高考英語二輪復習 語法填空 高效解題秘招課件.ppt
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(一)通讀全文,了解大意 既然是利用短文在語境中考語法,那么,我們在解題前一定要快速瀏覽短文,了解全文大意。這一步非常重要。,(二)分析語境,試填答案 讀懂短文之后,要結合短文所提供的特定的語境(也就是上下文)去填空。具體注意以下幾點: 1.從句子結構的完整性去分析思考空格所缺單詞在句中作何種句子成分,從而推斷出它的詞性,如缺主語或賓語,填詞應為代詞。 2.根據句子意義的完整性,去確定填一個表示什么意義的代詞、冠詞或介詞等。 3.根據句子與句子之間的邏輯關系來確定具體要填哪個關聯(lián)詞。具體方法見“解題思路大全”。,(三)重讀全文,解決難題 在大部分空格填好后,再仔細推敲難題,此時難題也就不再難了。 (四)復原短文,檢查核對 所有空格填好后,將答案放入原文,把整篇文章從頭至尾再復讀一遍進行核查。,解答語法填空的基本功是懂得句子的結構分析,準確理解句子意思,善于把握上下句之間的邏輯關系。以下按命題形式和考點類型的不同探討解題思路和解題技巧。 (一)純空格題的解題技巧 是指“在空格處填入一個適當?shù)脑~”這類題。自2007年以來,除2013年要求考生填疑問副詞why外,這類題通常只考代詞、冠詞、關聯(lián)詞和介詞。那么什么情況下填代詞?何時填冠詞?何時填關聯(lián)詞?何時填介詞呢?,1.(2009)… although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while,she knew that this was a present which was bound to please _____.,him 及物動詞please(使……高興)后缺賓語,應填代詞;由語境和常識可知,給父親買禮物,應是使父親高興,故填賓格人稱代詞him。,him,2. (2009) Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult ___was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.,it 動詞was的前面顯然缺主語,應填代詞;由句式結構可知,填it,在賓語從句中作形式主語,真正的主語是to choose…。,it,3.(2008) It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty(960—1279)was very anxious to help his rice crop grow up quickly. He was thinking about ____day and night.,it 介詞about后缺賓語,應填代詞;由句意或前后邏輯可知,應填it,指代前文中的(how) to help his crop grow up quickly。,it,4. (2007) I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I had caused ____ .,her 因(that) I had caused是定語從句,先行詞是trouble, 代表先行詞的關系代詞that在從句中作賓語,被省略了;由搭配cause sb. trouble(=cause trouble for sb.給某人造成麻煩)可知,填賓語人稱代詞her,指代the old woman。,her,當句子缺主語或賓語時,填_______。 因為充當主語或賓語的應是名詞或代詞,而在語法填空的純空格中一般不要求考生填名詞,所以只要句子缺主語或賓語,就該填代詞。此時,要根據前后語境,看該空格是指人還是事物,指男還是指女,是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)。除人稱代詞外,也有可能是填不定代詞(如2011年第25題)等。還有可能是填作形式主語或形式賓語的 ____ (如第2題),替代后面作真正的主語或賓語的不定式、動名詞或從句。,歸納總結:,it,代詞,1.(2009) Besides, shopping at this time of the year was not ___ pleasant experience:people stepped on your feet,a 句中experience意為“經歷”,是可數(shù)名詞;作表語的名詞experience前應填限定詞;由冒號之后的內容可知,一年的這個時候去購物并不是一次愉快的經歷,表示“一次”用不定冠詞,故填a。,a,2. (2008) It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty(960—1279)was very anxious to help ____ rice crop grow up quickly.,his 在作賓語的名詞前, 應當填限定詞; 由句意和常識可知, 這個急性子人急于使“他自己的”禾苗長得快,故填形容詞性物主代詞his。,his,3.(2007)…the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to ___ small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.,a 作賓語的名詞small town前應填限定語;由句意可知,此處指將車拉到離那里大約有20公里遠的“一個小鎮(zhèn)”去修,表示“一個”,用不定冠詞,small以輔音開頭,故填a。,a,4.(2007) I had noticed three hens running free in my hostess’s courtyard and that night one of them ended up in a dish on my table. ___________ villagers brought me goat’s cheese and honey.,Other/Some 作主語的名詞villagers前應填限定詞;相對招呼“我”在她家吃住的那個old peasant woman,拿goat’s cheese and honey來同“我”飲酒聊天的應是“其他的(Other)” 村民,或者理解為“有些(Some)”村民。