陜西省2013年高考英語二輪復習 題型技法指導專題九 書面表達
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1、2013年高考第二輪復習英語陜西版 題型技法指導 專題九 書面表達 真題試做 (2012·陜西高考) 假定你是李華。下面的圖畫描述了教師節(jié)那天你們班組織的一次活動,請根據(jù)寫作要點并參考圖畫內容,為??坝⒄Z角”版面寫一篇短文。 寫作要點: 1.活動的策劃; 2.教室的布置; 3.活動的內容; 4.你的感想。 注意: 1.短文詞數(shù)不少于100; 2.開頭部分已寫好,不計入總詞數(shù); 3.可根據(jù)情況增減細節(jié),詳略得當; 4.不能使用真實姓名和學校名稱。 Ms.Li,our English teacher,must have found it strange o
2、n Teachers' Day:she did not receive a single greeting card from us students.She would have never thought a complete surprise was waiting for her. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _____
3、___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 考向分析 高考書面表達測試的目的主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:1)考查對所學字、詞、句、語言和語法方面的基礎知識的運用能力;2)考查對所提供的材料的分析能力、語言組織能力及表達能力;3)考查邏輯分析能力及對各種文體的掌握能力。 書面表達在設計方式、命題切入等方面有以下特點和規(guī)律: Ⅰ.話題選擇:近年來書面表達題材
4、多為與學生生活密切相關的話題——貼近時代,貼近生活,寓德于文,融情于題,讓考生在答題過程中得到文化反省和道德熏陶。如2011年陜西卷考的是有關家庭教育的話題;2012年陜西卷為根據(jù)描述教師節(jié)那天班上組織的一次活動;2012年全國新課標卷為申請加入一個國際中學生組織的新加坡夏令營,就陜西近幾年的書面表達話題來看,一直遵循“話題來源于學生的實際生活”的特點,這樣的話題可以讓每位同學有話可說,有感而發(fā)。 同時從全國各地的作文話題來看,表現(xiàn)出向“人文情調、人生哲理和愛國愛黨”寫作命題發(fā)展的方向,如:2011年福建卷“‘汶川大地震三周年紀念——災區(qū)新貌’征文活動”、 2011年湖北卷“團結與合作”等等
5、。 值得注意的是,近幾年“涉外”與“信息化”話題考查得越來越多。如2009年全國卷Ⅰ、全國卷Ⅱ、遼寧卷等涉及與國外的人或事有關的話題,2009年江蘇卷考查了鼠標的利弊,陜西卷考查了網上回帖,2012年課標全國卷考查用電子郵件寫申請書,體現(xiàn)了“國際化”與“信息化”的特點。 Ⅱ.命題限制:命題控制性減弱,開放性增強。近幾年,全國卷以及部分省自主命題地方卷,基本上通過文字、圖畫、圖表或提綱等形式給考生暗示對等或對應的常規(guī)套語、結構、句式或段式等思維框架,屬于控制性或導引性應用文體類作文。然而,隨著新課改的推進,許多省份書面表達開放性逐漸加大。如陜西2012年圖片類試題為學生展現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造性思維提供了廣
6、闊空間;廣東省近4年讀寫結合命題形式讓考生充分展露真情實感;福建省2009年別出心裁的命題形式,加大了思維表達的自由度。 Ⅲ.文體構成:應用文、記敘文、說明文等文體,穩(wěn)中有變,交替出現(xiàn),復考率高,且?;旌喜捎谩F渲?,應用文的考查占較大的比例,且有明顯的上升趨勢。如2011年有9個省份考查應用文,其中包括書信、電子郵件、日記、發(fā)言稿等,以書信為主,這體現(xiàn)了英語“實用性”的原則。 2010~2012年陜西高考卷命題體裁、形式及寫作內容統(tǒng)計: 根據(jù)上表統(tǒng)計可知,近幾年書面表達的體裁應用文居多,屬于半開放寫作,擺脫了以往“翻譯”式的寫作方式,留給學生充足的思維空間和寫作空間。 答題步驟
7、 1.細心審題。學生一定要對題目所提供的信息仔細分析,明確題目要求,把握要點,對具體要求及內容重新組織整理,使其條理化。審清題目理清思路后,確定寫作的體裁及格式、框架結構,同時大致羅列出內容要點。 2.用詞準確,語法得當。用詞恰當,語言準確是書面表達的基本要求,它直接或間接地影響到信息的準確傳輸。英語基礎知識的好壞,直接關系到語言的準確性。只要基礎知識抓得好,并做卓有成效的訓練,準確運用語言是可以做到的,一些固定詞組的用法,動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài),主謂一致關系等都是書面表達中容易出錯的地方。同時應努力避免單詞拼寫錯誤,關鍵單詞寫錯會直接影響語意的表達。在應試中,對于寫不出來的單詞,應設法避難就易
8、,尋找替代詞(同義詞、反義詞);要適當?shù)囟嗍褂靡恍┰~組、習語來代替單詞,以增加文采,豐富語句的表現(xiàn)力。 3.盡己所能,避簡就繁。要想獲得高分,在整篇書面表達的寫作過程中,就要寫出幾句語言結構較為復雜、用法較為地道的精彩語句,在最新高考書面表達題的最高檔次給分要求中明確規(guī)定:書面表達中應用了較多的語法結構和詞匯,如果因盡力使用較復雜結構或較高級詞匯而導致錯誤,不會影響獲得高分;這樣能充分體現(xiàn)考生較強的語言運用能力。因此考生在復習沖刺階段,多練多讀多背一些較為復雜的精彩句式是非常必要的。在應考答題時,經過自己的努力,能夠用較復雜的結構或較高級的詞匯表達語句,才能使自己的寫作得分達到較高檔次。
9、4.整理成篇,行文連貫。層次清楚,文理通順是書面表達的又一基本要求,考生應對試題所提供的情景做細致的分析,先寫什么,后寫什么,應做統(tǒng)籌安排,既不能按中文說明逐句翻譯,也不能顛三倒四,語無倫次。在表達的過程中,善于抓住表達的關鍵詞語,正確使用過渡性關聯(lián)詞是使文章承上啟下,脈絡清晰的有效之舉。 5.仔細核對,查漏補缺。做題時,有些考生會將注意力集中在表達上,加之匆忙粗心,難免出現(xiàn)錯誤,諸如單詞的誤寫、多寫、少寫,習語的搭配,時態(tài)、語態(tài)、主謂一致等;字母的大小寫、標點符號,漢語式的英語等問題。這就要求考生在定稿前認真檢查,仔細核對,及時發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正問題,保證要點齊全,句子完整、通順,力爭減少失誤。
