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黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
附錄 A
The active steering system from BMW
Active steering system of control components and engine electronic parts, dynamic stability control system (DSC) and two yaw rate sensors connected mutually. On the basis of the system provided information, it with an average of 100 times per second operation speed, provide the most real-time, the most ideal steering Angle. By measuring system, can control the Angle to the driver's intentions. Dynamic stability control system based on the number of turns can calculate the speed, and yaw rate sensor can be monitor the vertical axis of the vehicle stability. For new 5 is running on a line on whether an ideal or on the road of the trend, active steering system always can sensing. When there is a special case of an emergency, such as dodge, all cars will naturally occur oversteer phenomenon. Active steering system at the beginning, and can detect in milliseconds acoordingly adjusted to Angle within. That is, the system can ride in the imperceptible in automatically reversal steering system to balance the body, so as to increase the the security of driving. And if active steering system itself wasn't enough to maintain the stable advanced vehicle route, dynamic stability control system timely intervention, reduce engine will power to impose individual wheel brake or. One thousand control software failure, how to do? BMW engineers had expected to this. In pure line control steering system, electronic control signal to the steering wheel and wheels, between the mechanical structure and not directly connected. Equipped with active steering system of new 5 department is different, even if its system problem, can still be a turn, only the action to Angle can't increase or decrease. For software obstacles and cause serious mistakes is never allowed to happen, Philip kohn doctor explained: "all the information in computer in two respectively in a different way to carry on the analysis,only active steering system
The results of the two sets of same instructions to be accepted, and if the results of conflict, the system will will be closed. "Mechanical and electronic device that clever apply bring out the best in each other, BMW to becoming the first corner flexibility and fusion in a car until stability.
When the driver removes steering wheel turned an Angle, it turned to the wheel will will deflect a fixed Angle. Drivers in turning process, need to change, according to gently road speed change and other factors, and constantly through the rotating steering wheel to adjust the Angle of steering wheel, maintain the drivers of the track to wish to turn to. The traditional steering system has its own advantages, such as reliable, low failure rate to, there exist some disadvantages, that is steering transmission ratio if is larger, vehicles in low speed to more light, but in high speed to appears too sensitive, steering stability becomes poor. If, on the other hand, turned to the transmission ratio, high speed in smaller vehicles to will appear sedate, but in low speed state, will be hard to. The characteristics of the largest active steering system, be according to the driving conditions, automatic regulation vehicles, and transmission ratio to increase or decrease the front wheel steering Angle. In the low speed, the role of the motor with drivers steering wheel rotation of the direction, steering transmission ratio increases, can reduce the demand for drivers to force. In high speed of operation, motor direction and the drivers in opposite directions, steering wheel rotation this reduced the front wheel steering Angle, to reduce the transmission ratio, steering stability improved. In addition to the more comfortable, more flexible, active steering system outside and the important thing is that the more security, which mainly embodies in the vehicle in the high-speed turned suddenly. For example in the highway a high speed suddenly to go beyond looped a car and then returned to the driveway, or in a high speed suddenly found the obstacles to a sharp turn, it is easy to appear understeer or to excessive, vehicles will deviate from the direction of his book, may lose control. In this case, usually the DSC larger superkings cars BMW system through the intervention process control vehicle braking stability, will greatly reduce traffic speed, increased energy consumption. And active steering system to start from a judge will turn to appeared after the case, through the electronic control mechanical regulation of device automatic correction to reduce the yaw Angle, intervention occurred. And DSC system in other cars don't have to like driving, ensure intervention of driving stability. However, when active steering system can not complete the control of vehicle, DSC system will participate in to work. Therefore, active steering system need and DSC system to cooperate to use.
