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1 The Anglo-Saxons (450-1100) Epics (A Long narrative poem presented in an elevated style, relating the heroic deeds of noble and semi divine personages) “Beowulf” the national epic the only surviving full-length epic in Old English, composed during the eighth century. The poem narrates the heroic deeds of Beowulf who kills the dragon Grendal and his mother, and later becomes the king of Geat. He dies in killing a dragon. Lyrics and Riddles The lyric presents a more personal and emotional form of poetry than the epic. The riddle, a form of poetry in which an object or person is described in a rather ambiguous manner. 2 The Medieval Period(1100-1500) 中世紀(jì)時(shí)期 Folk ballads 民間歌謠 (Songs sung by the common people of England.) Romances 浪漫詩(shī) (verse narrative that sings of knightly adventures, heroic deeds, chivalric love of the Middle Ages in Europe) Sir Gawain and the Green knight 高文爵士與綠衣騎士 (1360—1370, Alliterative and metrical) Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400, the founder of English poetry, the Father ofEnglish literature, heroic couplets) The Book of the Duchess 公爵夫人之書 The House of Fame 聲譽(yù)之宮 Troylus and Criseyde 特洛伊羅斯與克麗西達(dá) The Legend of Good Women 賢婦傳奇 The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集（1387-1400, The 29 Pilgrims(清教徒) 24 tales) 3 The Renaissance (1500-1650) 文藝復(fù)興 (Humanism人道主義) I. The rise of the Renaissance under the early Tudor monarchs (1500-1558) 都鐸王朝 Poetry The poetry of Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, they introduced the Italian sonnet to England. Elaborate Renaissance conventions of love poetry were transplanted. The courtier poets 宮廷詩(shī)人 The Earl of Essex 埃塞克斯伯爵, Sir Walter Raleigh 瓦爾特羅里爵士 Sonnet 十四行詩(shī) Sir Philip Sydney菲利普錫德尼 Astrophel and Stella 愛(ài)星者與星 Edmund Spencer埃德蒙斯賓塞 The Shepherd’s Calendar牧人月歷 The Faeire Queene 仙后 Amoretti小愛(ài)神 Drama Native drama continued to develop: Miracle and morality plays. 奇跡劇和道德劇 Interlude, a short play designed to be presented between courses of a banquet, one of the important ancestors of Elizabethan drama. II. The height of the Renaissance under Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 伊麗莎白一世 The University Wits (大學(xué)才子派) a group of English poets and playwrights, Oxford or Cambridge The most important member of the group was Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗馬洛, whose powerful blank verse plays prepared the way for Shakespeare. ( unrhymed, ten syllables, alternating stresses, divide into five feet, iambic pentameter 五步抑揚(yáng)格) Shakespeare (1564-1616) Shakespeare’s sonnets The Italian fashion of writing a series of sonnets to some real or imaginary mistress. The fashion is followed in England, such as Spencer’s Amoretti, Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella, and Shakespeare’s sonnets. Altogether 154 sonnets Italian sonnet (an eight-line octave+ six-line sestet abba abba cde cde) Spenserian sonnet (8+1) Shakespearean sonnet (Three quatrains and a couple四行體+對(duì)偶句 Iambic pentameter五步抑揚(yáng)格 Rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg) Shakespeare’s Plays The First Period (1590—1594) 1590 Henry VI, Part II 亨利六世中篇 Henry VI, Part III 亨利六世下篇 1591 Henry VI, Part I 亨利六世上篇 1592 Richard III 理查三世 