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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,2016/4/25,#,英漢語言對比分析,詞與詞序,一 英漢詞匯比較,英語是拼寫文字,漢語是,表意文字,英語詞義比較靈活多變,漢語詞義相對穩(wěn)定,嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),英語有屈折變化,漢語沒有屈折變化,Notes:,在英語中,有八個(gè)屈折語素,它們分別是:,1-s,名詞所有格,,2-s,名詞復(fù)數(shù),3-ing,動詞現(xiàn)在分詞,4 s,動詞第三人稱單數(shù),5 ed,動詞過去式,6 ed,動詞過去分詞,7 er,形容詞比較級,8-est,形容詞最高級,1,英語動詞形態(tài)變化復(fù)雜,給翻譯設(shè)置了不少障礙,。,It is ten years sin
2、ce he was a fisherman.,他有十年不打魚了,。,2,英語詞義靈活,詞義變化表現(xiàn)出較大的隨意性。,The relief troops came at the eleventh hour.,千鈞一發(fā)之際援兵終于來到了,。,at the eleventh hour,千鈞一發(fā)之際,在最后一刻,3,各國發(fā)展的不平衡,帶來了詞匯空白,這就要求通過意譯或直譯引進(jìn)新的表現(xiàn)手法,e-mail,Internet,mobile phone,Mars Exploration Rover,knowledge economy,leisurewear,fast food chain store,mult
3、imedia,SOHO,smog,workaholic,電子郵件,因特網(wǎng),手機(jī),火星探索,車,知識經(jīng)濟(jì),休閑,裝,快餐連鎖店,多媒體,居家,辦公,煙霧,工作狂,4,英漢兩種語言都有一詞多義現(xiàn)象,需要審慎辨義,。,I saw him lying on the couch asleep.,我看見他躺在沙發(fā)椅上睡著了。,The issue lies with you.You must decide.,這件事要看你的了,你必須拿定主意。,Dont lie any more.I dont trust you.,別再撒謊,我不相信你。,5,英語中大量習(xí)語的存在,增加了翻譯的困難。這里所說的習(xí)語(,idio
4、ms,)包括俗語(,colloquialisms,),諺語(,proverbs,)、俚語(,slangs,)等。,套用漢語習(xí)語,Better say“here it is”than“here it was”.,少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。(寧可努力爭取,不可事過悲傷。),An apple does not fall from the apple tree.,落葉歸根。,直譯,The bread of charity is bitter.,施舍的面包是苦的。,意譯,A stick is quickly found to beat a dog with.,欲加之罪,何患無辭。,直意譯,結(jié)合,Cauti
5、on is the parent of safety.,謹(jǐn)慎為安全之本。,At 20 years of age the will reigns;at 30 the wit;at 40 the,judgement,.,二十立志,三十有智,四十有識。,Who will win the White House in 2017?,2017,誰將入主白宮?,二 英漢詞類對照,英漢都有實(shí)詞(,full word,)與虛詞(,form word,)之分,語法作用也大體相同,但是也有許多不同點(diǎn),。,1,英語有冠詞,而漢語沒有,。,不定冠詞在表示類別時(shí)候,不必翻譯,出來,Dont mistake an old
6、goat for a preacher because of his beard.,老羊長長須,并非傳教士。(年高未必才高,不能只看外表。,),許多情況下,定冠詞也略而不譯,。,The end does not justify the means.,即使目的正確,也不能不擇手段。,當(dāng)然有時(shí)需要用“這”或“那”將定冠詞翻譯出來,。,2,英語的連詞的使用頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于漢語,因?yàn)橛⒄Z重形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),而漢語重內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。翻譯時(shí),不少連詞略而不譯。,Write to me when you have time.,有時(shí)間就給我寫信。,They were so moved that tears came to th
7、eir eyes.,他們感動得熱淚盈眶。,Army men and civilians are united as one.,軍民團(tuán)結(jié)如一人。,3,英語借此數(shù)量多,使用廣泛,意義變化大;而漢語介詞則比較少,使用面較窄,意義比較穩(wěn)定。,有些表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的介詞可以略而不,譯,In 1987,he left his old mother alone for New York.,1987,年,他扔下年邁的母親到紐約去了,。,有些含有動作意味的介詞,,如,to,towards,across,past,等,可轉(zhuǎn)譯成,動詞,Across the street,he went into the post a
8、nd telecommunications office.,他穿過大街,走進(jìn)郵電局。,4,英語代詞的使用頻率高于漢語,因而常常略而不,譯,He covered his eyes with his hands.,他用手捂住眼睛。,5,名詞在英漢中都起著重要作用,從翻譯的角度看,應(yīng)特別注意一下幾點(diǎn),:,首先,有些名詞的單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式意義不同,custom,customs,economy,economies,damage,damages,ground,grounds,export,exports,習(xí)俗,風(fēng)俗,海關(guān),關(guān)稅,經(jīng)濟(jì),,節(jié)約,節(jié)約,措施,損壞,賠償費(fèi),場地,理由,出口,出口貨物,第二,對
