道路清掃機工作原理原理探究設(shè)計【公路養(yǎng)護(hù)工程】

購買設(shè)計請充值后下載，資源目錄下的文件所見即所得，都可以點開預(yù)覽，資料完整，充值下載可得到資源目錄里的所有文件。【注】：dwg后綴為CAD圖紙，doc,docx為WORD文檔，原稿無水印，可編輯。具體請見文件預(yù)覽，有不明白之處，可咨詢QQ:12401814 綠 色 垃 圾 車 越來越多的垃圾運輸商開始傾銷處理柴油，改用天然氣這樣的更潔凈燃料，這個新發(fā)現(xiàn)是由德博朗金,杰瑞博德斯基以及杰姆卡龍調(diào)查報告的。摘要: 這項研究,調(diào)查通報了垃圾車對環(huán)境、衛(wèi)生、工人和國家能源安全的影響。我們也介紹了一系列運用當(dāng)今新興和主流的燃料以及引擎技術(shù)的經(jīng)驗，簡要介紹了已經(jīng)通過測試并運用的先進(jìn)垃圾車技術(shù)和可供選擇的燃料。我們研究的動機是為了天然氣運用工程、各類車用燃料和技術(shù)、車輛加油費用及基建、遇到障礙、職工培訓(xùn)、減少排放和噪音以及運用到新車上等問題。關(guān)鍵詞: 綠色垃圾車、潔凈燃料、天然氣燃料卡車1前言每天清晨, 垃圾車穿梭于全國的大街小巷，停靠在七千五百多萬個都市和市郊家庭的附近。這些垃圾車一路上不僅收集垃圾還回收廢紙、塑料、以及金屬，但是這些廢料是由超過七百萬企業(yè)和將近 100,000 州和地方政府所丟棄。搬運廢物是一項可以讓我們的街道和人行道免于垃圾和鼠害的重要的工作，盡管如此，它仍然沒有受到足夠地重視。美國是一個垃圾制造數(shù)量不斷上升的國家，過去30年來,城市人均每天產(chǎn)生的固體廢物量倍增，從2.3磅到4.7磅。估計有136000輛垃圾回收車，12000輛運輸車以及31000輛垃圾處理車在帶走美國的垃圾。 這支龐大的隊伍帶來的負(fù)面影響是多方面而且廣泛的。90%以上的垃圾車以及超過99%的重型載重垃圾車產(chǎn)成空氣和噪音的污染。柴油廢氣威脅市民的健康，有毒有害物質(zhì)可導(dǎo)致肺癌，噪音會引起嚴(yán)重的聽覺疾病。這項研究,調(diào)查通報了垃圾車對環(huán)境、衛(wèi)生、工人和國家能源安全的影響。我們也介紹了一系列運用當(dāng)今新興和主流的燃料以及引擎技術(shù)的經(jīng)驗，簡要介紹了已經(jīng)通過測試并運用的先進(jìn)垃圾車技術(shù)和可供選擇的燃料。我們研究的動機是為了天然氣運用工程、各類車用燃料和技術(shù)、車輛加油費用及基建、遇到障礙、職工培訓(xùn)、減少排放和噪音以及運用到新車上等問題。在整個過程中我們采訪了許多垃圾行業(yè)的人士、引擎制造者、燃料供應(yīng)者、管理者以及其他行業(yè)的專家。結(jié)論就是這樣研究得來的。2 正文替代柴油 柴油燃料垃圾車是美國最古老的、最耗燃料的但同時也是最污染環(huán)境的車隊，他們對環(huán)境、社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)人員，以及操作它們的工人的健康構(gòu)成很大的威脅。此外，這些車輛幾乎完全依賴于石油燃料的化合物，由于這些燃料出口國都是世界上政局不穩(wěn)定的地方，以至我們國家面臨著安全危機。令人欣慰的是這種局面改變了。19家礦物廢料的操縱者（17家在美國，日本、荷蘭各1家）在改用綠色燃料的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)會議上表示，用改進(jìn)引擎技術(shù)，天然氣燃料汽車（NGVS）是可以實現(xiàn)的、具有商業(yè)價值的轉(zhuǎn)變。與此同時,越來越多的社區(qū)開始考慮引進(jìn)綠色技術(shù)并納入當(dāng)?shù)乩占犖?。在這個方向上邁出的每一步都促進(jìn)了能源安全，提供環(huán)境和健康方面利益的即時體現(xiàn)，以及使我們朝氫燃料電池的方向發(fā)展，最終實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展、無污染、可再生的能源和燃料。建設(shè)天然氣車隊柴油機垃圾運輸車包括在那些排放要求使用清潔能源和使用昂貴技術(shù)（包括低硫燃料和污染控制裝置，象粒子過濾器和氧催化劑那樣）重型車輛中，并于2004年開始使用該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這些技術(shù)中有一些但不是全部都和柴油消耗有關(guān)聯(lián)。替代燃料和先進(jìn)的推進(jìn)力系統(tǒng)能輕易達(dá)到新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，目前已經(jīng)被推廣和廣泛運用于商業(yè)主要是使用天然氣的發(fā)動機。美國通知監(jiān)督17支垃圾車隊和9支其它車隊，共部署了692輛天然氣燃料卡車。當(dāng)越來越多的車輛制造商和燃料基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施提供者和汽車部門的發(fā)展有利害關(guān)系時，越來越多的市政和私人操作者每年把天然氣燃料卡車增加到他們的車隊中。下面是關(guān)于當(dāng)今天然氣廢料收集隊伍的要點，隨后是調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)和關(guān)于干凈燃料的綜合建議以及垃圾車隊建設(shè)的操作： 垃圾車可以燃燒壓縮天然氣（CNG）或者液化天然氣（LNG），為目前美國有100萬戶以上,數(shù)以萬計的企業(yè)和城市的居民提供服務(wù)。l 1989年紐約市環(huán)保局率先使用天然氣卡車，目前他們操作著36輛CNG卡車。l 垃圾管理公司，垃圾工業(yè)最大的運輸和處理公司，在天然氣卡車的使用上明顯是美國工業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，他們擁有14支車隊380輛卡車，其中13支在加州，另一支在賓夕法尼亞州。l 通過對美國26支使用NGVS的垃圾車隊調(diào)查顯示，10個是由公共機構(gòu)操縱，16個是由根據(jù)合同規(guī)定隸屬市政府的私人公司操縱。l 當(dāng)整個路線對燃料的需求超過車輛本身所帶的壓縮天然氣的能力時，在近700輛天然氣卡車中，69%是用液化天然氣作動力的，31%是用壓縮天然氣作動力。很多時候之所以選擇壓縮天然氣是因為可以和其他的車隊共同使用現(xiàn)有的加油站。l 盡管目前在商業(yè)供應(yīng)上，天然氣垃圾車遠(yuǎn)低于傳統(tǒng)垃圾車1%。如果所有的公司都計劃實施天然氣垃圾車工程的話，那么垃圾車的數(shù)量將超過2200還只是略超過百分之一的美國車隊。l 許多卡車生產(chǎn)廠家都提供天然氣垃圾車，但各種各樣的天然氣垃圾車仍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于柴油車。l 新公司出現(xiàn)在加油設(shè)備安裝、送天然氣燃料上爭生意的現(xiàn)象。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)：使用壓縮天然氣和液化天然氣的垃圾車減少了二氧化碳排放量,減小對空氣品質(zhì)的危害，同時噪音小了，可以減輕對工人健康的威脅。l 舉了9個垃圾車操作工人的例子證明使用柴油對他們健康產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。在紐約環(huán)保局工作的司機是最有力的證據(jù)，在那里普通卡車按年代作了標(biāo)記，天然氣卡車被優(yōu)先安排使用。l 通過調(diào)查荷蘭這個廣泛采用天然氣燃料卡車以減小噪音的國家發(fā)現(xiàn)，旁置式燃料系統(tǒng)可以減小98%的噪音，內(nèi)置式燃料系統(tǒng)可以減小90%的噪音，后置式燃料系統(tǒng)可以減小50%的噪音。l 車隊的管理人士全面地分析了減小噪音對卡車駕駛員的好處，這些噪音對卡車駕駛員造成聽覺以及交際方面的危害。