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黃河科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文(文獻(xiàn)翻譯) 第 4 頁(yè)
Mechanical Design
Abstract:
A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.
Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design Process
The Design Process
Designing starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously
done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.
Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.
Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.
May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.
Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.
Some Rules for Design
In this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,
and durable products.
To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.
1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.
2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.
3. Anticipate unintentional loads.
4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.
5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.
6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.
7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.
8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.
9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.
10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.
Machinery design covers the following contents.
1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.
2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,
Including beam , vibration and impact loading.
3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.
4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.
5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.
6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.
7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application
8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.
9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.
10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.
11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.
Machine Design
The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.
One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.
Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.
The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product
Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.
A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
單位代碼 0 2
學(xué) 號(hào) 080105088
分 類 號(hào) TH6
密 級(jí)
畢業(yè)論文
文獻(xiàn)綜述
院(系)名稱
工學(xué)院機(jī)械系
專業(yè)名稱
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué)生姓名
指導(dǎo)教師
2012年3月10 日
黃河科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 第 20 頁(yè)
單位代碼 0 2
學(xué) 號(hào) 080105088
分 類 號(hào) TH6
密 級(jí)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)
干粉混拌機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
院(系)名稱
工學(xué)院機(jī)械系
專業(yè)名稱
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué)生姓名
指導(dǎo)教師
2012年5月15日
1緒 論
1.1 課題的背景及目的
干粉混拌機(jī)有強(qiáng)烈、高效的特點(diǎn),混合時(shí)間短,設(shè)計(jì)混合時(shí)間不等,臥式筒體內(nèi)兩根攪拌軸等速反向旋轉(zhuǎn),軸上特殊角度布置的槳葉確保物料徑向、環(huán)向、軸向三向拋灑運(yùn)動(dòng),形成復(fù)合循環(huán),在極短的時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到均勻混合。
干粉混拌機(jī)可以使兩種或多種不同的物質(zhì)在彼此之中互相分散,從而達(dá)到均勻混合;也可以加速傳熱和傳質(zhì)過(guò)程。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,攪拌操作時(shí)從化學(xué)工業(yè)開(kāi)始的,圍繞食品、纖維、造紙、石油、水處理等,作為工藝過(guò)程的一部分而被廣泛應(yīng)用。
在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,大多數(shù)的攪拌操作均系機(jī)械攪拌,以中、低壓立式鋼制容器的攪拌設(shè)備為主。攪拌設(shè)備主要由攪拌裝置、軸封和攪拌罐三大部分組成。其中干粉砂漿混拌機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)形式如下圖:
攪拌設(shè)備在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用范圍很廣,尤其是化學(xué)工業(yè)中,很多的化工生產(chǎn)都或多或少地應(yīng)用著攪拌操作。攪拌設(shè)備在許多場(chǎng)合時(shí)作為反應(yīng)器來(lái)應(yīng)用的。例如在三大合成材料的生產(chǎn)中,攪拌設(shè)備作為反應(yīng)器約占反應(yīng)器總數(shù)的99%。。攪拌設(shè)備的應(yīng)用范圍之所以這樣廣泛,還因攪拌設(shè)備操作條件(如濃度、溫度、停留時(shí)間等)的可控范圍較廣,又能適應(yīng)多樣化的生產(chǎn)。
攪拌設(shè)備的作用如下:①使物料混合均勻;②使氣體在液相中很好的分散;③使固體粒子(如催化劑)在液相中均勻的懸?。虎軓?qiáng)化相間的傳質(zhì)(如吸收等);⑤強(qiáng)化傳熱。
從上述情況看出,干粉混拌機(jī)是今后機(jī)械干粉砂漿混合行業(yè)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì),干粉混拌機(jī)的應(yīng)用會(huì)越來(lái)越廣泛,發(fā)展干粉混拌技術(shù)有著十分重要的意義。
1.2 國(guó)內(nèi)干粉砂漿技術(shù)發(fā)展的狀況
我國(guó)干粉混拌技術(shù)研究始于20世紀(jì)80年代,直到90年代末期,才開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)具有一定規(guī)模的干粉砂漿生產(chǎn)企業(yè)。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)以來(lái),在市場(chǎng)推動(dòng)和政策干預(yù)的雙重作用下,我國(guó)干粉砂漿行業(yè)已逐步從市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)入期向快速成長(zhǎng)期過(guò)渡。隨著國(guó)家相關(guān)政策的推動(dòng),國(guó)外先進(jìn)理念和先進(jìn)技術(shù)的引進(jìn),以及各級(jí)政府、生產(chǎn)企業(yè)、用戶的積極努力,我國(guó)干粉砂漿行業(yè)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。干粉砂漿科研開(kāi)發(fā)、裝備制造、原料供應(yīng)、產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)、物流及產(chǎn)品應(yīng)用的完整產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈已初步形成。2007年統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全國(guó)兩萬(wàn)噸規(guī)模以上的干粉砂漿生產(chǎn)企業(yè)196家,設(shè)計(jì)能力2177.1萬(wàn)噸,實(shí)際產(chǎn)量為640.06萬(wàn)噸,干粉砂漿罐車252輛,移動(dòng)筒倉(cāng)646個(gè)。具體體現(xiàn)在以下幾方面:
