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本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯
系 別： 工程技術系
專 業(yè)： 機械設計制造及自動化
姓 名：
學 號：
2015年 4 月 23 日
中國地質大學長城學院2011界畢業(yè)論文
模具的發(fā)展
1 模具在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的地位
模具是大批量生產(chǎn)同形產(chǎn)品的工具，是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要工藝裝備。 采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一 系列優(yōu)點，用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和 低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比擬的。已成為當代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工 藝發(fā)展方向?，F(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟的基礎工業(yè)。現(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術水平的提高，很大程 度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展將起越來越 大的作用。1989 年 3 月國務院頒布的《關于當前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點的決定》中，把模 具列為機械工業(yè)技術改造序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設序列的第二位(僅次于大 型發(fā)電設備及相應的輸變電設備)，確立模具工業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟中的重要地位。1997 年以來，又相繼把模具及其加工技術和設備列入了《當前國家重點鼓勵發(fā)展的產(chǎn) 業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術目錄》和《鼓勵外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄》。經(jīng)國務院批準，從 1997 年 到 2000 年，對 80 多家國有專業(yè)模具廠實行增值稅返還 70%的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模 具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。所有這些，都充分體現(xiàn)了國務院和國家有關部門對發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的 重視和支持。目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為 600 億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達國家的模 具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過機床工業(yè)，從 1997 年開始，我國模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值也超過了機床工 業(yè)產(chǎn)值。 據(jù)統(tǒng)計，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近 90％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機、汽 車、農(nóng)機和無線電行業(yè)，這個比例也超過 60％。例如飛機制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機模 具使用量超過三萬套，其中主機八千套、發(fā)動機二千套、輔機二萬套。從產(chǎn)值看， 80 年代以來，美、日等工業(yè)發(fā)達國家模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)值已超過機床行業(yè)，并又有繼 續(xù)增長的趨勢。據(jù)國際生產(chǎn)技術協(xié)會預測，到 2000 年，產(chǎn)品盡件粗加工的 75%、 精加工的 50％將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等工業(yè)制品大部分 將由模具完成，50％以上的金屬板材、80％以上的塑料都特通過模具轉化成制品。
2 模具的歷史發(fā)展
模具的出現(xiàn)可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)展起來的。19 世紀，隨著軍火工業(yè)(槍炮的彈殼)、鐘表工業(yè)、無線電工業(yè)的發(fā)展，沖模得到 廣泛使用。二次大戰(zhàn)后，隨著世界經(jīng)濟的飛速發(fā)展，它又成了大量生產(chǎn)家用電器、 汽車、電子儀器、照相機、鐘表等零件的最佳方式。從世界范圍看，當時美國的沖 壓技術走在前列——許多模具先進技術，如簡易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和 沖壓自動化技術，大多起源于美國；而瑞士的精沖、德國的冷擠壓技術，蘇聯(lián)對塑 性加工的研究也處于世界先進行列。50 年代，模具行業(yè)工作重點是根據(jù)訂戶的要 求，制作能滿足產(chǎn)品要求的模具。模具設計多憑經(jīng)驗，參考已有圖紙和感性認識， 對所設計模具零件的機能缺乏真切了解。從 1955 年到 1965 年，是壓力加工的探索 和開發(fā)時代——對模具主要零部件的機能和受力狀態(tài)進行了數(shù)學分橋，并把這些知 識不斷應用于現(xiàn)場實際，使得沖壓技術在各方面有飛躍的發(fā)展。其結果是歸納出模 具設計原則，并使得壓力機械、沖壓材料、加工方法、梅具結構、模具材料、模具 制造方法、自動化裝置等領域面貌一新，并向實用化的方向推進，從而使沖壓加工 從儀能生產(chǎn)優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品的第一階段。 進入 70 年代向高速化、啟動化、精密化、安全化發(fā)展的第二階段。在這個過程中 不斷涌現(xiàn)各種高效率、商壽命、高精度助多功能自動校具。其代表是多達別多個工 位的級進模和十幾個工位的多工位傳遞模。在此基礎上又發(fā)展出既有連續(xù)沖壓工位 又有多滑塊成形工位的壓力機—彎曲機。在此期間，日本站到了世界最前列——其 模具加工精度進入了微米級，模具壽命，合金工具鋼制造的模具達到了幾千萬次， 硬質合金鋼制造的模具達到了幾億次 p 每分鐘沖壓次數(shù)，小型壓力機通常為 200 至 300 次，最高為 1200 次至 1500 次。在此期間，為了適應產(chǎn)品更新快、用期短(如 汽車改型、玩具翻新等)的需要，各種經(jīng)濟型模具，如鋅落合金模具、聚氨酯橡膠 模具、鋼皮沖模等也得到了很大發(fā)展。 從 70 年代中期至今可以說是計算機輔助設計、輔助制造技術不斷發(fā)展的時代。隨 著模具加工精度與復雜性不斷提高，生產(chǎn)周期不斷加快，模具業(yè)對設備和人員素質 的要求也不斷提高。依靠普通加工設備，憑經(jīng)驗和手藝越來越不能滿足模具生產(chǎn)的 需要。90 年代以來，機械技術和電子技術緊密結合，發(fā)展了 NC 機床，如數(shù)控線切 割機床、數(shù)控電火花機床、數(shù)控銑床、數(shù)控坐標磨床等。而采用電子計算機自動編 程、控制的 CNC 機床提高了數(shù)控機床的使用效率和范圍。近年來又發(fā)展出由一臺計 算機以分時的方式直接管理和控制一群數(shù)控機床的 NNC 系統(tǒng)。