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)：壓縮天然氣和液化天然氣在燃料安全方面有一項光輝的記錄。l 壓縮天然氣燃料箱順利通過了耐久性測試，這項測試對全世界范圍內(nèi)壓縮天然氣箱應(yīng)用產(chǎn)生的破裂以及泄露問題進(jìn)行了廣泛地調(diào)查。數(shù)以千計的貨運卡車載著液化天然氣行駛在美國的高速公路上，但是沒有發(fā)生一件嚴(yán)重的事故。1990到1993年這段時間里，300輛液化天然氣汽車行駛了600萬到800萬英里，其中只發(fā)生了4件事故，并且只對燃料系統(tǒng)造成了很小的損壞。但是天然氣燃料不如傳統(tǒng)燃料安全的看法仍然存在。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)：改用壓縮天然氣/液化天然氣的成本很大。l 實現(xiàn)燃料轉(zhuǎn)變工程的首要成本可能是垃圾收集代理商不認(rèn)同這樣的一個改變的重要性，讓他們認(rèn)同并自動改用新燃料會遇到很多挫折。l 對美國車隊的調(diào)查研究顯示，天然氣燃料垃圾車的價格從210000美元到250000美元，這個價格和傳統(tǒng)的柴油燃料垃圾車相比要高出15%到25%?，F(xiàn)有的卡車要實行動力的改變費用在30000美元到100000美元之間。l 改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的垃圾車隊到天然氣車隊的所有成本必須依靠許多廠家，包括系統(tǒng)內(nèi)各部分燃料的補給、車輛維護(hù)成本、設(shè)備需求、當(dāng)?shù)氐陌踩ㄒ?guī)、勞力和培訓(xùn)成本、燃料成本以及必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)：國外以及國內(nèi)動向是產(chǎn)生固體垃圾的工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向使用更潔凈的燃料部分使用天然氣燃料。l 車輛部門的官方人員大量的引用了當(dāng)今的環(huán)境規(guī)則作為把柴油燃料垃圾車轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樘烊粴饫嚨睦碛?。NGVS允許車隊符合現(xiàn)有的以及政府計劃調(diào)整的規(guī)則，這些規(guī)則是專門為重型垃圾清掃卡車設(shè)計，用于提高空氣質(zhì)量的。l 決策者經(jīng)常受到經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的影響。更低的天然氣價格、優(yōu)惠的稅收政策、給予項目以及法規(guī)方面的特權(quán)，使得NGVS能夠讓垃圾運輸商更經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的實現(xiàn)向天然氣垃圾車的轉(zhuǎn)變。l 美國政府允許MSERC為了天然氣垃圾汽車的利益建立一個空氣污染的商業(yè)市場。l 法院發(fā)布的命令和市民的投訴導(dǎo)致了天然氣垃圾車以及重型天然氣發(fā)動機的產(chǎn)生和改進(jìn)。l 高層決策者希望成為環(huán)境或則可以左右環(huán)境組織者的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。l 在垃圾回收行業(yè)的競爭領(lǐng)域，一些運輸商希望通過使用NGVS在市場上超過競爭對手。l 決定改換垃圾車的燃料也是為了改善工人的工作狀和減少采用柴油燃料帶來的健康威脅以及柴油引擎產(chǎn)生的大量噪音。推 薦：為了遠(yuǎn)離使用柴油，走向一個更潔凈的，穩(wěn)固發(fā)展的運輸業(yè)的未來，推薦下列政策和方法：l 現(xiàn)在就開展替代柴油燃料垃圾車的活動，避免將來低硫柴油燃料的開支以及發(fā)射控制技術(shù)，這些技術(shù)面臨許多迫切需要解決的EPA方面的問題以及國家政府的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題，同時還涉及到潛在的未來柴油燃料卡車以及燃料法令的問題。對柴油燃料的危害給予高度的重視，并更快地作出調(diào)整，那些率先使用諸如天然氣這樣的替代燃料的垃圾運輸商將不會因為現(xiàn)在以及將來的政策法規(guī)改變而影響他們的生意。l 和燃料供應(yīng)商、車站以及汽車提供商建立合作伙伴關(guān)系有助于實現(xiàn)成本的降低。有效的合作是實現(xiàn)成功地關(guān)鍵因素。參 考： 以上的文章是綠色垃圾車草稿的摘要：清潔空氣的新技術(shù)，早在2003年由INFORM等發(fā)表，一個環(huán)境研究組織建立的紐約城市，這個雜志旨在找到促進(jìn)交通運輸業(yè)穩(wěn)固發(fā)展的方法，對于完整的報告副本可以瀏覽 www.inform.org 。Greener Garbage TrucksMore trash haulers dumping diesel for cleaner fuels like natural gas, new INFORM report finds By Deborah Gordon, Juliet Burdelski & James S. CannonAbstract: For this study, INFORM investigated the effects of garbage truck operations on the environment, public health, industry workers and national energy security. We also investigated a range of experiences with todays emerging and mainstream fuel and engine technologies, profiling the pioneering waste collection agencies that have tested and deployed advanced garbage truck technologies and alternative fuels. We explored their motivations for natural gas deployment projects, the types of truck technology and fuels used, the costs of vehicles and refueling infrastructure, the obstacles faced, worker training issues, the emissions and noise reductions that trucks in service have achieved and reactions to the new vehicles.Keywords: Greener Garbage Trucks, cleaner fuels, natural gas trucks1.ForewordEvery morning across the nation, garbage trucks wend their way up and down our streets, stopping at the curbs of more than 75 million urban and suburban households. These trucks haul away not just trash and recyclable paper, plastic and metal, but the materials discarded by more than seven million businesses and nearly 100,000 state and local government establishments. Hauling waste is an essential service that helps keep our streets and sidewalks free