聯(lián)合花生收獲機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)含9張CAD圖
聯(lián)合花生收獲機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)含9張CAD圖,聯(lián)合,花生,收獲,收成,設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn),cad
課題申報(bào)表指導(dǎo)教師XX職稱XX教研室XX申報(bào)課題名稱聯(lián)合花生收獲機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)課題類(lèi)型教學(xué)課題來(lái)源應(yīng)用(實(shí)驗(yàn))研究類(lèi)課題簡(jiǎn)介花生是世界上廣泛栽培的主要油料和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,同時(shí)也是主要的創(chuàng)匯農(nóng)產(chǎn)品之一?;ㄉ臋C(jī)械化收獲已成為發(fā)展花生種植業(yè)不可忽視的因素?;ㄉ斋@機(jī)械按其收獲方式可分為:分段收獲、兩段收獲和聯(lián)合收獲三種類(lèi)型。本課題主要研究聯(lián)合收獲的花生收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)與相關(guān)功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)。課題要求(包括所具備的條件)(1)了解花生收獲機(jī)機(jī)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展,了解聯(lián)合花生收獲機(jī)的一般結(jié)構(gòu),確定設(shè)計(jì)思路;(2)選定聯(lián)合花生收獲機(jī)類(lèi)型,確定花生收獲機(jī)挖掘、輸送、摘果、清選和集果復(fù)合功能實(shí)現(xiàn)的具體系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu);(3)定研究方案,寫(xiě)出開(kāi)題報(bào)告。課題工作量要求設(shè)計(jì)要完成1.5萬(wàn)字的設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū),裝配圖和零件圖的圖量2張零號(hào)圖紙,參考文獻(xiàn)至少15篇,至少4000漢字的外文翻譯。教研室審定意見(jiàn) 同意室主任簽字:學(xué) 院審定意見(jiàn)同意 教學(xué)院長(zhǎng)簽字: 任 務(wù) 書(shū) 1畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的背景:花生是世界上廣泛種植的油料和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一,2016年我國(guó)花生的種植面積為6995萬(wàn)畝,較2015年增幅為1.4%,總產(chǎn)量為1571萬(wàn)噸;較2015年增幅為17.98%。花生產(chǎn)量不斷增長(zhǎng),而目前我國(guó)花生生產(chǎn)區(qū)仍然以人力與畜力的收獲方式為主,雖然機(jī)械化使用率不斷上升,但使用占比仍然較低,還需人工摘果和清選,不能實(shí)現(xiàn)收獲一體化。隨著人工成本的不斷上長(zhǎng),對(duì)生產(chǎn)效率的要求越來(lái)越高。對(duì)花生的挖掘、輸送、分離泥土、摘果、清選集果功能于一體的聯(lián)合收獲設(shè)備的需求也越來(lái)越迫切。2畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的內(nèi)容和要求:設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容:結(jié)合花生的生長(zhǎng)情況,參考花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)的工作原理,采用手扶拖拉機(jī)作為動(dòng)力,采用皮帶將其和收割機(jī)連接。對(duì)輸送裝置的動(dòng)力來(lái)源則采用齒輪箱變速,提高傳動(dòng)效率;對(duì)分土輪采用鏈傳動(dòng)。整個(gè)動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,傳動(dòng)效率充分予以保證。該機(jī)將花生的藤苗、果實(shí)和土壤三者同時(shí)起耕,將藤和果、土一次分離,一次性完成收獲。同時(shí)會(huì)應(yīng)用三維CAD輔助設(shè)計(jì)。主要性能參數(shù): 柴油機(jī)功率:8.8kw作業(yè)深度:80120mm作業(yè)寬帶:600mm左右收獲效率:2.5畝/小時(shí)碎土輪功率:3.4kw鏈條速度:38m/s輸送藤帶長(zhǎng):130cm鏟刀長(zhǎng):31cm設(shè)計(jì)要求:1.至少兩張張A0的圖紙2.設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份,15000字3.譯文5000字3主要參考文獻(xiàn):1陳樂(lè)萍,楊勝軍.新型花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)J.農(nóng)業(yè)裝備技術(shù),2003-03.2邱宣懷,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì),高等教育出版社J,2014-03.3于明忠.YN-2型花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)J.農(nóng)業(yè)知識(shí),2004-06.4 網(wǎng)澤.華農(nóng)-1花生聯(lián)合收果機(jī)J.農(nóng)業(yè)裝備技術(shù),2005-08.5耿忠申,陳西軍.雙力“果神”花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)J.