(一)在政策和管理層面上。2007年6月6日,商務(wù)部、公安部、建設(shè)部、交通部、質(zhì)檢總局、環(huán)保總局等6部門聯(lián)合頒布了《關(guān)于在部分城市限期禁止現(xiàn)場(chǎng)攪拌砂漿工作的通知》(商改發(fā)〔2007〕205號(hào)).要求北京市等127個(gè)城市將從2007年9月1日起,分3年時(shí)間、先后分3批分別實(shí)施禁止在施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)攪拌砂漿。8月1日,商務(wù)部在北京召開(kāi)“全國(guó)部分城市限期禁止現(xiàn)場(chǎng)攪拌砂漿工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)會(huì)”,姜增偉副部長(zhǎng)在會(huì)上作了《貫徹節(jié)能減排方針抓好城市“禁現(xiàn)”工作促進(jìn)散裝水泥發(fā)展再上新臺(tái)階》的講話,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了充分認(rèn)識(shí)開(kāi)展“禁現(xiàn)”和發(fā)展散裝水泥的重要意義,對(duì)全國(guó)“禁現(xiàn)”工作作了全面部署并提出了具體要求。為做好“禁現(xiàn)”;工作,各地采取了一系列有效措施將“禁現(xiàn)”工作落實(shí)到位。相繼建立了相應(yīng)的部門協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制;出臺(tái)了切實(shí)可行的政策法規(guī);根據(jù)試點(diǎn)先行、穩(wěn)妥起步的原則,組織開(kāi)展干粉砂漿工程項(xiàng)目應(yīng)用試點(diǎn)工作;將使用干粉砂漿納入工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目相關(guān)要求中;編制操作規(guī)程和技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn);大力開(kāi)展科研攻關(guān),為干粉砂漿產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展提供技術(shù)支撐;編寫(xiě)培訓(xùn)教材,組織人員培訓(xùn)等。到2007年末,全國(guó)干粉砂漿生產(chǎn)企業(yè)已發(fā)展到196家,設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)能力2177.13萬(wàn)噸,實(shí)際產(chǎn)量為640.06萬(wàn)噸,干粉砂漿罐車252輛,移動(dòng)筒倉(cāng)646個(gè)。目前已有江蘇等20余個(gè)地區(qū)制定、頒布了使用干粉砂漿的相關(guān)政策法規(guī)。特別是在2008年8月29日正式頒布的中華人民共和國(guó)《循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)促進(jìn)法》中明確規(guī)定了“鼓勵(lì)使用散裝水泥,推廣使用預(yù)拌混凝土和干粉砂漿”.這就為干粉砂漿的發(fā)展提供了有力的法律依據(jù)和行政執(zhí)法保證,對(duì)進(jìn)一步提高干粉砂漿的推廣力度起到極為重要的積極作用;在組織管理上,全國(guó)941家散裝水泥辦公室的5000多專職管理人員,積極配合各級(jí)政府部門,全面落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀。堅(jiān)持以促進(jìn)發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì),實(shí)施節(jié)能減排戰(zhàn)略為指導(dǎo)思想,為推動(dòng)干粉砂漿產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展扎實(shí)工作,成為促進(jìn)我國(guó)干粉砂漿健康快速發(fā)展最積極、最活躍的力量。
(二)在技術(shù)層面上。干粉砂漿發(fā)展初期,先是世界知名企業(yè)在中國(guó)建干粉砂漿生產(chǎn)企業(yè),如德國(guó)maxit集團(tuán)、漢高公司、法國(guó)圣哥班等,這些公司不僅給中國(guó)帶來(lái)了先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和設(shè)備,同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了國(guó)際先進(jìn)的管理經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)推動(dòng)我國(guó)干粉砂漿的發(fā)展提供了很大的幫助。
隨后,我國(guó)的企業(yè)家也向干粉砂漿領(lǐng)域滲透,起初主要是引進(jìn)國(guó)外技術(shù)和設(shè)備生產(chǎn)、使用干粉砂漿,投資大,生產(chǎn)成本較高。近幾年在國(guó)家及各級(jí)政府的扶持和政策引導(dǎo)下,一些企業(yè)協(xié)同科研院所和大專院校的科技力量,紛紛投資自主研發(fā)干粉砂漿生產(chǎn)、流通、使用的相關(guān)設(shè)施設(shè)備,并與相關(guān)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)共同努力,在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、產(chǎn)品認(rèn)定、市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入等方面取得了突破性進(jìn)展。目前全國(guó)主要干粉砂漿生產(chǎn)設(shè)備企業(yè)20余家,物流設(shè)施制造企業(yè)十幾家,施工設(shè)備生產(chǎn)企業(yè)10余家,技術(shù)水平正逐步達(dá)到國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平,初步形成了我國(guó)干粉砂漿相關(guān)設(shè)施設(shè)備的國(guó)產(chǎn)化,大大降低了干粉砂漿的生產(chǎn)、物流、施工成本,基本滿足了國(guó)內(nèi)干粉砂漿市場(chǎng)的需求。無(wú)錫江加科技發(fā)展有限公司、南京天印科技有限公司等企業(yè)已成為干粉砂漿設(shè)施設(shè)備的領(lǐng)軍企業(yè),產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)份額相當(dāng)高。