The Comedy of Errors 錯(cuò)誤的喜劇 1593 Titus Andronicus 泰特斯安德洛尼克斯 The Taming of the Shrew 訓(xùn)悍記 1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona維洛那二紳士 Love’s Labour’s Lost 愛(ài)的徒勞 Romeo and Juliet 羅密歐與朱麗葉 The Second Period (1595—1600) 1595 Richard II 理查二世 A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之夢(mèng) ★ 1596 King John約翰王 The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 ★ 1597 Henry IV, Part I亨利四世上篇 Henry IV, Part II亨利四世下篇 1598 Much Ado about Nothing無(wú)事生非 Henry V亨利五世 The Merry Wives of Windsor溫莎的風(fēng)流娘兒們 1599 Julius Caesar裘力斯凱撒 As You Like It皆大歡喜 ★ 1600 Twelfth Night第十二夜 ★ The Third Period (1601—1607) 1601 Hamlet哈姆萊特 ★ 1602 Troilus and Cressida特洛伊羅斯與克瑞西達(dá) 1603 All’s Well That Ends Well終成眷屬 1604 Measure for Measure一報(bào)還一報(bào) Othello奧瑟羅 ★ 1605 King Lear李爾王 ★ Macbeth麥克白 ★ 1606 Antony and Cleopatra安東尼與克莉奧佩特拉 1607 Coriolanus 科利奧蘭納斯 Timon of Athens 雅典的泰門 The Fourth Period (1608—1612) 1608 Pericles泰爾親王配瑞克里斯 1609 Cymbeline辛白林 1610 The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事 1611 The Tempest暴風(fēng)雨 1612 Henry VIII亨利八世 Shakespeare’s Verse (Shakespeare’s plays are mainly written in blank verse) Francis Bacon (1561-1626) 1605 Advancement of Learning 學(xué)術(shù)的進(jìn)展 1620 Novum Organum 新工具 1627 New Atlantics 新大西島 1597,1612,1625 Essays 論說(shuō)文集 (Bacon’s contribution: The founder of English materialistic philosophy, The first English essayist) (His essays are: short, treated a variety of subjects of universal interest, and were written in epigrammatic, sharply honed style.) III. The Decline of the Renaissance under the Stuart Monarchs (1603-1649) 斯圖亞特王室 Metaphysical poets 玄學(xué)派 strong or harsh lines, overriding regular meter, strained metaphors (or conceits), strange paradoxes, and far-fetched imagery John Donne 約翰多恩 (the leading metaphysical poet, The Flea) Cavalier Poets ?；逝? A group of minor poets in the middle decades of the 17th century including chiefly Thomas Carew, John Suckling, Richard Lovelace, and Robert Herrick, all of whom were considered as belonging to the “Tribe of Ben”. Counsel to Girls (Robert Herrick) The Puritan Poets John Milton (1608—1674 ) 約翰彌爾頓 Puritanism (清教主義) 1629 “Morning of Christ’s Nativity” 圣誕晨歌 1632 “L’ Allegro” 歡樂(lè)的人 “Il Penseroso” 　沉思的人 1644 Areopagitica 《論出版自由》 1651 Deference of the English People 《為英國(guó)人民辨》 1654 Second Deference of the English People 《再為英國(guó)人民辨》 1667 Paradise Lost 《失樂(lè)園》 ★ 1671 Paradise Regained 《復(fù)樂(lè)園》 1671 Samson Agonistes 《力士參孫》 4 The Age of Reason (1650-1780) Neo-Classicism Enlightenment (they believed in the power of reason) The Age of Reason in England begins with the restoration (1660—1688). 王政復(fù)辟 Neo-Classicism (A revival of interest in the old classical works during the Enlightenment Movement, A polite, urbane, witty and intellectual art are developed, Human beings are regarded as the primary subject of literature.) John Dryden (1631—1700) 約翰德萊頓 “All for Love” 一切為了愛(ài) “Absalom and Achitophel” 押沙龍與阿齊托菲爾 “A Song for St. Ceilia’s Day, 1687” 圣西西莉亞日之歌 “Alexander’s Feast” 亞歷山大的宴會(huì) “An Essay of Dramatic Poesy” 論戲劇詩(shī) John Dryden and the heroic couplet (Dryden used it so effectively that it became popular for the next three generations of the poets) Jonathan Swift (1667—1745) 喬納森斯威夫特 1697 The Battle