9、,某些抽象名詞采用具體化譯法,有時(shí)需增加“現(xiàn)象”、“狀況”、“情緒”等,詞,u,nemployment tension arrogance shortage,失業(yè)現(xiàn)象,緊張局勢,驕傲情緒,短缺情況,第三,名詞所有格不一定譯成“的”,字,a birds-eye view of London,St.,Peters,the barbers,鳥瞰倫敦 圣彼得教堂,理發(fā)店,第四,有些名詞復(fù)數(shù)概念需要翻譯,出來,Efforts should be made to overcome the disadvantages.,應(yīng)努力克服種種不利因素。,Steps have been taken,but witho
10、ut success.,已經(jīng)采取了一些步驟,但毫無結(jié)果。,In spite of his reasons,he still could not escape criticism.,盡管他有各種理由,但仍然不能逃避批評。,第五,英語名詞的使用頻率高于漢語名詞,而動詞的情況恰恰相反,因此在翻譯中,一些具有動作概念的名詞往往譯成漢語,動詞,They fell in love at first sight.,他們一見鐘情。,The passage of the bill by houses of Congress was hopeful.,兩院很有可能通過該議案,。,6,動詞,在英漢兩種語言中都起著舉
11、足輕重的作用,但英語動詞遠(yuǎn)比漢語動詞復(fù)雜多變。英語中分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)非常常見,而漢語根本就沒有這種形態(tài),因此翻譯是必須利用漢語動詞形態(tài)變化少而功能大的特點(diǎn),重新安排句式,例如可將英語分詞結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成漢語動詞連動式、復(fù)合式等,1,連動式,“Can you see?”Alice asked her little sister,holding her up to get a better view.,愛麗絲把小妹妹抱起來,讓她看得清楚一點(diǎn),問道:“你能看見嗎,?,2,復(fù)合式(并列或從屬),The storm being over,we drove on.,風(fēng)暴停了,我們繼續(xù)驅(qū)車向前。,Given
12、better attention,the young trees could have grown better.,如果給予更多注意,這些樹苗還可以長得更壯一點(diǎn)。,三 詞序?qū)Ρ?在英漢語言中,主語、謂語、賓語等的位置基本一致,而定語和狀語的位置差異比較大,所以僅就此做簡要比較。,1,定語,:,單詞,作定語時(shí),大都放在它修飾的詞前面,英語和漢語類同。短語作定語時(shí),英語中一般在后,漢語中一般在前。,1,)英語為前置,漢語也為前,置,two comfortable single beds,兩張舒適的單人床,a clean-shaven bus driver,一位臉刮得干凈的公交汽車司機(jī),Chinas
13、 first SMS(short message service website),中國第一家短信網(wǎng)站,2,)英語為后置,漢語為前置,a hotel with a few Chinese touches,一家,有幾分中國特色的旅館,a base for underground activities,地下,活動基地,maiden flight for the plane Eagle,“小鷹”,號飛機(jī)的處女航,2,狀語:英語中無論單詞還是短語作狀語,其位置如何,可根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣,靈活安排,確保譯文通順流暢,。,She looked at him with freezing eyes.,她冷冰冰地望
14、著他。,The Negros shadow was huge and it moved on the wall as the breeze moved the lamp.(Ernest Hemingway:The Old man and the Sea),黑人的影子很魁梧,風(fēng)吹焰動,人影隨著晃悠。(張愛玲),句子,一 概述,英語重形,漢語重意;英語造句多用形合法(,Hypotaxis,),漢語造句多用意合法(,Parataxis,),。,英語,主要以詞匯為紐帶,漢語主要以邏輯為紐帶;英語造句主要借助連詞、關(guān)系代詞等形式骨架,漢語造句主要憑借隱含的邏輯關(guān)系將句子的各個(gè)部分統(tǒng)一起來,。,Never
15、 had she so honestly felt that she could have loved him as now,when all love must be vain.,她從未像現(xiàn)在這樣真切地感到她會愛上他,只可惜如今總有千情萬愛,也是枉然。,二,句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換舉例,1,英語簡單句結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語復(fù)句結(jié)構(gòu),Written language comes after spoken language,.,先有口語,后有筆語。(漢語聯(lián)合復(fù)句),He didnt drop out of school despite his poverty-stricken family,.,盡管他家境貧困,但他
16、沒有輟學(xué)。(漢語偏正復(fù)句),2,英語復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語簡單句結(jié)構(gòu),The policeman came to the criminal,who was more dead than alive.,警察走到半死不活的犯人跟前。,The use of an Inspection Stamp is limited to the person to whom it is issued.,檢驗(yàn)印章僅限于印章持有者本人使用。,3,英語主從復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語聯(lián)合復(fù)句結(jié)構(gòu),He said no word to his wife as she passed with a plate.,他妻子拿著一個(gè)盤子走過去,他連一句話都沒有跟她說。,4,英語被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語主動語態(tài),Semi-finals of the“Mr.America”contest were held last Sunday.,上星期日舉行了“美國先生”半決賽。,三 長句結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換,句子的長短是相對的。這里討論的是如何進(jìn)行比較長的英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換,。,動筆翻譯之前,先要做到三點(diǎn):,1,)弄清語法關(guān)系;,2,)區(qū)分主從意思;,3,)確定