為他那高尚的行為所感動(dòng)。 can’t/couldn’t help doing can’t/couldn’t help to do 2. could 1) can 的過(guò)去式 I could speak a little Japanese when I was at college but now I have forgotten all of them except a few words. 2) 客氣的請(qǐng)求 Could I borrow your dictionary? Yes/Of course, you can. 3) could用在肯定句中表示一種比較婉轉(zhuǎn)的懷疑。 His story _______ be true, but I hardly think it is. 4) could have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去能做而未做的事感到惋惜、遺憾。意思是“本可以；可能已經(jīng)做了某事” —I stayed at a hotel while in New York. __ Oh, did you? You could have stayed with Barbara. 5) couldnt have done”表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)，意思是“不可能做了”。例如： He could not have seen the film because he knew nothing about it. 3.may,might 1）表示許可，might可以指過(guò)去時(shí)間，也可指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，語(yǔ)氣更委婉。 You may take whatever you like. 你喜歡什么就拿什么。 May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一張你寶寶的照片嗎？ －May I use your car? －No, you mustn’t.(Sorry, but I’m using it now./You’d better not.) 在回答以may引起的問(wèn)句時(shí)，多避免用這個(gè)詞，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please don’t ./ You’d better not. / No, you mustn’t.等，以免顯得太嚴(yán)峻或不客氣。 2）表示可能（可能性較 must 和 can 小）。might可以指過(guò)去時(shí)間，也可以指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，但語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定。 Peter may come with us tonight , but he isnt very sure yet. They might be having a meeting, but I’m not sure. 他們有可能在開會(huì)，不過(guò)我不肯定。 3) may/might have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)。 It’s too late. He may have gone to bed. Yesterday ,Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise ,she might have said something she would regret later. 4. shall 1）表征詢意見，用于第一、第三人稱疑問(wèn)句。 Shall I get you some tea? 我給你點(diǎn)茶好嗎？ 2）表說(shuō)話人的意愿，有“命令、允諾、警告、威脅”等意思，用于第二、第三人稱陳述句。 You shall do as I say. 按我說(shuō)的做。（命令） You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答復(fù)。（允諾） You shall fail if you dont work hard. (警告) 3)當(dāng)宣布法律、規(guī)定時(shí) It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.(規(guī)則或規(guī)定) 5. should 1）表義務(wù)。意為“應(yīng)該”（某件事宜于做），用于各種人稱。 You should be polite to your teachers. 你對(duì)老師應(yīng)該有禮貌。 You shouldn’t waste any time. 你不應(yīng)該浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。 2）表推測(cè)，意為“想必一定、照說(shuō)應(yīng)該、估計(jì)”等。 The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 這部新電影是一流演員主演的，估計(jì)拍得很好。 They should be home by now. 照說(shuō)他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)到家了。 -- When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. -- They should be ready by 12:00. 3). 在名詞性從句中表感情，即說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該如此。例如： It is natural that students should study hard. 4). 表示“竟然” Swine flue should have nothing to do with pigs. 5). should have done 表示過(guò)去應(yīng)該做而未做某事。含有惋惜、責(zé)備的意味。例如： We should have studied last night, but we went to the concert instead. 6. will 1）表意愿，用于各種人稱陳述句。 None is so blind as those who won’t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。 If you will read the book, I’ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意讀這本書，我會(huì)把它借給你。 2）表示詢問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿或向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求，用于第二人稱的疑問(wèn)句中 Will you close the window? It’s a bit cold. 請(qǐng)你把窗戶關(guān)上好嗎？有點(diǎn)冷。 Won’t you drink some more coffee? 再來(lái)一點(diǎn)咖啡好嗎？ 3）表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。 Fish will die out of water. 魚離開水就不能活。 The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 那男孩常常坐在那里好幾個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)，看著車輛行人通過(guò)。 4) 表功能 The door/window won’t open. 7.would 1）表意愿。 They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他們不讓他進(jìn)去因?yàn)樗轮婆f。 2）表委婉地提出請(qǐng)求、建議或看法，比 will 客氣。 Would you like another glass of beer? 再來(lái)杯啤酒好嗎？ They wouldn’t have anything against it. 他們不會(huì)有什么反對(duì)意見。 3）表過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過(guò)去的一種傾向。 Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻煩都會(huì)向她求助。他告訴我盒子打不開了。 Whenever I passed his house I would see him standing under the big tree. 8. must 1）表示義務(wù)或強(qiáng)烈的勸告，意為“必須”，否定式表示“禁止”、“不準(zhǔn)”。 在回答 must 的問(wèn)句時(shí)， 否定回答用 neednt 或 dont have to .。 We must do everything step by step. 我們一切都必須循序漸進(jìn)地做。 --Must we hand in our exercise—books now? 我們現(xiàn)在就要交練習(xí)本嗎？ --No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. 不必。 2）表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)用“must + 動(dòng)詞原形”。意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。 He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他準(zhǔn)是病了。他的臉色蒼白。 She’s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴著鉆石項(xiàng)鏈，一定很有錢。 3）對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)用“must+ have +過(guò)去分詞”。例如： It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 4) 表示“偏要、硬要”做某事 －How old are you, Madam? －If you must know, I’m twice my son’s age. 9. ought to 1）表義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)該”（因責(zé)任、義務(wù)等該做），口氣比should稍重。 You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父親，應(yīng)當(dāng)管他。 