英國(guó)文學(xué)期末考試重點(diǎn).ppt

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EnglishLiterature,Review,Typesofquestions,Ⅰ.Blankfilling(215=30’)Ⅱ.MultipleChoice(120=20’)Ⅲ.TrueorFalse(110=10’)Ⅳ.LiteraryTerms(25’=10’)Ⅴ.PoemAppreciation(215’=30’),Whatwe’velearned?,TheAnglo-SaxonPeriodTheAnglo-NormanPeriodThe14thcenturyTheRenaissanceThe17thcenturyThe18thcenturyThe19thcenturyThe20thcentury,BeowulfRomance;WilliamLangland,GeoffreyChaucer,WilliamShakespeare,JohnMiltonRealisticNovel;Sentimentalism，Pre-romanticism,Romanticism;CriticalRealism,StreamofConsciousnessModernism,IntroductiontoLiterature,Definition:Literatureistheartthatuseslanguageasamedium.Literatureistheworkofmenwhoarespeciallysensitivetothelanguageoftheirtimeandwhousesuchskilltomakepermanenttheirvisionoflife.,IntroductiontoLiterature,LiteratureForm：Fictionhavefourgenres:novels,shortstories,plays,andpoems.Fictionisreferredtoascreativeorfigurativeexpressionoflife.Non-fictionisessay,whichhastraditionallybeenclassifiedinto4categories:description,narration,exposition,andargumentation.,Anglo-Saxon:449-1066,EnglishLiteraturebeganwiththeAnglo-SaxonsettlementinEngland.England’snationalepic:BeowulfEpic：alongnarrativepoetrytellingthestoryofhero’sdeedsoftheoldtime.,Anglo-NormanPeriod,1066,TheNormanConquestThebattleofHastingsbyWilliamI,DukeofNormandy.Romance:alongcomposition,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.Theheroisusuallyaknightwhoisloyaltothekingandlord.TheculminationoftheArthurianromancesSirGawainandtheGreenKnight,WilliamLangland,DistinctClasses:TheLandlordandthePeasantPiersthePlowman:writteninaformofdreamvision,describingapictureoffeudalEngland.Allegory:usessymbolismtorelatetruth.Ballad:astorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.RobinHood,GeoffreyChaucer,Themostimportantwriterinthe14thcentury.“FatherofEnglishpoetry”:ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzas---heroiccouplet.Heroiccouplet:isarhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter.(每行五音部，雙行押韻）ContributiontothestandardEnglish.TheRomanceoftheRose《玫瑰羅曼史》(translationfromFrench)TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》,EnglishRenaissance,HenryVII:theTudorDynastyHenryVIII:theReformationTheRenaissanceMovement,TheRenaissanceandhumanism,TheRenaissancewasanintellectualmovement.ItsprangfromfirstinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Twofeaturesarestriking.OneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliteratureoftheGreekandLatin.Anotherfeatureisthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.,EnglishRenaissance,Poet:EdmundSpenser;WilliamShakespeareSonnet:Afourteen-linepoeminiambicpentameterwithacarefullypatternedrhymescheme–ababcdcdefefggEdmundSpenser:TheFairyQueenandsonnet75Essayist:FrancisBaconandOfStudiesWriter:ThomasMoreandUtopia,(1520s---1620s),,Thehighestglory:dramaTheMiraclePlayandTheMoralityplay:Mercy---;Folly---Playwright:ChristopherMarloweWilliamShakespeareChristopherMarlowefirstmadeblankversetheprincipalvehicleofexpressionindrama.BlankVerse:rhymelessiambicpentameter.,WilliamShakespeare,Greatcomedies:AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,AsYouLikeItandTwelfthNightGreattragedies:Hamlet,KingLear,MacbethandOthelloRomeoandJulietTheTempestSonnet18:rhyme,writingtechniquesandtheme.,Sonnet18WilliamShakespeare,SonnetisaveryimportantformofEnglishmetricalpoetry.Ithas14lineswrittentoaregularrhymescheme.SonnetwasinventedbytheItalianpoet,FrancescoPetrarchintheearly14thcentury.TheShakespeareansonnetismadeupof3quatrainsfollowedbyacouplet.Itsrhymeschemeisabab,cdcd,efef,gg.,Sonnet18WilliamShakespeare,evenly-tempered;notovercomebypassion.,a,b,a,b,Sonnet18WilliamShakespeare,thesun,thebeautyofeverythingbeautifulwillfade,thenaturalchangesagebrings.,Sonnet18WilliamShakespeare,thatbeautyyoupossess.,Sonnet18WilliamShakespeare,Sonnet18WilliamShakespeare,RhymeScheme:ababcdcdefefggTheme:Inthesonnet,thepoetcompareshisbelovedtothesummerseason,andarguesthathisbelovedisbetter.Thepoetalsostatesthathisbelovedwillliveonforeverthroughthewordsofthepoem.,Sonnet75EdmundSpenser,OnedayIwrotehernameuponthestrand,,Butcamethewavesandwasheditaway:,AgayneIwroteitwithasecondhand,,Butcamethetyde,andmademypayneshispray.,Sonnet75,“Vayneman,”saydshe,“thatdoestinvaineassay,,Amortallthingsotoimmortalize,,ForImyselveshalllyketothisdecay,,Andeekmynamebeewypdoutlykewize.”,giveendlesslife,mortal,thatcannotliveforever,,Sonnet75,“Notso,”quodI,“l(fā)etbaserthingdevize,,Todyindust,butyoushalllivebyfame:,Myverseyourvertuesrareshalleternize,,Andintheheavenswryteyourgloriousname.,thethingconsideredasworthless,,plan,,lastandexistforever,,Sonnet75,Wherewhenasdeathshallalltheworldsubdew,,Ourloveshalllive,andlaterliferenew.”,Sonnet75,Rhyme:ababbcbccdcdee,WritingTechnique:metaphor;contrast,Theme:Lifeistransient;Whileasakindofgenuineartcreation,poemcancontendwithtime.Allchangeexceptthetruelove,The17thCentury,ThePeriodofRevolution：theGloriousRevolutionin1688LiteraryRepresentatives:JohnDonneJohnMilton:ParadiseLostJohnBunyan:ThePilgrimProgressJohnDryden,ParadiseLost《失樂(lè)園》alongepicin12books,writteninblankverseImageofSatanParadiseRegain《復(fù)樂(lè)園》SamsonAgonistes《力士參孫》：apoeticaldramamodelledontheGreektragediesAreopagitica---asadeclarationofpeople’sfreedomofthepress,hasbeenaweaponinthelaterdemocraticrevolutionarystrugglesFirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks,JohnMilton,JohnBunyan,ThePilgrim’sProgress,areligiousallegory,tellsthejourneyofamannamedChristianVanityfair,JohnDonne,Metaphysicalpoetryisgenerallycharacterizedbyfantasticmetaphorsandconceits.Metaphysicalpoets:JohnDonne;GeorgeHerbert;AndrewMarvell;HenryVaughanJohnDonne’spoemscanbedividedintotwocategories:theyouthfullovelyricsandthelatersacredverses.,JohnDryden(1631-1700),ThemostdistinguishedliteraryfigureoftheRestorationPeriod.ThePoetLaureate/TheLaureateHeestablishedtheheroiccoupletasoneoftheprincipalEnglishverseformsTheforerunneroftheEnglishclassicism.,The18thCentury:TheEnlightenment,TheEnlightenmentisaprogressiveintellectualmovementthatcelebratesreason,equality,scienceandhumanabilitytoperfectthemselvesandtheirsociety.Therisingbourgeoisieclassagainstfeudalism.TheriseoftheEnglishnovel,Literatureofthe18thcentury,Itisanageofproseratherthanpoetry.Literaltrends:Neoclassicism:Thenovel:Sentimentalism:Pre-romanticism:,Addison，Steele，Pope,Defoe,Swift,Fielding,Richardson,Goldsmith,Sterne,Gray,WilliamBlake,RobertBurns,AlexanderPope,TheRepresentativeofNeo-ClassicismClassicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal,placesvalueonreason,clarity,balance,andorder,andconcernsforreasonanduniversalthemes.heroiccouplet---TheRapeoftheLock,The18thcenturyNovel,DanielDefoeRobinsonCrusoeHenryFieldingTomJonesSamuelRichardson:PamelaJonathanSwift(amasterofsatire)Gulliver’sTravelsPlay:RichardSheridanTheSchoolforScandal,JonathanSwift,OneofthegreatestsatiristsTheBattleoftheBooks《書(shū)籍之戰(zhàn)》TheTaleofaTub《木桶的故事》---parableAModestProposal《一個(gè)小小的建議》---AbittersatireonEnglishgovernment’spolicyofexploitationandoppressioninIreland.Gulliver’sTravels《格列佛游記》LilliputBrobdingnagTheflyingislandofLaputaHouyhnhnms,DanielDefoe,RobinsonCrusoe:oneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglishrealisticnovel.MasterandFridaybourgeoisoutlook,OtherNovelists,HenryFielding:---thefounderoftheEnglishrealisticnovel---TomJonesSamuelRichardson---PamelaSamuelJohnson---ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,Pre-romanticism,Representatives:--WilliamBlake：SongsofInnocence---TheLittleBlackracialdiscriminationSongsofExperience---London--RobertBurns：rememberedmainlyforhissongswrittenintheScottishdialectonavarietyofsubjects.ARedRedRose,LondonWilliamBlake,Iwanderthroeachcharter’dstreet,,Nearwherethecharter’dThamesdoesflow,,AndmarkineveryfaceImeet,Marksofweakness,marksofwoe.,chartered=controlledbythestate.,Therepetitionstressesthedespairandtiredness,LondonWilliamBlake,IneverycryofeveryMan,,IneveryInfant’scryoffear,,Ineveryvoice,ineveryban,,Themind-forg’dmanaclesIhear.,restraintsforgedforthemindbyBritishrulingclassideology,LondonWilliamBlake,HowtheChimney-sweeper’scry,Everyblackningchurchappalls;,AndthehaplessSoldier’ssigh,RunsinblooddownPalacewalls.,Thepoetimaginesthatbloodrunningdownonthewallsofthepalacewhilehearingthesighsofthemiserablesoldiers.,1.pollution2.Thehypocrisyandcorruptionofthechurch---unwillingtohelp,LondonWilliamBlake,Butmostthro’midnightstreetsIhear,HowtheyouthfulHarlot’scurse,Blaststhenew-bornInfant’stear,,AndblightswithplaguestheMarriagehearse.,refertothespreadofvenerealdisease(性病),LondonWilliamBlake,RhymeScheme:fourquatrains,withalternatelinesrhyming,abab,cdcd,efef,ghgh.RhetoricDevices:repetition;alliterationImages:variousdifferentgroupsofcitizens(men,infants,chimney-sweeper,soldier,harlot)thatpopulatedLondon,givingusavividpictureofLondonlifeatthattime.peoplearesufferingfromamiserablelife.Theme:ThepoemgivesusareflectionofallthemiseriesandillsinLondon,economic,religious,political,military,allaspectsofsociallife.,Beginsin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’sTheLyricalBalladsEndsin1832withWalterScott’sdeath.TheAmericanIndependenceWar,theFrenchRevolutionandtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionexertgreatinfluenceonEnglishRomanticism.,EnglishRomanticism,FeaturesofRomanticism,1.Anemphasisonsubjectivism(feeling,imagination,intuition)2.Alovefornature3.Abeliefinindividualityandfreedom4.Aninterestinthepast,theunusual,theunfamiliar,themysterious,thesupernatural…(imagination)Romanticismisarevoltagainstauthorityandtradition.,RomanticLiterature,Poetry:TheLakepoetsRomanticpoetsEssay:CharlesLambNovel:WaltScottJaneAusten,conservative,revolutionary,,,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Southey,Byron,Shelley,andKeats,,27Historicalnovels,,PrideandPrejudice,WilliamWordsworth,ArepresentativepoetoftheEnglishRomanticMovement“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings,whichoriginatesinemotionrecollectedintranquility.”IWanderedLonelyasACloudMyHeartLeapsup---Thechildisthefatherofaman,IWanderedLonelyasaCloud,Iwanderedlonelyasacloud,Thatfloatsonhigho’ervalesandhills,,WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,,Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;,Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.,IWanderedLonelyasaCloud,Continuousasthestarsthatshine,Andtwinkleonthemilkyway