,Other/Some,歸納總結:,在作主語、____語或 ____語的名詞或“形容詞+名詞”前,填限定詞。 限定詞是指冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞,或可以作定語的不定代詞等。此時,要根據句子的意思來確定空格的語境意義,由此來判斷具體填什么詞。如表示特指,大體相當于“這、這些、那、那些”時用___________;表示“一(個,本,座……)”時用不定冠詞a或an;表示“某人的”,用__________________;表示“一些”用some,表示“另一個”用another,表示“其他的”用other等。,形容詞性物主代詞,賓,表,定冠詞the,1. (2009) She found some good quality pipes ____ sale.,on 名詞sale在句中不作主語,也不作動詞的賓語,就應是作介詞的賓語,空格處應填介詞;因表示“出售”的on sale是固定搭配,故填on。,on,2. (2009) When Jane got home,with her small but well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already ___ table having supper.,at 名詞(table)在句中不作主語,也不作動詞的賓語, 就應是作介詞的賓語; 由having supper可知,填at;因為at table表示“在餐桌邊,在進餐”,也是習慣搭配。,at,3. (2008) Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese people’s daily life. __________ these proverbs there are often interesting stories.,Behind/In 因名詞these proverbs在句中不是作主語,也不是作動詞的賓語,應當是作介詞的賓語,即空格處應填介詞;由表示存在的句型可知,應當是指在某個地方或某個時間存在, 此處應是指“在中國的這些成語故事的背后 / 里面”常常有有趣的故事,故填介詞Behind或In。注意,在句首,要大寫首字母。,Behind/In,4. (2008) He was very tired __________ doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy.,after/from 因動名詞短語doing this不是作主語,也不是作動詞的賓語,應是作介詞的賓語,即空格處應填介詞;又因“他感到很累”應是“在他做了一整天事之后”,表示“在……之后”,用介詞after;另外be tired from doing(因做某事而累)是固定搭配,故也可填from。,after/from,5. (2007) I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to who should have the honour of receiving me ___ a guest in their house.,as 因名詞a guest在句中不作主語,也不作動詞的賓語,可推斷是作介詞的賓語, 應填一個介詞; 又由句意“把我當作客人來接待(receive sb. as…)”,可知填介詞as。,as,6. (2007) When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman _____ the trouble I had caused her.,for 因名詞the trouble在句中不作主語,也不作動詞的賓語,應當是作介詞的賓語;表示“因……而酬謝 / 報答某人”是reward sb. for sth.,故填for。,for,歸納總結:,當空格后的名詞、代詞或動名詞不是作主語、表語,也不是作動詞的____語時,填 ___ 詞。 因為名詞和代詞最典型的用法是作主語或賓語,既然不作主語和動詞的賓語,就應是作介詞的賓語了,所以要填介詞。具體填什么介詞,由介詞與該名詞的搭配及其意義(如上述題1~3)來決定,也可能是由動詞或謂語與介詞的句式搭配(如上述4~6題)來決定。,介,賓,1. (2012) ____he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong.,If 因he thought…與he was wrong是兩個句子,且兩者之間沒有關聯(lián)詞,必定是填關聯(lián)詞;根據兩句之間的邏輯關系,應填表示條件的If。意為“要是他想坐后排可以逃避老師注意,那他就錯了”。,If,2. (2011) My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me _____ the bus arrived.,until 空格前后都是句子且這兩個句子之間沒有關聯(lián)詞,應填關聯(lián)詞;由兩句之間的邏輯關系可知,是“等到車來”,表示“直到”用until,引導時間狀語從句。,until,3. (2011) Behind him were other people to _______ he was trying to talk,…,whom 空格前后都是句子且這兩個句子之間沒有關聯(lián)詞,應填關聯(lián)詞;后面一句應當這樣理解he was trying to talk to the people, 可見, 后面一句是定語從句,先行詞是people, 直接在介詞后應用關系代詞whom引導定語從句。,whom,4. (2009) Jane paused in front of a counter _____ some attractive ties were on display.,where 因空格前后都是句子,且這兩句之間沒有關聯(lián)詞,必定是填關聯(lián)詞;由句意和邏輯可知,“陳列引人注目的領帶”應是在“柜臺”里,因此,a counter是先行詞,其后是定語從句,要填的詞在從句中作地點狀語,故填關系副詞where。