山東農(nóng)機(jī),2004-08.6秦大同,謝里陽(yáng)主編,現(xiàn)代機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)J 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2011-03. 7熊詩(shī)波,黃長(zhǎng)藝 主編,機(jī)械工程測(cè)試技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)(第3版)J, 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2011-06.8于駿一,鄒青 主編,機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ) (第2版)J,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2009-05.9尚書(shū)旗,王方艷,劉曙光, 花生收獲機(jī)械的研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展J,農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2004-0110(德)穆斯等編著,孔建益譯,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)(第16版)M,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2012-03.11關(guān)慧貞,馮辛安主編,機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì)(第3版)M,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2010-01.12陳書(shū)法,李耀明,孫星釗.花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)挖掘裝置的設(shè)計(jì)研究J.中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)化,2005-1013Design principle and movement characteristic analysis of 4H2 type peanut harvester ,Transactions of the CSAE,2005-114 孟憲源. 現(xiàn)代機(jī)構(gòu)手冊(cè)M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2013:22.15 徐錦康.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)M.北京:高等教育出版社,2004:19-24.16 吉衛(wèi)喜.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2011:22-23.17 機(jī)械制圖,大連理工大學(xué)工程畫(huà)教研室M.北京:高等教育出版社,2012:7-15.18 卜炎.機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置手冊(cè)(上冊(cè))M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2008:21-25.4畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃(以周為單位):第一周 下達(dá)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū),明確任務(wù),熟悉課題,收集資料,上交外文翻譯、參考文獻(xiàn)和開(kāi)題報(bào)告。第二周 綜合分析文獻(xiàn)資料,提出并論證整體設(shè)計(jì)方案。第三周 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。第四周 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。第五周 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。第六周 繪總裝圖的草圖第七周 繪總裝圖的草圖第八周 繪裝配圖。第九周 繪裝配圖。第十周 繪零部件圖。第十一周 繪零部件圖。第十二周 繪零部件圖。第十三周 整理圖紙資料,撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文教研室審查意見(jiàn): 室主任簽名: 年 月 日學(xué)院審查意見(jiàn): 教學(xué)院長(zhǎng)簽名: 年 月 日 開(kāi)題報(bào)告課題名稱聯(lián)合花生收獲機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)課題來(lái)源B.社會(huì)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐課題類(lèi)型工程設(shè)計(jì)類(lèi)1選題的背景及意義:花生是世界上廣泛種植的油料和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一,2016年我國(guó)花生的種植面積為6995萬(wàn)畝,較2015年增幅為1.4%,總產(chǎn)量為1571萬(wàn)噸;較2015年增幅為17.98%。花生產(chǎn)量不斷增長(zhǎng),而目前我國(guó)花生生產(chǎn)區(qū)仍然以人力與畜力的收獲方式為主,雖然機(jī)械化使用率不斷上升,但使用占比仍然較低,還需人工摘果和清選,不能實(shí)現(xiàn)收獲一體化。隨著人工成本的不斷上長(zhǎng),對(duì)生產(chǎn)效率的要求越來(lái)越高。對(duì)花生的挖掘、輸送、分離泥土、摘果、清選集果功能于一體的聯(lián)合收獲設(shè)備的需求也越來(lái)越迫切。我國(guó)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)的研制已有30多年的歷史。從機(jī)型大小看,有37kw以上的大型、3037kw的中型、30kw以下的小型之分。