10、 6.卷面整潔,字體美觀。一篇好的書面表達除了結構完整,內容表達準確、連貫之外,卷面整潔,字體美觀也很重要。 技法指導 1.提綱類書面表達 提綱類書面表達可分為提綱要點式(將信息用文字條目的形式標出)和提綱表格式(將信息置于表格之中)兩種。這類題目要點明確,范圍具體,信息一覽無余且話題貼近生活。答題時易于動筆,并且一般不會遺漏要點。但此類試題包括了較多的文字說明,考生容易受到提綱的制約,造成語法結構和詞匯使用的單調,從而將書面表達變成了句子翻譯。提綱類書面表達體裁多樣,包括應用文(書信、日記、通知、發(fā)言稿、尋物及招領啟事等)、說明文、記敘文、議論文等。題材涉及廣泛,如人物介紹、地點介紹、
11、新聞報道、生活話題及社會熱門話題等。寫作時應認真審題,把握中心,注意各要點之間的聯(lián)系。 2.圖畫類書面表達 圖畫類書面表達是一種考查學生觀察理解能力及語言運用能力的題型。題材以貼近現(xiàn)實生活為主,考生一般都有話可說,不會輕易偏離主題。體裁較廣泛,一般說來,這類題型多以夾敘夾議的形式出現(xiàn),即先闡述圖畫所表達的內容,然后闡述自己的觀點;也可以是記敘文,將圖畫中所表達的信息完全描述出來;還可以是說明文,從時間、過程、步驟等角度加以描述和闡釋。寫作時要學會理解圖畫,可以先按照每幅圖畫的內容,列出簡單的提綱,然后將每幅圖畫的內容有機地聯(lián)系在一起。 3.圖表類書面表達 圖表類書面表達是高考書面表達中
12、考查較多的一類題型。有表格、餅狀圖、曲線圖、折線圖等多種形式。近幾年主要以表格考查為主,通常以不完整的漢語句子包括術語或概括性的短語作為提示的形式出現(xiàn);把所提供的材料切割成信息點,置于表格之中,讓考生發(fā)揮想象力,確定要點,運用相關的詞匯、短語、句型形成完整的表達。體裁范圍較廣,可以是記敘文、議論文、說明文,也可以是夾敘夾議文。寫作時一定要理解圖表的內容,弄清圖表中相關信息的聯(lián)系;同時要處理好重點和次重點的關系,避免混淆主題。 4.開放類書面表達 開放類書面表達屬于非控制性作文,與傳統(tǒng)意義的作文有所不同。題目所給素材和主題大多為簡短的文字提示或圖畫。這類題型給考生留下了很多自由發(fā)揮和想象的空
13、間,同時也對考生提出了更高的要求。它不僅能考查考生的邏輯思維和想象能力,更能考查考生的語言表達和組織能力及分析問題和解決問題的能力。開放類作文側重考查兩類文體:記敘文和議論文。記敘文體的開放類作文往往給考生一段材料,要求考生根據(jù)所給材料,運用邏輯推理,適當添加開頭、過程及結尾;議論文體的開放類作文要求考生在所給材料或主題的基礎上,提煉觀點,并得出結論。開放類書面表達是高考英語寫作中難度最大的一類。 誤區(qū)警示 1.時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)用錯。漢語動詞無時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化,而對英語動詞來說,這些都至關重要。如: 誤:They said they can complete the work in t
14、hree months. 正:They said they could complete the work in three months. 析:主句中謂語動詞said引導了一個賓語從句,從句時態(tài)應該與主句時態(tài)保持一致。這是典型的時態(tài)不一致問題。 誤:Once one have money,he can do what he want to do. 正:Once one has money,he can do what he wants to do. 析:one為第三人稱,因而本句謂語動詞have應改為has;同理,want應改為wants。這是典型的主謂不一致問題。 誤:The
15、Smiths did his best to make me feel well. 正:The Smiths did their best to make me feel well. 析:本句主語是the Smiths“史密斯一家人”,故后面應該是their“他們的”而不是his“他的”。 2.be 動詞遺漏。在主系表結構中,漢語中沒有動詞的句子是允許的,英語中每個完整的句子都必須由動詞來承擔謂語,如: 誤:He will sure to come and help me. 正:He will be sure to come and help me. 析:本句中sure是形容詞,不
16、能充當動詞置于情態(tài)動詞之后。 3.句子不完整。有的考生因為對句子結構認識模糊,所以出現(xiàn)只寫半句的現(xiàn)象,這也是造成失分的原因之一。如: 誤:Because the kids thought their wages were too low. 正:Because the kids thought their wages were too low,they demanded a high pay. 析:本句是一個because引導的原因狀語從句,后面必須出現(xiàn)主句才能構成主從復合句結構,否則就造成句子結構的不完整。 誤:There are many ways to know society.
17、For example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on. 正:There are many ways to know society,for example by TV,radio,and newspaper. 析:本句后半部分“for example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.”不是一個完整的句子,僅為一些詞組,不能獨立成句。 4.介詞、冠詞遺漏。還有一些考生因為沒有熟練掌握介詞或者冠詞的用法,就會出現(xiàn)明顯的錯誤,造成丟分現(xiàn)象。如: 誤:Because his mistake several people died
18、. 正:Because of his mistake several people died. 析:because是一個連詞,后面應該引導一個原因狀語從句。本句采用了一個簡單句結構,用介詞短語because of 作原因狀語可以解決此問題。 5.懸垂修飾語邏輯混亂。主要指修飾主句的短語與主句的邏輯關系混亂不清。如: 誤:At the age of ten,his grandfather died. 正:When he was ten,his grandfather died. 析:這句中“at the age of ten”只點出十歲時,但沒有說明誰十歲時。如果我們把這個懸垂修飾語