,where,5. (2008) One day, he came up with an idea _____ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.,that 空格前后都是句子且這兩個句子之間沒有關聯(lián)詞,應填關聯(lián)詞;由前后的意義關系可知, 空格后是同位語從句, 說明idea的具體內容;名詞性從句的結構和意義已非常完整,故用that引導。,that,6.(2008)He was very tired after doing this for a whole day,____ he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” higher.,but 空格前后都是句子且這兩句之間沒有關聯(lián)詞,應填關聯(lián)詞;又因后句的he felt very happy與前句的He was very tired是轉折關系,故填but。,but,歸納總結:,當空格前后都是句子(一個主謂關系算一個句子),且這兩個句子之間沒有關聯(lián)詞時(兩句之間是逗號或無標點),填________;若并列的兩個或幾個單詞或短語之間沒有連詞,填表示聯(lián)合、選擇、轉折等意義的并列連詞。 具體填哪個關聯(lián)詞,由兩個或幾個單詞、短語或句子之間的邏輯關系來決定。若是句子與句子之間,還要分析整個句子的結構,分清主句與從句,弄清從句在整個句子中作何種成分,確定從句類型(在整個句子中作主語、賓語、表語、同位語就是________從句;,名詞性,關聯(lián)詞,作定語叫定語從句;表示時間、地點、原因、條件、結果等的從句叫______從句),以及引導該類從句的關聯(lián)詞的使用特點(如引導定語從句的關聯(lián)詞一定是代表先行詞并在從句中作句子成分的;引導名詞性從句的關聯(lián)詞,that沒有任何意思也不作任何句子成分,即句子結構和意思完整時即填_______,而if或whether有“是否”之意但不作句子成分,who, whom, which, when, where, how等則有意思也作句子成分)來決定。,that,狀語,1.(2010茂名二模)Listen to these words from Darwin P. Kingsley:“You have powers you never dreamed of. You can do things you never thought you ______ do. There are no limitations in what you can do except the limitations of your own mind.”,could 因空格后的do是原形,而thought是一般過去時,所以空格處應當是填情態(tài)助動詞;又由前面You can do things和后文的you can do可以提到啟示,此處也填can,只不過用其過去式(由thought可知),故填could。句意是“你能做你(以前)從未想到過你能做的事”。,could,did 因謂語動詞happen是原形,而前后語境的謂語動詞都是過去式,時態(tài)不一致,所以此處應填情態(tài)動詞或助動詞;由句意“我解釋說,雖然我沒有帶現(xiàn)金,但我的確恰好有一張新毯子”,故填助動詞did,對謂語動詞進行強調。,2.(2010茂名一模)I explained that while I didn’t carry any cash, I _____ happen to have a new blanket, and asked him if he could use it. He was thrilled.,did,3.(2009茂名二模) What’s amazing is that Pluto _________ understand everything dad says. Their communication is as near to being perfect as possible…Each seems to know what the other needs at any time. Never once ______ I heard anyone shout at Pluto or even raise their voices.,因主語是第三人稱單數(shù),而前一空后是卻是動詞原形,根據語境是一般現(xiàn)在時,可見此空必定填情態(tài)動詞can(能夠),或者填助動詞does(真的, 的確), 強調understand。后一空, 該句以否定詞never開頭, 用部分倒裝; 又由語境和never可知,謂語動詞應用現(xiàn)在完成時,故填have。,can/does,have,4.(2007肇慶二模) Once when I returned from a Saturday baseball game,___ was Steve who took the time to ask me what happened.,由句子結構可知,填it構成強調句型。,it,5. (2014肇慶期末)In fact, micro blog itself is of little harm. It is your attitude towards it ______ matters. We should take the advantages and avoid some bad effects.,與前面的it is構成強調結構。,that,歸納總結:,(1)若句子結構較完整,空格后的謂語動詞是原形,特別是與上下文時態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時,很可能是填______動詞,或強調______的do,does, did,或構成部分倒裝的助動詞do,does,did等(如上述1~2題)。 (2)還要注意有可能是部分倒裝,填助動詞have,has,had與主語后的過去分詞以構成完成時(如上述第3題)。(3)填it或that,以構成it is/was…that/who…這個強調句型(如上述4~5題)。,謂語,情態(tài),(二)有提示詞題的解題技巧 是指“使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空”這類題,自2007年以來的高考題只考查了謂語動詞的時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、形容詞和副詞的比較級、詞類轉化等四種情況。 