從喂入方式上看,有全喂入與半喂入之分。全喂入收割機(jī)部分結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,與半喂入比較,成本低,制造容易,性能指標(biāo)好,全喂入便于莖稈粉碎還田,有利于土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的積累,改變土壤結(jié)構(gòu),增加土壤肥力。半喂入收割機(jī)部分結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,成本相對(duì)較高,損失率相對(duì)較大,含雜率亦高。但半喂入收割稻稈整齊,便于回收,適宜某些地區(qū)作牲畜飼料,加工草繩、草紙等草制品,湖區(qū)用作燃料等。2研究?jī)?nèi)容擬解決的主要問(wèn)題:本設(shè)計(jì)是在已研制的機(jī)型上改進(jìn)而來(lái)。結(jié)合花生的生長(zhǎng)情況,參考花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)的工作原理,采用皮帶將其和收割機(jī)連接。對(duì)輸送裝置的動(dòng)力來(lái)源則采用齒輪箱變速,提高傳動(dòng)效率;對(duì)分土輪采用鏈傳動(dòng)。整個(gè)動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,傳動(dòng)效率充分予以保證。該機(jī)將花生的藤苗、果實(shí)和土壤三者同時(shí)起耕,將藤和果、土一次分離,一次性完成收獲。本設(shè)計(jì)主要以總體設(shè)計(jì)為重點(diǎn)。參考了各方面的資料,確定了幾種方案,最后選用了這種雙排輸送的設(shè)計(jì)方案。另外也設(shè)計(jì)了一些部件的設(shè)計(jì)。3研究方法技術(shù)路線:1總體方案確定,其要求摘果刀具安裝合理,果藤分離徹底,安裝方便,節(jié)約成本。2第一碎土軸齒的設(shè)計(jì),要承擔(dān)70%以上的碎土任務(wù),保證收割的破碎率。3鏈輪的傳動(dòng)方案設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算,確保收獲過(guò)程的順利進(jìn)行。4花生的藤、果和土一次性分離,一次完成花生的聯(lián)合收獲工作。4研究的總體安排和進(jìn)度計(jì)劃:第一周調(diào)研、查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),收集資料。第二周下達(dá)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū),上交外文翻譯、參考文獻(xiàn)和開(kāi)題報(bào)告。第三周設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。第四周設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。第五周設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。第六周繪總裝圖的草圖第七周繪總裝圖的草圖第八周繪裝配圖。第九周繪裝配圖。第十周繪零部件圖。第十一周繪零部件圖。第十二周繪零部件圖。第十三周整理圖紙資料,撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文。5主要參考文獻(xiàn):1陳樂(lè)萍,楊勝軍.新型花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)J.農(nóng)業(yè)裝備技術(shù),2003-03.2邱宣懷,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì),高等教育出版社J,2014-03.3于明忠.YN-2型花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)J.農(nóng)業(yè)知識(shí),2004-06.4 網(wǎng)澤.華農(nóng)-1花生聯(lián)合收果機(jī)J.農(nóng)業(yè)裝備技術(shù),2005-08.5耿忠申,陳西軍.雙力“果神”花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)J.山東農(nóng)機(jī),2004-08.6秦大同,謝里陽(yáng)主編,現(xiàn)代機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)J 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2011-03. 7熊詩(shī)波,黃長(zhǎng)藝 主編,機(jī)械工程測(cè)試技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)(第3版)J, 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2011-06.8于駿一,鄒青 主編,機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ) (第2版)J,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2009-05.9尚書(shū)旗,王方艷,劉曙光, 花生收獲機(jī)械的研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展J,農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2004-0110(德)穆斯等編著,孔建益譯,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)(第16版)M,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2012-03.11關(guān)慧貞,馮辛安主編,機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì)(第3版)M,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2010-01.12陳書(shū)法,李耀明,孫星釗.