of refuse and the vermin that accompany it, yet it goes largely unnoticed. America is an increasingly prolific garbage producer. Over the past 30 years, municipal solid waste generation per capita has doubled in the United States, from 2.3 to 4.7 pounds per day. An estimated 136,000 refuse collection trucks, 12,000 transfer vehicles and 31,000 dedicated recycling vehicles haul away Americas garbage. The negative impacts of this massive fleet are numerous and widespread. More than 90 percent of all garbage trucks and over 99 percent of heavy-heavy-duty garbage trucks are diesel fueled, creating both air and noise pollution. Diesel emissions threaten our health with lung-damaging toxic substances and noise levels that can cause serious hearing damage. For this study, INFORM investigated the effects of garbage truck operations on the environment, public health, industry workers and national energy security. We also investigated a range of experiences with todays emerging and mainstream fuel and engine technologies, profiling the pioneering waste collection agencies that have tested and deployed advanced garbage truck technologies and alternative fuels. We explored their motivations for natural gas deployment projects, the types of truck technology and fuels used, the costs of vehicles and refueling infrastructure, the obstacles faced, worker training issues, the emissions and noise reductions that trucks in service have achieved and reactions to the new vehicles. Along the way we also conducted numerous interviews with waste industry personnel, engine manufacturers, fuel suppliers, regulators and other experts. The findings that follow came from that research.2Main textAlternatives to diesel emergeDiesel-fueled garbage trucks are among the oldest, least fuel efficient and most polluting fleet vehicles in the U.S. Their operations pose significant threats to the environment, to the health of those in the communities they serve and to the workers who maintain and operate them. Moreover, the almost complete dependence of these vehicles on oil-derived fuels compounds the national security risks that our country faces because of its reliance on oil imported from politically unstable parts of the world. The good news is that change is afoot. Profiles of 19 waste hauling operators (17 in the United States and one each in Japan and the Netherlands) at the leading edge of the transition to cleaner alternative fuels show that natural gas vehicles (NGVs) are a commercially viable alternative, with other technologies emerging as well. Meanwhile, an increasing number of communities are beginning to consider introducing cleaner technologies into their local trash collection fleets. Every new step in this direction enhances energy security, provides immediate environmental and health benefits and moves us toward the era of the hydrogen fuel cell, which may be the ultimate sustainable, pollution-free and renewable fuel and power source.Pioneering natural gas fleetsDiesel trash haulers are among those that will be subject to new federal heavy-duty vehicle emissions standards requiring the use of cleaner fuels and more costly technologies (including low-sulfur fuel and pollution control devices such as particulate filters and oxidation catalysts) beginning in 2004. These technologies address some but not all the pollution problems associated with diesel exhaust. Alternative fuels and advanced propulsion systems that can easily meet the new standards are being developed and some are fully commercial today mainly with engines that run on natural gas. INFORM profiled 17 garbage truck fleets