邊做邊悟:請做下面一組題高考題(“高考真題研練”有的題盡量不再重復),每做一題都要思考是如何一步一步做出來的,并將解題的思維過程寫出來。做完這一組題后,總結一下這類題的解題方法。,1. (2012) He walked in as if he ________ (buy) the school. And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.,在主格人稱代詞he后,顯然是作謂語;又因他不可能是買下了這個學校,故應用虛擬語氣,與過去事實相反,故填had bought。,had bought,2. (2009)…people stepped on your feet or ________(push) you with their elbows(肘部), hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.,因push這個動作應是主語people發(fā)出的,又由并列連詞or可知, push與stepped應為并列謂語;因stepped是一般過去式, push也應是一般過去時,故填pushed。,pushed,3.(2009)“Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane ____________ (inform).,因inform在主語Jane后作謂語,Jane與inform是被動關系,又是一般過去時,所以用一般過去時的被動語態(tài),故填was informed。,was informed,4. (2008) Being too anxious to help an event develop often _______ (result) in the contrary to our intention.,句中Being too anxious to help an event develop是動名詞短語作主語,result應是謂語動詞;“急于求成,往往會事與愿違”是客觀真理,應當用一般現(xiàn)在時;動名詞短語作主語,謂語用第三人稱單數(shù)形式,故填results。,results,5.(2007)I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains. The sun was setting when my car _______ (break) down near a remote village.,在when后的分句中,my car是主語,其后的break應為謂語動詞;由全文可知,這是敘述過去的經歷,用一般過去式; 再說was/were doing…when…did…是一個固定句型,when后面的句子的謂語用一般過去時,表示“正在做某事,就在這個時候突然發(fā)生了另外一事”,故填broke。,broke,歸納總結:,當句子缺少謂語動詞時,括號中的動詞就是_______動詞。 此時,要根據主語與該動詞的主動或被動關系確定用主動語態(tài)還是用_____語態(tài);然后,根據語境確定用哪種時態(tài);同時,還必須考慮主謂一致和虛擬語氣等。,被動,謂語,1.(2011)I noticed a man _________(sit) at the front.,已有謂語動詞noticed,且sit前沒有并列連詞,因此,sit是非謂語動詞;由固定句式notice sb. doing / do sth.(注意到某人在做 / 做了某事)可知,填sitting或sit,但我們認為,根據文中提供的情境,不難推出,作者“注意到”時,那個人是“正坐在”作者前面的,故填sitting更準確、更切實際、也更生動。,sitting/sit,2. (2010) He spit it out, ________(say) it was awful.,因句中已有謂語動詞spit了,而say前又沒有并列連詞,所以say應為非謂語動詞;又因he與say是主動關系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語,填saying。,saying,3.(2009) She wished that he was as easy _________ (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume.,因句中已有謂語was easy(系動詞加表語構成謂語),動詞please(使高興)應為非謂語動詞;在形容詞后作狀語,只能用動詞不定式,故填to please。,to please,4.(2008) For example, the proverb, “plucking up a crop ________ (help) it grow”, is based on the following story.,因“幫助禾苗長”是“將禾苗拔高(plucking up a crop)”的目的,作目的狀語,通常只能用動詞不定式,故填to help。順便提提,“plucking up a crop to help it grow”是動名詞短語,作主語the proverb的同位語。,to help,5.(2007)While she was getting me ______ (settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car…,因句中已有謂語was getting,所以settle應為非謂語動詞;又由settle sb. into / in / on…(使某人舒服地處于某處)可知,me與settle是被動關系,要用過去分詞作賓補。又如:A nurse settled the old man into a chair.護士讓那位老人舒舒服服地坐在椅子上。,settled,歸納總結:,當句中已有謂語動詞又沒有并列連詞與括號中的動詞并列,該動詞就是____________。 此時,就要根據非謂語動詞的用法確定用具體的某種形式。如作主語或賓語,就用______ (一般)或不定式形式(具體);作目的狀語或在形容詞后作狀語,用____________; 作伴隨狀語或作定語,要根據與邏輯主語的關系,用現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞;有時也要根據句式搭配來確定,如see / hear / notice sb. do / doing sth.,spend… doing sth.