花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)挖掘裝置的設(shè)計(jì)研究J.中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)化,2005-1013Design principle and movement characteristic analysis of 4H2 type peanut harvester ,Transactions of the CSAE,2005-114 孟憲源. 現(xiàn)代機(jī)構(gòu)手冊(cè)M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2013:22.15 徐錦康.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)M.北京:高等教育出版社,2004:19-24.16 吉衛(wèi)喜.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2011:22-23.17 機(jī)械制圖,大連理工大學(xué)工程畫(huà)教研室M.北京:高等教育出版社,2012:7-15.18 卜炎.機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置手冊(cè)(上冊(cè))M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2008:21-25.指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn): 指導(dǎo)教師簽名: 年 月 日教研室意見(jiàn): 通過(guò),同意開(kāi)題 教研室主任簽名: 年 月 日學(xué)院意見(jiàn): 教學(xué)院長(zhǎng)簽名: 年 月 日指導(dǎo)記錄第一次指導(dǎo)記錄:解釋論文題目,互留聯(lián)系方式講畢業(yè)論文應(yīng)交作業(yè)及具體要求、參考文獻(xiàn)要求同學(xué)回去廣泛搜集資料,確定框架思路推薦了一些查閱資料的網(wǎng)站以及方法。 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日第二次指導(dǎo)記錄:開(kāi)學(xué)后的第一次會(huì)議定在3月2號(hào)上午十點(diǎn),首先是對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告,實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表的材料的上交;其次是把自己搜集的資料,查找的翻譯文章讓老師查閱,方便了解畢設(shè)的思路;最后老師針對(duì)個(gè)人畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目,進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)方向的指導(dǎo),大致確定研究設(shè)計(jì)方向。指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日第三次指導(dǎo)記錄:任務(wù)書(shū)下發(fā),開(kāi)始寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告老師經(jīng)任務(wù)書(shū)在學(xué)校的畢業(yè)生系統(tǒng)中下達(dá),根據(jù)任務(wù)書(shū)中的要求,開(kāi)始書(shū)寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告,分析說(shuō)明開(kāi)題報(bào)告的寫(xiě)法和注意事項(xiàng)(研究背景、目的意義、課題研究現(xiàn)狀和趨勢(shì)、本文研究技術(shù)路線和研究方法,主要解決問(wèn)題),討論研究各位同學(xué)題目的框架和研究?jī)?nèi)容。對(duì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告中需要注意的一些關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),老師做了簡(jiǎn)單介紹和舉例。 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日第四次指導(dǎo)記錄:檢查開(kāi)題報(bào)告撰寫(xiě)進(jìn)度,講解點(diǎn)評(píng)開(kāi)題報(bào)告初稿。老師針對(duì)所寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告,指出需要修改內(nèi)容,包括選題的背景和意義在介紹時(shí),字?jǐn)?shù)偏少,內(nèi)容方面沒(méi)有點(diǎn)題,偏離所設(shè)計(jì)題目。研究?jī)?nèi)容擬解決的主要問(wèn)題這個(gè)方面中,缺少主導(dǎo)思想,沒(méi)有寫(xiě)出本次設(shè)計(jì)中所需要著重設(shè)計(jì)的方面,沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出此次設(shè)計(jì)存在的社會(huì)意義。研究方法技術(shù)路線缺少細(xì)節(jié)介紹,只是流程似的闡述設(shè)計(jì)步驟,總的來(lái)說(shuō),整體需要修改。 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日 第五次指導(dǎo)記錄:根據(jù)上周老師對(duì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告提出的建議,把需要修改的地方,通過(guò)查閱資料參考其他結(jié)論性文章,對(duì)內(nèi)容做了添加和修改。老師審閱了修改后的開(kāi)題報(bào)告,內(nèi)容方面大致可以了,對(duì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告的格式還需要按照模板加以修改。 