19、改明確一點,全句就不那么費解了。 誤:To do well in college,good grades are essential. 正:To do well in college,a student needs good grades. 析:第一句中不定式短語“to do well in college”的邏輯主語不明確。 6.詞性誤用。詞性誤用常表現(xiàn)為:介詞當動詞用;形容詞當副詞用;名詞當動詞用等。如: 誤:If you work hard,you will be sure to success. 正:If you work hard,you will be sure to
20、succeed. 析:success為名詞,而在句子結構be sure to do中應該使用動詞succeed。 7.指代不清。是代詞與被指代的人或物關系不清,或者先后所用的代詞不一致。如: 誤:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid. 正:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid. 析:讀完上面這一句話,讀者無法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰將結婚,誰將當伴娘。如
21、果我們把易于引起誤解代詞所指的對象加以明確,意思就一目了然了。 8.措詞失誤??忌跁姹磉_中所使用的詞匯來源較廣,容易對同義詞或近義詞的細微區(qū)別理解不到位,造成失分。如: 誤:He finally resolved the problem. 正:He finally solved the problem. 析:resolve 的漢語意思是“使分解,解決”,resolve雖有解決之意,但解決的不是“problem”,而是contradiction或doubt, 解決問題應用 solve。 誤:However the speed of a car is much faster than
22、 that of a bicycle. 正:However the speed of a car is much higher than that of a bicycle. 析:speed只能與high,low,good,top,normal,fantastic,moderate,surprising等搭配,不能與fast,quick,slow搭配。但可以這樣說 A car is much faster in speed than a bicycle. 9.不連貫。不連貫是指一個句子前言不搭后語,或是結構上不一致。如: 誤:The fresh water,it is the most
23、 important things of the earth. 正:Fresh water is the most important thing in the world. 析:the fresh water 與逗號后的it 不連貫;同時it 與things 在數(shù)方面不一致。 1 假設你是李華,今年暑假去英國Lundy Island度假時發(fā)現(xiàn)海灘上有很多垃圾。請你根據(jù)以下提示,給該島度假中心的負責人Mr.Henry寫一封信。 1.陳述寫信的原因; 2.呼吁保護海灘環(huán)境; 3.期望問題盡快得到解決。 注意: 1.詞數(shù)100左右; 2.可以適當增加細節(jié),以使行文連貫。
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27、____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2 隨著網絡的日益普及,人們用于讀書的時間逐漸減少。請你根據(jù)以下要點寫一篇英語短文,并發(fā)表在自己的英語博客上。 1.簡單陳述這一現(xiàn)象; 2.列舉讀書的好處; 3.談談自己的觀點。 注意:詞數(shù)100左右。 ________________________________________________________
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31、____ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3 假設你校英語報的Literature Corner專欄刊登了一首題為“Life”的小詩,面向全體同學征稿,要求大家簡述自己對這首詩的理解。
32、請你根據(jù)下面給出的詩寫一篇英語短文,向校報投稿。 注意:詞數(shù)100左右。 Life Life can be good, Life can be bad; Life is mostly cheerful, But sometimes sad. Life can be dreams, Life can be great thoughts; Life can mean a person, Sitting in a court. Life can be dirty, Life can even be painful; But life is what you make
33、 it, So try to make it beautiful. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________
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36、______________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4 最近,有媒體報道了關于幼兒園校車撞車事故,事故中多名兒童受傷,甚至死亡。請根據(jù)以下提示,寫一篇英語短文
37、發(fā)表在你校的網站上。 主要內容: 1.造成事故原因:一些民辦幼兒園利欲熏心,校車嚴重超載,違反交通規(guī)則;資金投入不足; 2.解決辦法:政府采取措施規(guī)范并提高校車質量;嚴懲違章的學校;提高人們的交通安全意識。 注意:1.詞數(shù):100左右; 2.可適當增加細節(jié),以使行文連貫; 3.參考詞匯:超載overload;規(guī)范regulate;不管regardless of。 ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________
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41、________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5 最近,你們班舉行了一次以“什么是成功”為主題的班會,討論中大家對成功有著不同的理解。請你根據(jù)以下表格中的提示,闡述三種不同的觀點和你個人對成功的看法。 觀點 理由 成功是賺大錢 財富是身份的象征;可以利用金錢做很多事 成功是出名 成為