(三)在市場(chǎng)層面上。目前我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展較快的長(zhǎng)江三角洲、珠江三角洲和環(huán)渤海地區(qū)仍然是干粉砂漿發(fā)展最快的三個(gè)地區(qū),80%以上的干粉砂漿企業(yè)都集中在此。上海市是我國(guó)開(kāi)展建筑砂漿科研工作最早的城市之一,也是目前發(fā)展干粉砂漿生產(chǎn)量最大的地區(qū);北京市近幾年干粉砂漿市場(chǎng)異?;钴S。特別是北京奧運(yùn)工程對(duì)干粉砂漿的使用,如國(guó)家體育場(chǎng)(鳥(niǎo)巢)和國(guó)家游泳中心(水立方)建設(shè)都被北京市建委作為干粉砂漿應(yīng)用示范項(xiàng)目率先使用干粉砂漿;廣州市干粉砂漿市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展;天津市以建筑施工示范工程為市場(chǎng)拉動(dòng)點(diǎn),干粉砂漿市場(chǎng)發(fā)展速度也較為速猛;近兩年,鄭州、成都、蘇州、南昌等地干粉砂漿市場(chǎng)得到了較快發(fā)展,上海、北京、廣州、常州等城市的干粉砂漿市場(chǎng)相對(duì)趨于成熟。
1.3 干粉混拌機(jī)的分類及特點(diǎn)
該干粉混拌機(jī)由兩個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)方向相反的轉(zhuǎn)子組成,轉(zhuǎn)子上焊有多個(gè)特殊角度的槳葉,槳葉帶動(dòng)物料一方面沿著機(jī)曹內(nèi)壁逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn):一方面帶動(dòng)物料左右翻動(dòng);在兩轉(zhuǎn)子的交叉重疊處,形成了一個(gè)失重區(qū),在此區(qū)域內(nèi),不論物料的形狀、大小和密度如何,都能使物料上浮,處于瞬間失重狀態(tài),以此使物料在機(jī)槽內(nèi)形成全方位連續(xù)循環(huán)翻動(dòng),相互交錯(cuò)剪切,從而達(dá)到快速柔和混合均勻的效果。
混合設(shè)備市場(chǎng)常用的設(shè)備有雙螺旋混拌機(jī),犁刀混拌機(jī),螺帶混拌機(jī),無(wú)重力混拌機(jī)。
雙螺旋錐形混拌機(jī)的工作原理及應(yīng)用:雙螺旋錐形混拌機(jī)是適用于固體粉末與液體物料、固體粉末之間混合的一種攪拌設(shè)備,雙螺旋錐形混拌機(jī)的料筒倒錐形,內(nèi)設(shè)有兩個(gè)非對(duì)稱的提升螺旋,在物料混合時(shí)兩只螺旋自轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)物料產(chǎn)生提升力,于是物料隨螺旋運(yùn)動(dòng)到料筒上部向中心凹陷處匯合下落,填充混拌機(jī)底部的物料空缺,之后再受到螺旋的提升形成往復(fù)過(guò)程。雙螺旋錐形混拌機(jī)是采用螺旋旋轉(zhuǎn)方式完成物料攪拌和混合,不會(huì)對(duì)攪拌的顆粒性物料擠壓和碾磨而造成顆粒物料的粉碎。轉(zhuǎn)臂也會(huì)延筒壁呈慢速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)狀態(tài),推動(dòng)未進(jìn)入螺旋的物料,在不同高度上進(jìn)入螺柱,使料筒內(nèi)的物料能全方位的得到混合和攪拌,也加快了物料的更新和擴(kuò)散速度。>雙螺旋錐形混拌機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用:在化工、食品、建材、稀土、食品、農(nóng)藥和染料等生產(chǎn)行業(yè)都有非常廣泛的應(yīng)用。
臥式犁刀混拌機(jī)是一種新型、高效粉體混合設(shè)備。臥式犁刀混拌機(jī)可應(yīng)用于化工、涂料、醫(yī)藥、食品、飼料、燃料、冶金、礦山等行業(yè)的固-固(即粉體內(nèi)添加液體)混合,以及濕造粒、干燥、濃縮等復(fù)合工藝。臥式犁刀混拌機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)主要由傳動(dòng)部分、臥式筒體、犁刀組軸、飛刀組、出料閥、噴液裝置等組成。傳動(dòng)部分包括帶電機(jī)擺線針輪減速機(jī)、聯(lián)軸器,主要把電機(jī)的運(yùn)動(dòng)變?yōu)樾枰乃俣群团ぞ貍鹘o復(fù)雜刀軸。臥式筒體由鋼板卷制而成,作盛物料用,筒體上開(kāi)有若干孔,供進(jìn)出料,觀察用。犁刀軸支承座固定在筒體二端的蓋。犁刀組軸由犁刀,犁刀臂和主軸組成,犁刀用犁刀臂安裝在主軸上,并作為哈夫結(jié)構(gòu),便于拆裝。飛刀組由多把飛刀組成,通過(guò)付電機(jī)直接驅(qū)動(dòng),安裝在筒體側(cè)面,為了防止粉塵進(jìn)入軸承,飛刀軸采用多道密封結(jié)構(gòu)。出料閥裝在筒體的底部(連續(xù)出料除外),用于關(guān)閉和放出物料,其工作是通過(guò)手柄和四連桿機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。噴液裝置固定筒體圓周上,噴嘴采用農(nóng)用噴頭,噴散效果好。