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日第六次指導(dǎo)記錄:修改完成的開(kāi)題報(bào)告經(jīng)老師審閱,內(nèi)容和格式方面大致沒(méi)有問(wèn)題,經(jīng)老師同意,將開(kāi)題報(bào)告上傳至學(xué)校官網(wǎng)的畢業(yè)生系統(tǒng)。將大致翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)的文檔讓老師查閱,在內(nèi)容翻譯的方法上存在一定問(wèn)題,有待修改指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日第七次指導(dǎo)記錄:對(duì)外文翻譯的內(nèi)容加以審閱,在格式方面加以規(guī)范化,要求按照論文格式加以修改。指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日第八次指導(dǎo)記錄:外文翻譯格式修改 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日 第九次指導(dǎo)記錄:外文翻譯定稿 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日 第十次指導(dǎo)記錄:對(duì)已經(jīng)完成的摘要和第一部分緒論的審閱,摘要的問(wèn)題在于格式需要修改,內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)比較久,沒(méi)有一定的說(shuō)服力,需要找一些最新數(shù)據(jù),添加進(jìn)去。緒論編寫(xiě)內(nèi)容較多,一些不需要的內(nèi)容可以刪減,做到短小簡(jiǎn)練的效果。 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日 第十一次指導(dǎo)記錄:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文老師對(duì)論文中設(shè)計(jì)方案的選擇和采摘裝置的設(shè)計(jì)兩部分內(nèi)容提出了修改意見(jiàn),在設(shè)計(jì)方案中,前后的設(shè)計(jì)邏輯存在錯(cuò)誤,需要調(diào)整,還需要添加一個(gè)系統(tǒng)原理圖,方便快速理解傳動(dòng)過(guò)程;采摘部分存在的問(wèn)題主要是缺少視圖展示 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日 第十二次指導(dǎo)記錄:老師審閱了說(shuō)明書(shū)的內(nèi)容和格式,指出說(shuō)明書(shū)中的公式格式存在問(wèn)題,需加以調(diào)整和更改;說(shuō)明書(shū)的設(shè)計(jì)部分在邏輯思路上存在問(wèn)題,需要把思路重新編排。在審閱零件二維圖時(shí),指出零件圖中的標(biāo)題欄沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,圖紙的布置方位也存在細(xì)微的問(wèn)題,有部分存在表述不清的問(wèn)題,還需按照?qǐng)D紙要求,加以進(jìn)一步完善。 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日 第十三次指導(dǎo)記錄:對(duì)論文說(shuō)明書(shū)格式加內(nèi)容的結(jié)構(gòu)提出建議,并在論文的行文和思想表達(dá)上給予了修改意見(jiàn)。查閱系統(tǒng)總裝圖,對(duì)總體裝配圖出現(xiàn)的一些問(wèn)題,加以指出,并給出修改建議。 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日 第十四次指導(dǎo)記錄:對(duì)論文進(jìn)行最后審閱,論文定稿,進(jìn)行論文查重工作。發(fā)布時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn),下達(dá)附件填寫(xiě)任務(wù),開(kāi)始準(zhǔn)備答辯材料 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日 第十五次指導(dǎo)記錄:答辯預(yù)演,學(xué)生使用PPT演講,再由指導(dǎo)老師提出相關(guān)問(wèn)題,學(xué)生記錄回答。 指導(dǎo)地點(diǎn) 年 月 日 中期匯報(bào)表學(xué)生姓名XX專 業(yè)XX學(xué) 號(hào)XX設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目聯(lián)合花生收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)前期工作小結(jié)按照任務(wù)書(shū)應(yīng)完成的工作內(nèi)容與進(jìn)展情況(文獻(xiàn)資料查閱、課題調(diào)研與實(shí)習(xí)、開(kāi)題報(bào)告、外文翻譯、課題研究與設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施等):1.收集和整理資料,參閱部分收集到的資料,對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)軟件初的認(rèn)識(shí)。2.完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告,自己動(dòng)手完成,由同學(xué)查看無(wú)誤之后,最后老師審核。3.查找與閱讀論文相關(guān)的合適的英文文獻(xiàn),對(duì)其進(jìn)行翻譯并完成。4.借助計(jì)算機(jī)上面的信息進(jìn)行搜索相關(guān)的信息和知識(shí)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)參考。5.確定機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的工作原理,使用CAD軟件畫(huà)出結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖。6.對(duì)畫(huà)出的系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)圖進(jìn)行完善,確定合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)并考慮具體零部件的選用與設(shè)計(jì),最后根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)著手撰寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)。指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)簽名: 年 月 日中期情況檢查表 學(xué)院名稱: XX 檢查日期: 2018年 4月 20日學(xué)生姓名XX專 業(yè)XX指導(dǎo)教師XX設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目聯(lián)合花生收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)工作進(jìn)度情況按照任務(wù)書(shū)應(yīng)完成的工作內(nèi)容與進(jìn)展情況:1.收集和整理資料,參閱部分收集到的資料,對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)軟件初的認(rèn)識(shí)。2.完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告,自己動(dòng)手完成,由同學(xué)查看無(wú)誤之后,最后老師審核。3.查找與閱讀論文相關(guān)的合適的英文文獻(xiàn),對(duì)其進(jìn)行翻譯并完成。4.借助計(jì)算機(jī)上面的信息進(jìn)行搜索相關(guān)的信息和知識(shí)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)參考。5.確定機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的工作原理,使用CAD軟件畫(huà)出結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖。6.對(duì)畫(huà)出的系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)圖進(jìn)行完善,確定合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)并考慮具體零部件的選用與設(shè)計(jì),最后根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)始著手撰寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)。是否符合任務(wù)書(shū)要求進(jìn)度是 能否按期完成任務(wù)能 工作態(tài)度情況(態(tài)度、紀(jì)律、出勤、主動(dòng)接受指導(dǎo)等)該同學(xué)論文撰寫(xiě)態(tài)度端正、認(rèn)真、積極、勤奮、誠(chéng)懇,遵守論文撰寫(xiě)期間的校規(guī)校紀(jì),熱情主動(dòng)地接受指導(dǎo)老師的指導(dǎo),近一段任務(wù)完成較好。質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)(針對(duì)已完成的部分)1、尚需進(jìn)一步對(duì)論文的條例進(jìn)行調(diào)整,注意充實(shí)論據(jù),并圍繞中心論題進(jìn)一步思考和修改。2、注意學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范,注意論文格式規(guī)范。存在問(wèn)題和解決辦法問(wèn)題:選取的參考文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量偏少且比較老舊,分析比較的花生收獲機(jī)機(jī)型不夠,花生莢果收獲結(jié)構(gòu)仍存在改進(jìn)空間。解決辦法:加大文獻(xiàn)查詢數(shù)量,選取更多機(jī)型進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,改進(jìn)已設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的不足。檢查人簽名 教學(xué)院長(zhǎng)簽名 指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)閱表學(xué)院: XX 專業(yè): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng) 學(xué)生: XX 學(xué)號(hào): XX 題目: 聯(lián)合花生收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn) 評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目評(píng)價(jià)要素成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定優(yōu)良中及格不及格工作態(tài)度工作態(tài)度認(rèn)真,按時(shí)出勤能按規(guī)定進(jìn)度完成設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)選題質(zhì)量選題方向和范圍選題難易度選題理論意義和實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值能力水平查閱和應(yīng)用文獻(xiàn)資料能力綜合運(yùn)用知識(shí)能力研究方法與手段實(shí)驗(yàn)技能和實(shí)踐能力創(chuàng)新意識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)論文質(zhì)量?jī)?nèi)容與寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)與水平規(guī)范化程度成果與成效指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)建議成績(jī)是否同意參加答辯評(píng)語(yǔ): 