42、明星,為父母爭光 成功是為社會作貢獻 富翁、名人只是少數(shù),為社會多作貢獻才是人生的真諦 注意:1.詞數(shù):100左右; 2.開頭已經給出,但不計入總詞數(shù)。 Recently we have had a class meeting whose topic is “What Is Success”.Views vary from person to person.________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________
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46、___________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6 (2012陜西師大附中模擬) 目前,一些諸如GG, MM, Xia Mi 等網絡語言在青少年中極為盛行,并
47、且出現(xiàn)在家庭作業(yè)中,甚至在全國入學考試的作文中也有。請你以“Should Internet Slang Be Prohibited(禁止)?”為題,用英語寫一篇短文。短文須包含下面所給的內容。 1.一些同學認為:網絡語言生動、時尚,網絡語言充滿幽默與智慧,使網上聊天更快捷。 2.另一些同學認為:網絡語言缺乏思想性,沒有被大部分人理解、接受,過多使用使人不解,甚至誤解。 3.你的看法 詞數(shù):短文詞數(shù)不少于100(不含已寫好的部分) Should Internet Slang Be Prohibited? At present,Internet Slang,such as “GG, M
48、M, Xia Mi”,has become popular among the teenagers.____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________
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51、________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 參考答案 專題九 書面表達 命題調研·明晰考向 真題試做 Ms.Li,our
52、English teacher,must have found it strange on Teachers' Day:she did not receive a single greeting card from us students.She would have never thought a complete surprise was waiting for her. As Teachers' Day was approaching,our class decided to hold a party to celebrate the important day for a chang
53、e this year.On the afternoon of September 10,some of us decorated our classroom with paper flowers and balloons,and others went to buy cakes,drinks and fruits.The blackboard was decorated with beautiful words,which read“Happy Teachers' Day!” Entering the classroom,Ms.Li was surprised to find we wer
54、e standing in line,clapping hands and saying loudly “Happy Teachers' Day!”Wang Hua,our monitor,presented her with the prepared flowers.Some of the girls sang songs for Ms.Li,and three boys showed their Gongfu talent.Before we left,we enjoyed a new English song by Ms.Li. Ms.Li spent a wonderful time
55、 with us,but we know that we cannot thank her enough for all her hard work and guidance. 創(chuàng)新模擬·預測演練 1 Dear Mr.Henry, I have noticed that there is a lot of rubbish along the beach of Lundy Island.Being a tourist,I would like to see a clean and beautiful beach. Keeping the beach clean will encoura
56、ge more visitors;it will also give them a message that everyone should love and protect green nature.I strongly hope that you will agree with me and take action to solve this problem.We should protect the environment together. Thanks for your time and consideration.I'm looking forward to an early e
57、ffort to handle the problem. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 2 Nowadays with the increasing use of the Internet,more and more people spend little time reading.However,reading is still beneficial. First,you can increase your knowledge by reading.The more you read,the more you know about the world.Second