臥式螺帶混拌機(jī)的工作原理:臥式螺帶混拌機(jī)以高效、快速混合物料,在攪拌軸的螺旋帶運(yùn)動(dòng)下,使內(nèi)外螺旋帶在較大范圍內(nèi)翻動(dòng)物料,內(nèi)螺旋帶將物料向兩側(cè)運(yùn)動(dòng),外螺旋帶將物料由兩側(cè)向內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng),使物料來(lái)回?fù)交?,另部分物料在螺旋帶推?dòng)下,沿軸向徑向運(yùn)動(dòng),從而形成對(duì)流循環(huán)。上述運(yùn)動(dòng)的攪拌,物料在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)獲得快速均勻混合。臥式螺帶混拌機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用:廣泛適用于化工、醫(yī)藥、食品、復(fù)合肥、保健品、染料、顏料、橡膠、建材、奶粉、飼料、添加劑、養(yǎng)殖業(yè)、生物工程、精細(xì)化工、陶瓷、耐火材料、稀土、塑料玻璃以及新材料、核能材料等行業(yè)的固~固(即粉體與粉體)、粉體與膠槳液的物料混合。臥式螺帶混拌機(jī)的性能特點(diǎn):1、該機(jī)為臥式筒體,內(nèi)外二層螺旋帶具有獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu),運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn)、質(zhì)量可靠,噪音低,使用壽命長(zhǎng),安裝維修方便,并有多種攪拌器結(jié)構(gòu),用途廣泛的多功能混合設(shè)備。2、混合速度快,混合均勻度高,特別是粘性,螺旋帶上可以安裝刮板,更適應(yīng)稠狀、糊狀的混合。3、在不同物料的混合要求下(特殊物料必須每次混合清洗),采用不同螺旋帶結(jié)構(gòu),可加熱、干燥的夾套型。4、特種霧化液體,可設(shè)特種噴頭。臥式機(jī)體上也可以設(shè)有活動(dòng)門,以便供用戶清洗。
無(wú)重力混拌機(jī)的工作原理:無(wú)重力混拌機(jī)為臥式機(jī)體,內(nèi)裝雙軸多漿葉的反向旋轉(zhuǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)子,漿葉成一定角度,帶動(dòng)物料旋轉(zhuǎn)。每根攪拌軸有多根迫使物料作螺旋運(yùn)動(dòng)的葉片,物料到達(dá)機(jī)體一側(cè)時(shí)攪拌軸有一根改向漿葉將物料翻向另一根攪拌軸一側(cè),同樣另一根攪拌軸迫使物料做相同運(yùn)動(dòng)。同時(shí)兩根攪拌軸上的漿葉相互交叉,中央部分形成一個(gè)流態(tài)化的失重區(qū)和旋轉(zhuǎn)渦流區(qū)??傊?,無(wú)重力混拌機(jī)中,物料的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡可分為三個(gè)區(qū):自轉(zhuǎn)區(qū)(旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng))、公轉(zhuǎn)區(qū)(環(huán)向運(yùn)動(dòng))和失重區(qū)。從而形成一個(gè)全方位復(fù)合循環(huán)運(yùn)動(dòng),迅速達(dá)到混合均勻之目的。無(wú)重力混拌機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用:化工、化妝品、精細(xì)化工、化肥、農(nóng)藥、冶金、礦山、建材、陶瓷、耐火材料、干粉砂漿、食品、飼料、涂料、染料等粉體、固與液、固與漿的物料混合設(shè)備。
1.4 干粉混拌機(jī)的適用范圍
適用范圍:主要用于化工、建材、涂料、農(nóng)藥、油漆、電纜、電線、塑料、陶瓷、玻璃、干粉砂漿、干粉膩?zhàn)拥龋喾N干粉物料的配比攪拌混合。全自動(dòng)立式干粉機(jī),有不銹鋼和普通型兩種產(chǎn)品,亦可根據(jù)用戶需要定做加工。主要用于各種干粉原料的攪拌混合。設(shè)備適用于建筑砌筑砂漿抹灰砂漿、粘結(jié)砂漿、抗裂砂漿、自流平砂漿、飛機(jī)跑道、修補(bǔ)砂漿、高速公路修補(bǔ)砂漿、瓷磚勾縫劑、填縫劑、外墻柔性膩?zhàn)?、?nèi)墻裝飾膩?zhàn)拥榷喾N物料的干粉混合。干粉混拌機(jī)是利用機(jī)械力和重力等,將兩種或兩種以上粉體料均勻混合起來(lái)的機(jī)械。干粉混拌機(jī)廣泛用于干粉砂漿、化工、農(nóng)藥、洗滌劑、顏料食品、味精、奶粉、食鹽、飼料、化學(xué)品、陶瓷、塑料、橡膠添加劑等粉料的干燥與混合。干粉混拌機(jī)混合時(shí)要求所有參與混合的物料均勻分布?;旌系某潭确譃槔硐牖旌稀㈦S機(jī)混合和完全不相混三種狀態(tài)。各種物料在混拌機(jī)械中的混合程度,取決于待混物料的比例、物理狀態(tài)和特性,以及所用混拌機(jī)械的類型和混合操作持續(xù)的時(shí)間等因素。 干粉混拌機(jī)可以將多種物料配合成均勻的混合物;還可以增加物料接觸表面積,以促進(jìn)化學(xué)反應(yīng);還能夠加速物理變化,例如粒狀溶質(zhì)加入溶劑,通過(guò)混拌機(jī)械的作用可加速溶解混勻??梢苿?dòng)升降分散機(jī)主要是匯龍混合設(shè)備針對(duì)不同粘度漿狀的液體原料進(jìn)行粉碎、分散、混合,通過(guò)分散盤(pán)上下劇齒的高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),從而達(dá)到迅速混合、溶解、分散、細(xì)化的功能。同時(shí)讓你徹底擺脫多桶多機(jī)性的操作,完全實(shí)現(xiàn)一機(jī)多桶操作,節(jié)省消耗,更環(huán)保。粒子和液體基料之間的特性互動(dòng)決定了濕潤(rùn)和絮凝的助力.固體顆粒和液體基料之間的互動(dòng)關(guān)系決定了濕潤(rùn)和抗絮凝效果.運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)穩(wěn)定、噪音小,可連續(xù)使用,對(duì)物料可進(jìn)行快速分散和溶解。針對(duì)不同物料的粘度及處理量有不同的功率及型號(hào)。用液體的基料把固體的粒子表面濕潤(rùn).用機(jī)械能把顆粒打散成為較小的粒子.。
2 總體方案設(shè)計(jì)
2.1 工藝方案的分析與設(shè)計(jì)