等。,動詞不定式,非謂語動詞,動名詞,1. (2013佛山一模)The _______ (busy) time is around Spring Festival, because many people go back to their hometowns for family reunions or go traveling.,隱性最高級,前有定冠詞,表示“一年最忙的時候是春節(jié)期間”。,busiest,2.(2010)“…The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be ________(sweet).”,在be后作表語,用形容詞,而括號中所給的sweet本身就是形容詞,因此無需詞性轉化,可想到用其比較級;由語境可知,這是省略了than the water的隱性比較級,故填sweeter。意思是“什么也不會比這水更甜”即“這水是世界上最甜的”,比較級形式與否定詞連用表示最高級含義。,sweeter,3.(2008)…h(huán)e would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. He did so the next day… he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” ________ (high).,因修飾謂語did “grow”,作狀語,用副詞,而high本身可以作副詞,無需詞類轉化,可想到用其比較級;由語境分析可知,這是省略了than before的隱性比較級,指比他pluck up之前“長”得更高了,故填higher。,higher,4.(2010惠州三模)Once a habit is formed, it is difficult, and sometimes ______ (possible), to get rid of. It is therefore very important that we pay great attention to the formation of habits.,與difficult作并列表語,需填形容詞;而possible本身是形容詞,無需作詞性轉換;但由語境不難理解句意,“某種習慣一旦形成,就很難戒掉,有時甚至戒不了”;因此,要填與possible意義相反的impossible。,impossible,歸納總結:,當括號中所給詞是形容詞或副詞,且空格處需要的仍是形容詞或副詞時,要根據語境,理解句意,若該詞意思不變,邏輯上講得通,就很可能填該詞的 ________(或最高級)(如第1~3題);若需要用與該詞意義相反的意思,邏輯才通順的,就要在該詞前加表示否定或相反意義的前綴(如第4題)。 注意:要善于分析語境,辨別省略了than…的隱性比較級(如上述2~3題)。,比較級,1. (2012) For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt ________ (please), because there were many empty seats in the room. But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her …,在系動詞felt后作表語,用形容詞,表示“高興的”。,pleased,2. (2009) But Jane knew from past experience that her _______(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.,在that引導的賓語從句中作主語應當用名詞,或者說,在形容詞性物主代詞后,一定是用名詞形式,故填choice。,choice,3.(2008)This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their ________(nature) course.,在名詞course前作定語,要用形容詞,故填natural。,natural,4.(2007)We drank together and talked ________ (merry) till far into the night.,修飾謂語動詞talked,作狀語,應用副詞,故填merrily。,merrily,5. (2013深圳一模)Mum gave me two tickets for a film, telling me she was too busy to go together with me with the ________ (end) housework.,名詞前應填形容詞, 又根據前文的too busy可知這里應填endless,表示“沒完沒了的家務活”。,endless,6.In Alaska, the wolf almost __________ (appear) a few years ago, because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport.,在句中作謂語,應填謂語動詞;appear本身就是動詞, 無需作詞性變化; 但是根據后文可知,意思是“狼在幾年前就差不多消失了”, 故填與appear意義相反的disappear; 又由a few years ago可知,要用一般過去式。,disappeared,歸納總結:,當空格處所需詞類與括號中所給詞的詞類不同時,就需要詞類轉化。 我們可據以下3條規(guī)則順利解題: (1)作主語或賓語用 ________形式(如第2題)。 (2)作定語、表語或補足語用 ________形式(如第1、3、5題)。 (3)修飾動詞、形容詞或另一副詞,作狀語,用 ______ 形式(如第4題)。,副詞,名詞,形容詞,(1) 有時不但要注意詞性轉換,而且還要考慮用表示相反意義的前綴或后綴,其邏輯意義才通順(如上述第5題)。 (2) 當所給詞的詞性與空格處所需詞的詞性相同時,無需改變詞性,就可能是加只改變詞義但不改變詞性的前綴或后綴了(如上述第6題)。,- 配套講稿:
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