58、,through books you can travel in your imagination.People who read a lot can use their imagination and think in a creative way.Finally,reading makes it easy to express your ideas in a correct and simple form.You can see that people who read often have a good ability to express themselves. So don't f
59、orget reading,and I'm sure that you will love reading. 3 The poem tells us that life may not always turn out the way we think it will,but we can make it beautiful by ourselves.The poet thinks that being optimistic is of great importance.It is not unusual that middle school students often come acro
60、ss difficulties in their lives.Some tend to give up because they think they are unlucky.Some,on the contrary,face them bravely and learn from their mistakes and move forward.The optimistic eventually achieve their dreams. As far as I am concerned,it's not wise to let difficulty prevent you from doi
61、ng anything.You should believe your efforts will pay off and that your life will become beautiful. 4 Recently,several traffic accidents have been reported about kindergarten school bus accidents,causing many injuries and even some deaths. There're some main reasons as follows.First of all,to make
62、 more profits,some private kindergartens allow their school buses to be overloaded,regardless of children's safety.Besides,many people don't obey traffic rules while driving.Last but not least,more private kindergartens lack necessary money. In order to protect children,the government should take e
63、ffective measures to regulate and improve the quality of school buses.Meanwhile,those who break rules must be punished.What's more,everyone,especially drivers,parents,children,school leaders and teachers,should be educated to raise their awareness of safety. 5 Recently_we_have_had_a_class_meeting_
64、whose_topic_is_“What_Is_Success”.Views_vary_from_person_to_person. Some students think that making lots of money means success because you can do many things with money and gain social status,too.Some students hold the view that success means being a famous star and their parents will be proud of t
65、hem.However,the other students believe that making a contribution to society is success.The reason is that only a few people can be millionaires or become famous.As ordinary people,they should do what they can to serve the people. In my opinion,there's no only standard for success.So long as we do
66、our best and achieve our goals,that is success. 6 Should Internet Slang Be Prohibited? At present,Internet Slang,such as “GG,MM,Xia Mi”,has become popular among the teenagers. There are different opinions on Internet Slang.Some students think Internet Slang is vivid,fashionable and full of humor and intelligence.Besides,it makes chatting on the Internet quicker. However,other students think Internet Slang lacks depth of thought and is too simple.Also,it is hard to understand and not accepte
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