附錄 B
來自寶馬的主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)
主動(dòng)式轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的控制組件與引擎的電子零件、動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定控制系統(tǒng)(DSC)和兩只偏航率傳感器相聯(lián)相通。依據(jù)這些系統(tǒng)提供的信息，它以平均每秒100次的運(yùn)算速度，提供最實(shí)時(shí)、最理想的轉(zhuǎn)向角度。系統(tǒng)通過測(cè)量轉(zhuǎn)向角度，可以掌握駕駛者的意圖。動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定控制系統(tǒng)依據(jù)車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的圈數(shù)可以計(jì)算出車速，而偏航率傳感器則可隨時(shí)監(jiān)控車輛垂直軸的穩(wěn)定性。對(duì)于新5系是否行駛在理想線路上或是有偏離路線的趨勢(shì)，主動(dòng)式轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)始終都能明察秋毫。
當(dāng)發(fā)生特別緊急的情況時(shí)，例如閃避，所有的汽車都會(huì)自然地發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)向過度的現(xiàn)象。主動(dòng)式轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)在一開始就能察覺，并于毫秒之內(nèi)相應(yīng)地調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)向角度。也就是說，系統(tǒng)能在駕乘者不知不覺中自動(dòng)地反轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)來平衡車身，從而提高了行車安全性。而如果主動(dòng)式轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)自身不足以讓車輛維持穩(wěn)定的先進(jìn)路線時(shí)，動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定控制系統(tǒng)將及時(shí)介入，降低引擎馬力或?qū)€(gè)別車輪施以剎車。
萬一控制軟件失效了，怎么辦？寶馬工程師早已料想到這點(diǎn)。在純粹的線控轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)中，轉(zhuǎn)向由電子信號(hào)控制，方向盤與車輪之間并沒有直接的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)相聯(lián)。配備主動(dòng)式轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的新5系則與其不同，即使系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障，仍然能進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)向動(dòng)作，只不過其轉(zhuǎn)向角度無法增加或減少。因軟件障礙而造成嚴(yán)重的轉(zhuǎn)向失誤也是絕對(duì)不允許發(fā)生的，菲利普·孔恩博士解釋道："所有的信息分別在兩臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)中以不同方式進(jìn)行分析，只有兩臺(tái)的結(jié)果相同時(shí)指令才被接受，如果結(jié)果出現(xiàn)矛盾，系統(tǒng)就會(huì)自行關(guān)閉。"
機(jī)械與電子裝置的巧妙運(yùn)用相得益彰，使得寶馬成為第一家融合彎道靈活性與直道穩(wěn)定性于一車的公司。
當(dāng)駕駛者將轉(zhuǎn)向盤轉(zhuǎn)過一個(gè)角度，那轉(zhuǎn)向輪必然就會(huì)偏轉(zhuǎn)一個(gè)固定的角度。駕駛者在轉(zhuǎn)彎過程中，需要根據(jù)路面彎度變化、車速變化等因素，不斷通過轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向盤來調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)向輪的角度，維持駕駛者希望達(dá)到的轉(zhuǎn)向軌跡。傳統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)有它自身的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，如轉(zhuǎn)向可靠、故障率低等，同時(shí)也存在一定的弊病，那就是轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)比如果較大，則車輛在低速下轉(zhuǎn)向比較輕便，但在高速狀態(tài)下轉(zhuǎn)向則顯得過于靈敏，轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性變差。相反，如果轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)比較小，車輛在高速時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)向會(huì)顯得穩(wěn)重，但在低速狀態(tài)下，轉(zhuǎn)向會(huì)比較吃力。 主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)最大的特點(diǎn)，就是依據(jù)駕駛條件，自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)車輛轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)比，從而增加或減小前輪的轉(zhuǎn)向角度。在低速時(shí)，電動(dòng)機(jī)的作用與駕駛者轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向盤的方向一致，轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)比增大，可以減少駕駛者對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向力的需求。在高速時(shí)，電動(dòng)機(jī)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)方向與駕駛者轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向盤方向相反，這減少了前輪的轉(zhuǎn)向角度，轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)比減小，轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性提高。 除了更舒適、更靈活之外，主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)還有很重要的一點(diǎn)就是更安全，這一點(diǎn)主要體現(xiàn)在車輛高速行駛中的突然轉(zhuǎn)向。例如在公路上高速行駛時(shí)突然變線以超越另一輛車然后回到車道時(shí)，或者高速行駛中突然發(fā)現(xiàn)前方有障礙物需要急轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，很容易出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)向不足或者轉(zhuǎn)向過度，車輛將偏離自己預(yù)定的方向，可能失去控制。在這種情況下，通常寶馬車系的DSC系統(tǒng)通過干預(yù)制動(dòng)過程控制車輛的穩(wěn)定，行車速度將大幅度降低，增加能量的損耗。而主動(dòng)式轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)從轉(zhuǎn)向一開始就會(huì)判斷轉(zhuǎn)向后出現(xiàn)的情況，通過電子控制的機(jī)械調(diào)控器自動(dòng)修正轉(zhuǎn)向角度，干預(yù)降低偏航情況的發(fā)生。而DSC系統(tǒng)不必像在其他車輛中那樣干預(yù)駕駛，保證車輛行駛的平穩(wěn)性。不過，當(dāng)主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)無法完成對(duì)車輛的控制時(shí)，DSC系統(tǒng)將參與到工作中來。因此，主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)需要與DSC系統(tǒng)配合使用。
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