根據(jù)干粉混拌原理,就其粉末易粘連攪拌槳葉這一情況,本設(shè)計(jì)考慮到了鏈傳動(dòng)具有的多變性效應(yīng),故采用鏈傳動(dòng)有效地解決了粉末粘連槳葉的問(wèn)題。本設(shè)計(jì)共有兩次攪拌,即預(yù)攪拌和總體攪拌。所謂預(yù)攪拌即失重粒子混拌機(jī)主要用在保溫砂漿,抗裂砂漿,粘結(jié)砂漿,抹面砂漿,地坪砂漿,混凝土外加劑,化工粉體,飼料等各種混合均勻度要求高的場(chǎng)合。投入纖維量較大的場(chǎng)合,可以在無(wú)重力混拌機(jī)上添加高效飛刀組,飛刀組可以在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)將纖維類物料打散、分散,從而得到更加滿意的混合效果。
圖1-1 雙臥軸攪拌機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)
2.2 傳動(dòng)方案分析與設(shè)計(jì)
傳動(dòng)方案有兩個(gè):一,預(yù)攪拌傳動(dòng),即(電機(jī)→鏈傳動(dòng)→攪拌系統(tǒng));二,主攪拌傳動(dòng),即(電機(jī)→減速器→鏈傳動(dòng)→攪拌系統(tǒng))。其傳動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖分別如下:
圖1-2 預(yù)攪拌示意圖
圖1-3 主攪拌示意圖
2.3 電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇
主電機(jī)初步選定型號(hào)為:Y160L-4,額定功率15KW,滿載轉(zhuǎn)速為1460r/min
小電機(jī)選定型號(hào)為:Y132M1-6,額定功率4KW,滿載轉(zhuǎn)速為960r/min
2.4 減速器的選擇
型號(hào):MX50微型行星齒輪減速器:外徑50mm行星齒輪減速器,速比為1:5.5-1:5032,效率68%。
2.5 鏈輪的計(jì)算及鏈條的選擇
本設(shè)計(jì)涉及到的鏈傳動(dòng)共計(jì)兩種,一種是預(yù)攪拌的單鏈條傳動(dòng),另一種是主攪拌的三鏈條攪拌。
鏈輪的端面齒形是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒形,由弧aa、ab、cd、和直線bc構(gòu)成--三圓弧一直線齒形。當(dāng)選用這種齒形并用相應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)刀具加工時(shí),鏈輪齒形在工作圖上不畫(huà)出,只需注明鏈輪的基本參數(shù)和主要尺寸(節(jié)距p,節(jié)圓直徑d,齒頂圓直徑da,齒根圓直徑df和齒數(shù)z),并注明“齒形按3R GB1244—85規(guī)定制造”即可。
節(jié)圓—鏈輪上鏈條的銷軸中心所在的圓,直徑用d表示。
若已知p、z
鏈輪軸向齒廓及尺寸,應(yīng)符合GB1244—85的規(guī)定。在零件的工作圖上應(yīng)繪出鏈輪的軸面齒形,以便制造鏈輪切齒前的毛坯。
鏈條整體是一撓性體,但對(duì)單個(gè)鏈節(jié),卻是剛性體。所以鏈條繞在鏈輪上時(shí),并非沿輪周彎曲成圓弧性,而是折成正多邊形的一部分,此正多邊形的邊長(zhǎng)為,邊數(shù)為鏈輪的齒數(shù)。
鏈輪每轉(zhuǎn)一周,帶動(dòng)鏈條轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)的長(zhǎng)度為zp,所以鏈條的速度為
實(shí)際工作時(shí),即使主動(dòng)鏈輪以等角速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),瞬時(shí)速度和瞬時(shí)傳動(dòng)比是變化的。
一. 單鏈條滾子鏈傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
已知;傳動(dòng)用途、工作情況、原動(dòng)機(jī)種類、傳遞的功率P、鏈輪轉(zhuǎn)速n1、n2(或i),結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸要求等。
設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容:鏈條節(jié)距p、列數(shù)、鏈條鏈節(jié)數(shù)Lp、傳動(dòng)中心距a;大、小鏈輪齒數(shù)z1 、z2;軸壓力Q;潤(rùn)滑方式。
設(shè)計(jì)步驟:
1. 鏈輪齒數(shù)z1 、z2和傳動(dòng)比i
小鏈輪齒數(shù)z1對(duì)鏈傳動(dòng)的平穩(wěn)性和使用壽命有較大影響。齒數(shù)少,外廓尺寸小,但齒數(shù)過(guò)少,運(yùn)動(dòng)不均勻性加劇,動(dòng)載荷和沖擊加大;鏈條進(jìn)入和退出嚙合時(shí),鏈節(jié)間的相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)角增大,鉸鏈的磨損加??;鏈傳遞的圓周力增大,加速了鏈條和鏈輪的損壞。
齒數(shù)過(guò)多,將增大傳動(dòng)尺寸和質(zhì)量,鏈條磨損后節(jié)距的伸長(zhǎng)容易發(fā)生跳齒和脫鏈,同樣會(huì)縮短鏈條的使用壽命。
齒數(shù)的選取原則:(1)鏈傳動(dòng)速度高時(shí),齒數(shù)多些;(2)為考慮磨損均勻,鏈輪齒數(shù)應(yīng)取與鏈節(jié)數(shù)互為質(zhì)數(shù)的奇數(shù),并優(yōu)先選用以下數(shù)列:17、19、21、23、25、38、57、76、95、114。
(取整),且。試選v—選取z1,z1盡量用奇數(shù)。
,推薦=2~3.5。當(dāng)v<2m/s且載荷平穩(wěn)時(shí),可達(dá)10。過(guò)大時(shí),鏈條在小鏈輪上的包角過(guò)小,將減少嚙合齒數(shù),因而易出現(xiàn)跳齒或加速輪齒的磨損,故可用二級(jí)或二級(jí)以上的傳動(dòng)。