of Books 書籍之戰(zhàn) 1698 A Tale of a Tub 一個(gè)木桶的故事 1724 Drapier’s Letters 布商的來(lái)信 1726 Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游記 ★ 1729 A Modest Proposal 一個(gè)溫和的建議 Joseph Addison and Richard Steele (Periodical literature in early 18th-century England) Richard Steele (1672—1729) “The Tatler”《閑話》報(bào) (1709—1711) Joseph Addison (1672—1719) “The Spectator”《旁觀者》報(bào) (1711—1712) Alexander Pope (1688-1744) An Essay on Criticism 批評(píng)論 The Rape of the Lock 卷發(fā)遇劫記 An Essay of Man 人論 Moral Essays 道德論 translations of the Illiad and the Odyssey 伊利亞特 奧德賽 (all written in heroic couplet英雄雙韻體) Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) The True Born Englishman (1701) 《真正的英國(guó)人》 The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702)《消滅不同教派的捷徑》 Robinson Crusoe 魯濱孫漂流記 Captain Singleton 辛格頓船長(zhǎng) Moll Flanders 摩爾弗蘭德斯 Roxana 羅克珊娜 A Journal of the Plague Year 瘟疫年紀(jì)事 Samuel Johnson (1709—1784) 塞繆爾約翰遜 1738 “London” 1749 “The Vanity of Human Wishes” 1755 A Dictionary of the English Language 《英語(yǔ)大辭典》 1779—1781 Lives of the English Poets 《英國(guó)詩(shī)人傳》 Sentimental novels 傷感小說(shuō) Henry Fielding (1707—1754) 亨利菲爾丁 (Founder of the English realistic novel) 1730 The Coffee-house Politician 《咖啡屋政客》 1734 Don Quixote in England 《堂吉訶德在英國(guó)》 1742 The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews 《約瑟夫安德魯》 1743 The History of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great 《大偉人江奈生魏爾德偉》 1749 The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling 《湯姆瓊斯》 ★ 1751 Amelia 《阿美利亞》 R. B. Sheridan (1751—1816) 謝里丹 1775 The Rivals《情敵》 St. Patrick’s Day《圣帕特里克日》 1777 The School for Scandal《造謠學(xué)?！贰? A Trip to Scarborough《思卡波羅之行》 Oliver Goldsmith (1730—1774) 奧利弗戈德史密斯 1759 The Bee 《蜜蜂》 1760-1761 The Citizen of the World 《世界公民》 1766 The Vicar of Wakefield: A Tale 《威克菲爾牧師傳》 1770 The Deserted Village 《荒村》 1773 She Stoops to Conquer 《屈身俯就》 Pre-Romantic poetry Thomas Gray (1716—1765) 1742 Ode on the Spring 《春天頌》 1747 Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College 《伊頓頌歌》 1750 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓園挽歌》 1757 The Progress of Poetry 《詩(shī)歌的進(jìn)程》 5 The Romantics (1780-1830) The Romantics I (Pre-Romanticism: William Blake and Robert Burns) William Blake (1757-1827) 威廉布萊克 1783 Poetical Sketches 《素描詩(shī)集》 1789 Songs of Innocence 《天真之歌》 1791 The French Revolution 《法國(guó)革命》 1793 The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 《天堂與地獄的婚姻》 1794 Songs of Experience 《經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌》 Robert Burns (1759—1796) 羅伯特彭斯 Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786) “To a Mouse” “致老鼠” “To a Louse”　“致虱子” “Scots Wha Hae” “蘇格蘭人” “My Heart’s in the Highlands” “我的心呀在高原” “Auld Lang Syne” “過(guò)去的好時(shí)光” “A Red, Red Rose” “一朵紅紅的玫瑰” The Romantics II (The Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey) William Wordsworth (1770-1850) 威廉華茲華斯 1789 Lyrical Ballads 《抒懷歌謠集》 1799 Lucy Poems 《露西組詩(shī)》 1870 “The Solitary Reaper” “孤獨(dú)的刈麥女” 1807 “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” “我似孤獨(dú)流云” 1850 The Prelude 《序曲》 “My Heart Leaps Up” “我的心跳了起來(lái)” “Tintern Abbey ” “丁登寺旁” Samuel T. Coleridge (1772-1834) 1789 The Fall of the Bastille” “巴士底獄的倒塌” Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌謠集》 