You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。 2）表推測(cè)，暗含很大的可能，語(yǔ)氣較弱。 Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韓梅該知道他的電話號(hào)碼。 There’s a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天應(yīng)該是個(gè)好天。 3) ought to have done 表示過(guò)去應(yīng)該做而未做的事情。例如： You ought to have helped him. (but you didnt) 1、can ,和be able to can 和be able to 在表示“能力”時(shí)意思相同，但在用法上有區(qū)別。 1). can 表示主觀能力， be able to 表示客觀能力。can 表示有這種能力或機(jī)會(huì)，be able to 則表示經(jīng)歷一番艱難后能夠做成某事。例如： I can drive , but Im not able to drive now because Im drunk. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out. 2). can只有兩種時(shí)態(tài)形式，現(xiàn)在式can和過(guò)去式could，而be able to有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式。 Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 3). be able to 可用于動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中， can 不能。例如： I regret not being able to take his advice. 2. must和 have to must表示主觀意志，而have to表示由于客觀因素不得不做某事。 I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必須戒煙。 We had to get everything ready that night. 我們那晚得把一切準(zhǔn)備就緒。 It’s getting dark. I have to be off now. 3. need和dare need和dare既可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用于各種句式。 1) 用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 need do / needn’t do dare do / dare not do dare有過(guò)去式dared You needn’t telephone him now. 你現(xiàn)在不必打電話給他。 I don’t think you need worry. 我想你不必發(fā)愁。 She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一個(gè)人出去。 How dare you say I’m unfair? 你竟敢說(shuō)我不公平？ I wonder how he dared say that to the teacher. 2) 用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 need to do / don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need to do dare to do/ don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) dare (to) do You don’t need to do it yourself. 你不必親自做這件事。 We need to tell them the news. 我們需要把這消息告訴他們。 We should dare to give our own opinion. 我們要敢于提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。 He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬頭看。 3) need 構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，其肯定回答用must ，否定回答用 neednt 。 －Need I do it now? －Yes, you must. (No, you neednt.) 4) need (not) have done表示“本有 （無(wú)）必要做某事，然而做了（沒有做）”。 You neednt have told him about the news. He had known it long before. 4.would和used to 1）used to表示過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去某時(shí)與后來(lái)的情況有不同，而would只表過(guò)去的情況。 People used to think that the earth was flat. 過(guò)去人們認(rèn)為地球是平的。（現(xiàn)在人們不這么認(rèn)為。） She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country. 在鄉(xiāng)下時(shí)，她總是在早晨去散會(huì)兒步。（可能現(xiàn)在仍有散步的習(xí)慣。） 2）used to可表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作和經(jīng)常的情況，而would只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。 He used to ∕would smoke while writing. 過(guò)去他寫東西時(shí)常抽煙。 She used to be fat. 她過(guò)去很胖。 1. I __________ you, because I thought I must be wrong. A. dare not ask B. dare not to ask C. dare not asking D. dare to not ask 2. There __________ some flowers in the garden. A. were used to be B. used to be C. uses to be D. used to be having 3. "__________ I take it out?" "Im sorry, you __________." A. Could ...couldnt B. Might...might not C. Could...can D. May...cant 4. You were stupid to climb the tree. You __________ hurt yourself. A. may B. might C. will D. might have 5. You __________ those letters. Why didnt you ? A. should post B. should have posted C. must have posted D. ought to post. 6. All the lights are on, the Smiths __________ up. A. must get B. is getting C. must be getting D. would get 7. He __________ lead a horse to the water but he __________ not make it drink. A. will...can B. may...can C. may...dares D. dare...can 8. "Need we do this job now?" "Yes, __________." A. you need B. you should C. you must D. you can 9. __________ to have lunch with us today? A. Do you likes B. Would you like C. Will you liked D. Have you liked 10. He said that you __________ watch TV all the evening if you wished. A. may B. must C. can D. might 11. -Is John coming by train? --He should, but he __________ not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may 12. Peter __________ come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A. must B. can C. may D. will 13. Michael __________ be a policeman, for hes much too short. A. neednt B. cant C. shouldnt D. wont 14. I thought you __________ be hungry, so I have brought you some cakes. A. may B. might C. can D. could 15. I wonder how he __________ that to the teacher. A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say 16. Come on! We __________ hurry because there isnt much time left. A. may B. must C. can D. need 17. Amy did best in the English test. She __________hard last week. A. must have working B. should have worked C. should work D. must work 18. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone __________ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 19. ---I stayed at a hotel while in New York. ---Oh, did you? You __________ with Barbara. A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed 20. Its nearly seven oclock. Jack __________ be here at any moment. A. must B. need C. should D. can