這里取Z1=21=Z2
2. 確定計(jì)算功率Pca
計(jì)算功率Pca是根據(jù)傳遞的功率P,并考慮到載荷性質(zhì)和原動(dòng)機(jī)的種類而確定,即
KZ Kw
由表查得KA=1.4,KZ=1.25,單排鏈,則計(jì)算功率
KZ=1.4*1.25*4=6.08KW
3. 初選中心距a0
a小,傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,但a太小,鏈條總長(zhǎng)太短,單位時(shí)間里每一鏈節(jié)參與嚙合次數(shù)過(guò)多,加劇鏈的磨損和疲勞。a過(guò)大,承載好,但鏈條長(zhǎng),橫向振動(dòng)大。一般
(張緊或托板),中心距不可調(diào)時(shí),。
根據(jù)Pca =6.08及n1=960r/min,可選10A-1,查表得p=15.875mm。
這里取a0=(30-50)p=(30-50)*15.875=476.25-793.75mm,取a0=700mm。
4. 鏈節(jié)數(shù)Lp
=2*700/15.875+(21+21)/2+0=109.2
取整,最好取偶數(shù)即108節(jié)。
5. 節(jié)距和排數(shù)的確定
一定條件下,節(jié)距越大,鏈傳動(dòng)承載能力越強(qiáng),但節(jié)距越大,鏈傳動(dòng)的多邊形效應(yīng)越嚴(yán)重,動(dòng)載荷、沖擊、振動(dòng)越嚴(yán)重。所以,為使鏈傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、壽命長(zhǎng),盡量取小節(jié)距的單排鏈。
若傳動(dòng)速度高,傳遞的功率大;或傳動(dòng)中心距小,傳動(dòng)比大,取小節(jié)距的多排鏈。
若傳動(dòng)中心距大而傳動(dòng)比小,取大節(jié)距的單排鏈。
設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),先定傳動(dòng)的列數(shù)—查表9-11得Kp—由上式計(jì)算得P0—由圖9-13查得鏈號(hào)—查表9-1得節(jié)距p。
6. 驗(yàn)算鏈速 由=960*21*15.875/60000=5.33可判斷與假設(shè)符。
7. 確定實(shí)際中心距
=690mm。
8. 小鏈輪轂孔最大直徑
當(dāng)確定了鏈條節(jié)距和小鏈輪齒數(shù)后,鏈輪的結(jié)構(gòu)和各部分尺寸已可定出(表9-3),轂孔的最大直徑dkmax也可定出,但dkmax不小于安裝鏈輪處的軸徑;若不能滿足要求時(shí),可采用特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的鏈輪(如鏈輪軸)或重新選擇鏈傳動(dòng)參數(shù)(增大z1或p)。
9. 計(jì)算壓軸力Q
Fe=P/v=1000*4/5.33=750N
=750*1.05=787.5N
式中:Fe---鏈傳遞的有效圓周力,N;
KQ---壓軸力系數(shù),對(duì)于水平傳動(dòng),KQ=1.15;對(duì)于垂直傳動(dòng)KQ=1.05。
二. 單鏈條滾子鏈傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
1.鏈輪齒數(shù)z1 、z2和傳動(dòng)比i
齒數(shù)的選取原則:(1)鏈傳動(dòng)速度高時(shí),齒數(shù)多些;(2)為考慮磨損均勻,鏈輪齒數(shù)應(yīng)取與鏈節(jié)數(shù)互為質(zhì)數(shù)的奇數(shù),并優(yōu)先選用以下數(shù)列:17、19、21、23、25、38、57、76、95、114。
(取整),且。由表9-8,試選v—選取z1,z1盡量用奇數(shù)。
,推薦=2~3.5。當(dāng)v<2m/s且載荷平穩(wěn)時(shí),可達(dá)10。過(guò)大時(shí),鏈條在小鏈輪上的包角過(guò)小,將減少嚙合齒數(shù),因而易出現(xiàn)跳齒或加速輪齒的磨損,故可用二級(jí)或二級(jí)以上的傳動(dòng)。
這里取Z1=21,Z2=57,i=Z2/Z1=57/21=2.7
2.確定計(jì)算功率Pca
計(jì)算功率Pca是根據(jù)傳遞的功率P,并考慮到載荷性質(zhì)和原動(dòng)機(jī)的種類而確定,即
Kz/Kp Kw
由表查得KA=1.4,Kz=1.25,三排鏈,取Kp=2.5,P=15*68%=10.2KW則計(jì)算功率
Kz/Kp=1.4*1.25*10.2=17.85KW
3.初選中心距a0
a小,傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,但a太小,鏈條總長(zhǎng)太短,單位時(shí)間里每一鏈節(jié)參與嚙合次數(shù)過(guò)多,加劇鏈的磨損和疲勞。a過(guò)大,承載好,但鏈條長(zhǎng),橫向振動(dòng)大。一般
(張緊或托板),中心距不可調(diào)時(shí),。
根據(jù)Pca =17.85及n1=1460/5.5=265r/min,可選24A-1,查表得p=38.1mm。
這里取a0=(30-50)p=(30-50)*38.1=1143-1905mm,取a0=1500mm。
4.鏈節(jié)數(shù)Lp
=2*1500/25.4+(21+57)/2+0.9=158
取整,最好取偶數(shù)即158節(jié)。
5.節(jié)距和排數(shù)的確定
一定條件下,節(jié)距越大,鏈傳動(dòng)承載能力越強(qiáng),但節(jié)距越大,鏈傳動(dòng)的多邊形效應(yīng)越嚴(yán)重,動(dòng)載荷、沖擊、振動(dòng)越嚴(yán)重。由于本設(shè)備的特殊性采用三排鏈。