1798 “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” “老水手謠” 1816 “Kulbla Khan”(1816) “忽必烈汗” 1797-1800 Christabel 克麗斯特貝爾 1827 Biographa Literaria 《文學(xué)傳記》 The Romantics III (Shelly, Byron, and Keats) Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) 珀西比希雪萊 1813 “Queen Mab” “麥布女王” 1819 “The Masque of Anarchy” “專制魔王的化妝舞會(huì)” “Ode to West Wind” “西風(fēng)頌” “Song to the Men of England ” “致英國(guó)人民” “England in 1819” “一八一九年的英國(guó)” “Prometheus Unbound” “解放了的普羅米修斯” 1820 “To a Skylark” “致云雀” 1821 “A Defense of Poetry” “詩(shī)辯” George G. Byron (1788-1824) 喬治戈登拜倫(The Byronic Hero: The revolutionary spirit, voice the rebellion against social customs.) Hours of Idleness (1807)《懶散時(shí)刻》 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Canto I and II 1812; Canto III 1816; Canto IV, 1818)《恰爾德哈羅德游記》 Oriental Tales (1813-1816)《東方敘事詩(shī)》 Don Juan (1818-1823)《唐璜》 The Age of Bronze (1822)《青銅時(shí)代》 John Keats (1795-1821) 約翰濟(jì)慈 1818 “Endymion” “恩底彌翁” 1918 “Ode to a Nightingale” “夜鶯頌” ★ “Ode on a Grecian Urn” “希臘古甕頌” ★ “Ode to Autumn” “秋頌”★ “Ode on Melancholy” “憂郁頌” ★ 1820 “Isabella; or the Pot of Basil” “伊莎貝拉” “La Belle Dame Sams Merci” “無(wú)情的美女” “Sonnet on Peace” “和平十四行詩(shī)” The Romantics IV (The Prose Writers) Jane Austen (1775-1817) 1811 Sense and Sensibility 《理智與情感》 1813 Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》 1814 Mansfield Park 《曼斯菲爾德莊園》 1816 Emma 《愛(ài)瑪》 1818 Northanger Abbey 《諾桑覺(jué)寺》 Persuasion 《勸導(dǎo)》 Walter Scott (1771-1832) 1802-1803 The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border 1805 The Lay of the Last Minstrel 《末代歌者之歌》 1810 The Lady of the Lake 《湖上夫人》 1814 Waverly 《威弗利》 1815 Guy Mannering 《蓋曼納令》 1817 Rob Roy 《羅布羅伊》 1819 Ivanhoe 《艾凡赫》 ★ Charles Lamb (1775-1843) Essays of Elia (1823;1833) 《伊利亞隨筆》 ★ Tales from Shakespeare (1807) 《莎士比亞戲劇故事集》 ★ Specimens from English Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare 《莎士比亞時(shí)期英國(guó)戲劇詩(shī)人選》 6 The Victorian Age (1837-1901) Critical Realism The Victorian Age I Mid-Nineteenth Century Literature (Realism as a literary movement refers to the approach of realist fiction occurred at the later part of the 19th century. real, objectivity) Charles Dickens (1812-1870) 1836 Sketches by Box《博茲特寫集》 1836-1837 The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外傳》 1837-1838 Oliver Twist《霧都孤兒》 1838-1839 Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯尼克貝爾》 1840-1841 The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》 1841 Barnaby Rudge 巴納比拉齊 1842 American Notes 《游美札記》 1843-1845 Martin Chuzzlewit《馬丁朱速爾唯特》 1843 A Christmsa Carol (a Christmas book) 《圣誕歡歌》 1844 The Chimes (a Christmas book)《鐘樂(lè)》 1845 The Cricket on the Hearth (a Christmas book)《爐邊蟋蟀》 1846-1848 Dombey and Son《董貝父子》 1849-1850 David Copperfield 《大衛(wèi)科波菲爾》 ★ 1852-1853 Bleak House《荒涼山莊》 1854 Hard Times《艱難時(shí)世》 1855-1857 Little Dorrit《小杜麗》 1859 A Tale of Two Cities《雙城記》 1860-1861 Great Expectations《遠(yuǎn)大前程》 1864-1865 Our Mutual Friend《我們的共同朋友》 1870 Edwin Drood (unfinished) William M. Thackeray (1811-63) 薩克萊 1847 The Book of Snobs (1847)《勢(shì)利人臉譜》 1847-1848 Vanity Fair 《名利場(chǎng)》 ★ 1848-1850 Pendennis 《潘丹尼斯》 1850 The History of Pendennis 《潘丹尼斯的歷史》 1852 The History of Henry Esmond 《亨利埃斯蒙德》 1853-1855 The Newcomers 《紐克姆一家》 1857-1859 The Virginians 《弗吉尼亞人》