,,Theystretchedinnever-endingline,Alongthemarginofabay;,TenthousandsawIataglance,Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance,IWanderedLonelyasaCloud,Thewavesbesidethemdanced;butthey,Outdidthesparklingwavesinglee:,Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,,Insuchajocundcompany:,Igazed—andgazed—butlittlethought,Whatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:,IWanderedLonelyasaCloud,Foroft,whenonmycouchIlie,Invacantorinpensivemood,,Theyflashuponthatinwardeye,Whichistheblissofsolitude;,Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,,Anddanceswiththedaffodils.,IWanderedLonelyasaCloud,RhymeScheme:ababcc,RhetoricDevices:simile;hyperbole;personification,Theme:Aharmoniousco-existenceshouldbecultivatedbetweennatureandhumankind,RomanticPoets,SamuelColeridge:TheRimeoftheAncientMarinerGeorgeByron:DonJuan;ByronicHeroSheWalksinBeautyPercyShelly:OdetotheWestWindJohnKeats:OdeonaGrecianUrn;OdetoaNightingale,The19thcentury,Victorianperiod(1832-1902):TheChartismMovement:theworkingclassTheCriticalRealism:19thcenturyfortiestoearlyfiftiesCriticalRealistsCharlesDickens:thegreatestEnglishrealistWilliamMakepeaceThackerayCharlotte,Emily,andAnneBronteElizabethGaskellGeorgeEliotPoets:Tennyson,Browning,Swinburne,CharlesDickens,ThegreatestEnglishcriticalrealistnovelist.FirstPeriod:naveoptimism---alltheevilsofthecapitalistworldwouldberemediedbykindliness,justice,andsympatheticunderstanding.ThePickwickPapers---thesupremeepicofEnglishlife---anencyclopedicknowledgeofLondonOliverTwist;NicholasNickleby;TheoldCuriosityShop,CharlesDickens,SecondPeriod:naveoptimismshakenedDombeyandSonCommonpeople---possessingrealhumanfeelingsTheupperbourgeoisie---heartlessDavidCopperfield---autobiographical,CharlesDickens,ThirdPeriod:muchdarkerBleakHouse---theabusesoftheEnglishcourtsHardTimes---utilitarianismATaleofTwoCities---LondonandParisGreatExpectationOurMutualFriend,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,AsatiricalportrayaloftheupperstrataofsocietyVanityFair《名利場(chǎng)》---ABookwithoutaHero,WomenNovelists,WomennovelistsbegantoappearinEnglandduringthesecondhalfthe18thcentury.RemarkableRepresentatives:JaneAustinTheBronteSistersMrs.GaskellGeorgeElliot,JaneAusten(1775-1817),PrideandPrejudice(1796)---FirstImpressionNorthangerAbbey(1798)《諾桑覺(jué)寺》SenseandSensibility(1811)《理智與情感》Emma(1815)《愛(ài)瑪》MansfieldPark《曼斯菲爾德公園》Persuasion《好事多磨》Lifeandhumannatureareinthemosttrivialincidentsofeveryday,TheBronteSisters,Charlotte---JaneEyre《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》---JaneEyreVirginiaWoolf;JamesJoyce,TheWessexworksareknownas“thenovelsdescribingthecharacterandenvironmentofhisnativecountryside.”TessoftheD’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔絲》---tragiclifestoryofTess,filledwithafeelingofdismalforebodinganddoomJudetheObscure《無(wú)名的裘德》---nomorenovels,turningtopoetry,ThomasHardy,JamesJoyce,thefounderofthe“streamofconsciousness”schoolofnovelwritingWorks:Masterpiece:1922:Ulysses《尤利西斯》1916:APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan《青年藝術(shù)家的畫(huà)像》,VirginiaWoolf,Mrs.Dalloway《達(dá)洛威夫人》TotheLighthouse《到燈塔去》TheWaves《浪》,D.H.Lawrence,TheWhitePeacock《白孔雀》SonsandLovers《兒子與情人》TheRainbow《虹》LadyChatterlay’sLover《恰泰萊夫人的情人》SonsandLovers：OedipusComplexHecombinespsychologicalanalysisandsocialcriticism.,OtherFigures,GeorgeBernardShaw---Pygmalion《皮格馬利翁》/《賣(mài)花女》WilliamButlerYeats---poetry:WhenYouAreOldT.S.Elliot---TheWasteLand,