設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),先定傳動(dòng)的列數(shù)—查表9-11得Kp—由上式計(jì)算得P0—由圖9-13查得鏈號(hào)—查表9-1得節(jié)距p。
6.驗(yàn)算鏈速 由=265*21*38.1/60000=3.53可判斷與假設(shè)符。
7.確定實(shí)際中心距
=1500mm。
8.小鏈輪轂孔最大直徑
當(dāng)確定了鏈條節(jié)距和小鏈輪齒數(shù)后,鏈輪的結(jié)構(gòu)和各部分尺寸已可定出(表9-3),轂孔的最大直徑dkmax也可定出,但dkmax不小于安裝鏈輪處的軸徑;若不能滿足要求時(shí),可采用特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的鏈輪(如鏈輪軸)或重新選擇鏈傳動(dòng)參數(shù)(增大z1或p)。
9.計(jì)算壓軸力Q
Fe=P/v=1000*10.2/3.53=2890N
=2890*1.15=3323N
式中:Fe---鏈傳遞的有效圓周力,N;
KQ---壓軸力系數(shù),對(duì)于水平傳動(dòng),KQ=1.15;對(duì)于垂直傳動(dòng)KQ=1.05。
2.6 軸的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算
這里就主攪拌軸進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
其危險(xiǎn)截面在連接鏈輪那一軸段,即外徑為58mm的有鍵槽的地方。下面對(duì)其進(jìn)行計(jì)算:
1.彎矩受力計(jì)算
由上一步驟已經(jīng)算出鏈輪的壓軸力,即:Q=3323N。
(1) 軸上的扭矩
=609421
(2) 作用在鏈輪上的圓周力 Ft
(3) 作用在齒輪上的徑向力Fr
(4) 作用在齒輪上的軸向力Fa
2,計(jì)算作用于軸上的支反力,彎矩。
(1) 求垂直面的支承反力
(2) 求水平面的支承反力
(3) 繪垂直面的彎矩圖
(4) 水平面的彎矩
(5) 合成彎矩
2.軸的校核計(jì)算
(1)1軸上的圓周力,徑向力,軸向力
(2) 求垂直面的支承反力
(3) 求水平面的支承反力
(4) 繪垂直面的彎矩圖
(5) 繪水平面的彎矩圖
(6) 合成彎矩
3.校核軸的強(qiáng)度
由軸的扭距、彎距圖可知,齒輪軸的輪齒處存在危險(xiǎn)截面,因此在該處計(jì)算應(yīng)力
(因扭轉(zhuǎn)切應(yīng)力不是對(duì)稱循環(huán)應(yīng)力,故引入折合系數(shù)α)取
抗彎截面系數(shù)
截面上的彎曲應(yīng)力
截面上的扭轉(zhuǎn)切應(yīng)力
軸的彎扭強(qiáng)度條件為
查表15-1得 MPa
所以
符合彎扭強(qiáng)度條件。
結(jié) 論
干粉混拌機(jī)是現(xiàn)代機(jī)械制造發(fā)展的方向,干粉混拌技術(shù)又為機(jī)械加工提供了新的、高效的加工方法。本文設(shè)計(jì)的無(wú)重力雙軸干粉混拌機(jī)為制造業(yè)提供了一種全新的設(shè)備方案。
在設(shè)計(jì)的開(kāi)始,因?yàn)閷?duì)干粉混拌機(jī)不太了解,不知道干粉混拌機(jī)應(yīng)是什么樣的,總體設(shè)計(jì)也就不知道應(yīng)該從那里入手。后來(lái),在導(dǎo)師的帶領(lǐng)下見(jiàn)到了干粉混拌機(jī),并親眼目睹了干粉混拌機(jī)的工作過(guò)程,以及選用鏈傳動(dòng)是因?yàn)槠涠噙呅涡?yīng),對(duì)干粉混拌機(jī)機(jī)架總體設(shè)計(jì)有了基本概念。設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中我遇到一些問(wèn)題,如干粉混拌機(jī)電機(jī)的選擇,鏈條的設(shè)計(jì),軸承座的選用等等。在老師和同學(xué)們的幫下我解決了電機(jī)、鏈傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中所遇見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題,以及軸承座的選擇。由于本設(shè)計(jì)中用到不少標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件,通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)我學(xué)會(huì)了怎樣去選擇一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件,什么地方用什么樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件更合適。
經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)多月的忙碌,我已設(shè)計(jì)出基本符合要求的干粉混拌機(jī)機(jī)架。由于能力有限,又是初次設(shè)計(jì)加工機(jī)械,我的設(shè)計(jì)之中難免有一些不足之處,還望老師給予指導(dǎo)。
致 謝
本文在康紅偉老師的悉心指導(dǎo)下完成,導(dǎo)師對(duì)專業(yè)的一絲不茍,對(duì)學(xué)生嘔心瀝血,
使我很受感動(dòng),在此向尊敬的康紅偉老師致以最崇高的敬意和衷心的感謝。
感謝與我共同學(xué)習(xí)的馮偉、王濤、劉貝等同學(xué)!在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中我們不止一次的對(duì)各種遇到的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行討論,我們的相互促進(jìn)和提高使得我們不斷克服很多難題。
感謝所有曾經(jīng)給我理解、關(guān)心和幫助的朋友們!
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