and tracked an additional nine fleets that together deploy a total of 692 natural gas trucks in the U.S. Many municipal and private operators are adding natural gas garbage trucks to their fleets every year, while a growing number of vehicle manufacturers and fuel infrastructure providers have a stake in the growth of this vehicle sector. Below are key points about current natural gas trash collection fleets, followed by INFORMs findings and recommendations regarding the integration of cleaner fuels and vehicles into garbage truck operations:l Garbage trucks capable of burning either compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) currently serve more than one million U.S. households and tens of thousands of businesses and municipal residents.l The use of natural gas trucks was pioneered in 1989 by the New York City Dept. of Sanitation, which currently operates 36 CNG trucks.l Waste Management, Inc., the largest hauling and disposal company in the waste industry, is the clear U.S. industry leader in the use of natural gas trucks, with 380 trucks in 14 of its fleets, including 13 in California and one in Pennsylvania.l Of the 26 U.S. garbage truck fleets using NGVs that INFORM studied, 10 are operated by public agencies and 16 by private companies that operate under contract to a municipal government.l Of the nearly 700 natural gas trucks, 69 percent are powered by LNG and 31 percent by CNG. LNG was preferred when the route demand for fuel was expected to exceed onboard CNG capacity. CNG was often chosen because of the availability of an existing fueling station that could be shared with other fleets.l Despite their commercial availability, natural gas garbage trucks make up far less than one percent of the garbage trucks operating today. If all the companies that are currently planning to implement natural gas garbage truck projects do so, the number of these trucks will increase to more than 2,200 still only slightly more than one percent of the U.S. fleet.l Many major truck manufacturers offer natural gas garbage trucks, yet the variety of natural gas garbage trucks still lags far behind that of diesel trucks.l New companies are emerging to compete for business in installing refueling facilities and delivering natural gas fuel.FINDING: Garbage trucks operating on CNG or LNG have provided emissions reductions and reduced threats to workers from occupational air quality hazards and noise.l Workers at nine garbage truck operations cited relief from the negative health effects of diesel exhaust. Driver preferences were most clearly evident at the New York City Dept. of Sanitation, where trucks are assigned by seniority and natural gas trucks are consistently preferred. l The Netherlands program, where the most comprehensive study of noise reductions with natural gas trucks was conducted, verified reductions of 98 percent alongside, 90 percent inside and 50 percent behind the truck.l Fleet managers overwhelmingly reported that truck operators appreciated the reduction in noise, which was hazardous to their hearing and made communication difficult.FINDING: CNG and LNG have a stellar record of fuel safety.l CNG tanks have survived remarkable durability tests in extensive worldwide applications without leaking or rupture. Thousands of truckloads of LNG have been transported over U.S. highways without significant incident. In the course of 6 to 8 million miles traveled by over 300 LNG vehicles from 1990 to 1993, four collisions occurred, with little damage to the fuel system. Yet the perception still exists that natural gas is not as safe as conventional