隨著計算機技術的發(fā)展，計算機也逐步進入模具生產(chǎn)的各個領域，包括設計、制造、管理等。國際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會預測，到 2000 年，作為設計和制造之間聯(lián)系手段 的圖紙將失去其主要作用。模具自動設計的最根本點是必須確立模具零件標準及設 計標準。要擺脫過去以人的思考判斷和實際經(jīng)驗為中心所組成的設計方法，就必須 把過去的經(jīng)驗和思考方法，進行系列化、數(shù)值化、數(shù)式化，作為設計準則儲存到計 算機中。因為模具構成元件也干差萬別，要搞出一個能適應各種零件的設計軟件幾 乎不可能。但是有些產(chǎn)品的零件形狀變化不大，模具結構有一定的規(guī)律，放可總結 歸納，為自動設計提供軟件。如日本某公司的 CDM 系統(tǒng)用于級進模設計與制造，其 中包括零件圖形輸入、毛坯展開、條料排樣、確定模板尺寸和標準、繪制裝配圖和 零件圖、輸出 NC 程序(為數(shù)控加工中心和線切割編程)等，所用時間由手工的 20%、工時減少到 35 小時；從 80 年代初日本就將三維的 CAD／CAM 系統(tǒng)用于汽車覆 蓋件模具。目前，在實體件的掃描輸入，圖線和數(shù)據(jù)輸入，幾何造形、顯示、繪 圖、標注以及對數(shù)據(jù)的自動編程，產(chǎn)生效控機床控制系統(tǒng)的后置處理文件等方面已 達到較高水平；計算機仿真(CAE)技術也取得了一定成果。在高層次上，CAD／CAM ／CAE 集成的，即數(shù)據(jù)是統(tǒng)一的，可以互相直接傳輸信息．實現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡化。目前,國外僅有少數(shù)廠家能夠做到。
3 我國模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢
由于歷史原因形成的封閉式、“大而全”的企業(yè)特征，我國大部分企業(yè)均設有模具 車間，處于本廠的配套地位，自 70 年代末才有了模具工業(yè)化和生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化這個概 念。生產(chǎn)效率不高，經(jīng)濟效益較差。模具行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)小而散亂，跨行業(yè)、投資密 集，專業(yè)化、商品化和技術管理水平都比較低。 據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，全國現(xiàn)有模具專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠、產(chǎn)品廠配套的模具車間（分廠）近 17000 家，約 60 萬從業(yè)人員，年模具總產(chǎn)值達 200 億元人民幣。但是，我國模具 工業(yè)現(xiàn)有能力只能滿足需求量的 60％左右，還不能適應國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的需要。目 前，國內(nèi)需要的大型、精密、復雜和長壽命的模具還主要依靠進口。據(jù)海關統(tǒng)計， 1997 年進口模具價值 6.3 億美元，這還不包括隨設備一起進口的模具；1997 年出 口模具僅為 7800 萬美元。目前我國模具工業(yè)的技術水平和制造能力，是我國國民 經(jīng)濟建設中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和制約經(jīng)濟持續(xù)發(fā)展的瓶頸。
?模具工業(yè)技術結構現(xiàn)狀 我國模具工業(yè)目前技術水平參差不齊，懸殊較大。從總體上來講，與發(fā)達工業(yè)國家 及港臺地區(qū)先進水平相比，還有較大的差距。 在采用 CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP 等技術設計與制造模具方面，無論是應用的廣泛性，還 是技術水平上都存在很大的差距。在應用 CAD 技術設計模具方面，僅有約 10%的模 具在設計中采用了 CAD，距拋開繪圖板還有漫長的一段路要走；在應用 CAE 進行模 具方案設計和分析計算方面，也才剛剛起步，大多還處于試用和動畫游戲階段；在 應用 CAM 技術制造模具方面，一是缺乏先進適用的制造裝備，二是現(xiàn)有的工藝設備 （包括近 10 多年來引進的先進設備）或因計算機制式（IBM 微機及其兼容機、HP 工作站等）不同，或因字節(jié)差異、運算速度差異、抗電磁干擾能力差異等，聯(lián)網(wǎng)率 較低，只有 5%左右的模具制造設備近年來才開展這項工作；在應用 CAPP 技術進行 工藝規(guī)劃方面，基本上處于空白狀態(tài)，需要進行大量的標準化基礎工作；在模具共性工藝技術，如模具快速成型技術、拋光技術、電鑄成型技術、表面處理技術等方 面的 CAD/CAM 技術應用在我國才剛起步。計算機輔助技術的軟件開發(fā)，尚處于較低 水平，需要知識和經(jīng)驗的積累。我國大部分模具廠、車間的模具加工設備陳舊，在役期長、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的鍛、車、銑、刨、鉆、磨設備加工 模具，熱處理加工仍在使用鹽浴、箱式爐，操作憑工人的經(jīng)驗，設備簡陋，能耗 高。設備更新速度緩慢，技術改造，技術進步力度不大。雖然近年來也引進了不少 先進的模具加工設備，但過于分散，或不配套，利用率一般僅有 25%左右，設備的 一些先進功能也未能得到充分發(fā)揮。 缺乏技術素質較高的模具設計、制造工藝技術人員和技術工人，尤其缺乏知識面 寬、知識結構層次高的復合型人才。中國模具行業(yè)中的技術人員，只占從業(yè)人員的 8%~12%左右，且技術人員和技術工人的總體技術水平也較低。1980 年以前從業(yè)的 技術人員和技術工人知識老化，知識結構不能適應現(xiàn)在的需要；而 80 年代以后從 業(yè)的人員，專業(yè)知識、經(jīng)驗匱乏，動手能力差，不安心，不愿學技術。近年來人才 外流不僅造成人才數(shù)量與素質水平下降，而且人才結構也出現(xiàn)了新的斷層，青黃不 接，使得模具設計、制造的技術水平難以提高。
4 總結
進入 21 世紀，在經(jīng)濟全球化的新形勢下，隨著資本、技術和勞動力市場的重新整 合，我國裝備制造業(yè)在加入 WTO 以后，將成為世界裝備制造業(yè)的基地。而在現(xiàn)代制 造業(yè)中，無論哪一行業(yè)的工程裝備，都越來越多地采用由模具工業(yè)提供的產(chǎn)品。為 了適應用戶對模具制造的高精度、短交貨期、低成本的迫切要求，模具工業(yè)正廣泛 應用現(xiàn)代先進制造技術來加速模具工業(yè)的技術進步，滿足各行各業(yè)對模具這一基礎 工藝裝備的迫切需求。
Die history
1 Die position in industrial production
Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment. With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold work pieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. The basis of the modern industrial economy. The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the?national?economy. Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current?national?focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output. According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000?sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. From the output of view, since the 80's, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. Production technology, according to the International?Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.
2 The historical development of mold
The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed .The 19th century, with the arms industry (gun's shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced. 50's, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development. The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage. Into the 70's to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage. Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine. In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the world's largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times. In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development. From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold. Since the 90's, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on. The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope. In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system. With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. International?Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role. Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards. To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store. Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software. If a Japanese?company's CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive panel die. Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements. At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is Achieve integrated, can transmit information directly with each other. network. Present. Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it.
3 China's mold industry and its development trend
Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low. According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion Yuan mold. However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of?national?economic development. At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's?national?economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.
Mold Present Status of Technology Technical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap .The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at Most low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planning, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play. Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.
4 Summary
The 21st century, in the new situation of economic globalization, with capital, technology and labor market re-integration of equipment manufacturing in China after joining the WTO will become the world's equipment manufacturing base. In the modern manufacturing industry, no matter which industry, engineering equipment, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold industry. In order to meet the user's high-precision mold manufacturing, short delivery time, the urgent demand low-cost, mold industry is extensive application of modern advanced manufacturing technology to speed up the mold industry, technological progress, to meet the basic sectors of the mold process equipment urgent needs.
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