fuels.FINDING: The costs of switching to CNG/LNG vary greatly.l The capital cost of implementing an alternative fuel program can be a significant disincentive to voluntary action by refuse collection agencies.l Among U.S. fleets studied, the cost of a natural gas garbage truck ranged from $210,000 to $250,000, 15 to 25 percent more than the cost of a comparable diesel truck. The cost to repower an existing truck ranges from $30,000 to $100,000.l The overall cost of shifting a garbage truck fleet to natural gas depends on numerous factors, including refueling infrastructure options, truck maintenance costs, facility requirements, local safety codes, labor and training costs, fuel cost and available economic incentives.FINDING: External and internal motivations are driving the solid waste industry to use cleaner fuels and natural gas in particular.l Fleet officials most commonly cited the need to meet existing and pending environmental regulations as the reason for converting their diesel garbage trucks to natural gas. NGVs allow fleets to meet current and planned government regulations designed to clean up heavy-duty vehicles and improve air quality. l Decisionmakers were often influenced by economics. The lower cost of natural gas, tax incentives, grant programs and bid specifications that give preference to companies that operate NGVs can make natural gas trucks more economically feasible for waste haulers.l States that allow mobile-source emissions reduction credit (MSERC) trading have created a market for the air pollution benefits of natural gas garbage trucks.l Court-issued mandates and citizen lawsuits have resulted in the deployment of natural gas garbage trucks and the development of heavy-duty natural gas engines.l The desire of a high-level decisionmaker to be an environmental leader or to position his/her organization as an environmental leader has motivated several operators.l In areas where there is competition in the refuse industry, some haulers were motivated to use NGVs to give their organization a marketing edge over competitors.l The decision to deploy alternative fuel garbage trucks also was motivated by the desire to improve worker conditions and reduce the health risks associated with diesel exhaust and the excessive noise of diesel engines.Recommendations：To accelerate the transition away from diesel and toward a clean, sustainable transportation future, INFORM recommends the following policies and programs:l Deploy alternative-fuel garbage trucks now to avoid the future expense of low-sulfur diesel fuels and emissions control technologies that will be needed to meet much more stringent EPA and state government standards, along with other potentially costly future diesel truck and fuel ordinances. Given the increasingly stringent regulations and heightened public concern about the toxicity of diesel exhaust, refuse haulers that take the initiative by shifting to alternative-fuel technologies such as natural gas may avoid interruptions of their business caused by current and future regulations and local ordinances.l Develop partnerships with fuel suppliers, station builders and vehicle providers to help reduce the costs of implementation. Effective partnering has been a key element in successful programs to date.REFERENCES:The above article was excerpted from a draft of Green Garbage Trucks: New Technologies for Cleaner Air, a report scheduled for publication in early 2003 by INFORM, Inc., an environmental research organization based in New York City that promotes sustainable modes of transportation. For a copy of the full report visit www.inform.org.