指導(dǎo)教師簽名:年 月 日 評(píng)閱教師評(píng)閱表學(xué)院: XX 專業(yè): XX 學(xué)生: XX 學(xué)號(hào): XX 題目: 花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn) 評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目評(píng)價(jià)要素成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定優(yōu)良中及格不及格選題質(zhì)量選題方向和范圍選題難易度選題理論意義和實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值能力水平查閱和應(yīng)用文獻(xiàn)資料能力綜合運(yùn)用知識(shí)能力研究方法與手段實(shí)驗(yàn)技能和實(shí)踐能力創(chuàng)新意識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)論文質(zhì)量?jī)?nèi)容與寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)與水平規(guī)范化程度成果與成效評(píng)閱教師意見(jiàn)建議成績(jī) 是否同意參加答辯 評(píng)語(yǔ): 評(píng)閱教師簽名:年 月 日 答辯及綜合成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定表學(xué) 院 XX專 業(yè) XX學(xué)生姓名 XX學(xué) 號(hào) XX指導(dǎo)教師 XX設(shè)計(jì)論文題 目 聯(lián)合花生收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)答辯時(shí)間2018年 5月 28日 10時(shí) 0分至 10時(shí) 15分答辯地點(diǎn) 敬本樓C502答辯小組成 員姓名職稱XX講師教授XX講師答辯記錄提問(wèn)人提問(wèn)主要內(nèi)容學(xué)生回答摘要 答辯記錄人簽名:答辯小組意見(jiàn)答辯評(píng)語(yǔ): 答辯成績(jī): 答辯小組組長(zhǎng)簽名:綜合成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)定成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)閱教師評(píng)定成績(jī)答辯成績(jī)綜合評(píng)定成績(jī)100(30)100(30)100(40)優(yōu)秀答辯委員會(huì)主任簽名: 年 月 日 17,論,文,答,辯,答辯人:XX,導(dǎo)師:XXX,XXXX,XXX,聯(lián)合花生收獲機(jī)研究概述,研究背景:我國(guó)花生機(jī)械化收獲技術(shù)總體上還處于起步階段,不能滿足生產(chǎn)實(shí)際需求。 研究意義:能夠加快我國(guó)花生產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展、減輕農(nóng)民勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、促進(jìn)農(nóng)村人民經(jīng)濟(jì)收入的增加。 研究目標(biāo):設(shè)計(jì)出一款工序完整、技術(shù)先進(jìn)、性能可靠、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的花生收獲技術(shù)設(shè)備。 研究問(wèn)題:系統(tǒng)分析花生聯(lián)合收獲工藝流程和作業(yè)原理,確定研發(fā)設(shè)備的總體技術(shù)方案,優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)。,花生收獲機(jī)研究現(xiàn)狀,傳統(tǒng)花生收獲機(jī),4H-2 型花生收獲機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖,小型鏟輥式花生收起裝置結(jié)構(gòu),收獲流程,花生聯(lián)合收獲總體方案設(shè)計(jì),花生收獲機(jī)的整機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)是由行走裝置、外殼、挖掘鏟、喂入裝置、摘果裝置、排秧裝置、清選裝置、集果箱等工作組件構(gòu)成的。由挖掘鏟挖掘出混有少量沙土的花生整體,再由喂入裝置進(jìn)入花生摘採(cǎi)的部分將分離出花生莢果。剩下的花生藤蔓由排秧裝置從后面排出,而花生莢果進(jìn)入篩果板出去后續(xù)的一些泥土跟雜質(zhì),再通過(guò)輸果帶將花生莢果運(yùn)送到花生集果箱,完成花生的整體收獲。挖掘鏟在挖掘花生時(shí)行走系統(tǒng)驅(qū)使挖掘機(jī)向前行動(dòng),因?yàn)榛ㄉN植土壤大都是泥土所以我們的分離裝置跟挖掘鏟是設(shè)計(jì)在一起的即利用收獲機(jī)行走時(shí)拔禾輪裝置的去除泥土,這種作業(yè)方式摒除了以往的挖掘與清土分開(kāi)進(jìn)行的弊端,簡(jiǎn)化了收獲機(jī)的整體結(jié)構(gòu)。,花生收獲機(jī)的總體設(shè)計(jì)方案選擇,比較:方案一和方案二主要區(qū)別在于果藤分離以后,輸藤皮帶的安裝不同,在果藤分離之后藤的走向。方案一結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、安裝方便,但是果藤分離不徹底,且損失率較高,摘果刀的安裝方向不便。方案二中,果藤分離徹底,摘果刀安裝方便合理;兩個(gè)輸藤輪帶的長(zhǎng)度不同,這樣便于在工作過(guò)程中兩邊藤的甩子不擠壓,而且安裝方便。故本設(shè)計(jì)采用方案二的工作原理。,方案一,方案二,主要零部件,摘果刀片,刀尖的部位至少要深入土中.的地方,也就做到了避免花生藤蔓或其他雜草纏擾刀具的情況出現(xiàn)。刀尖后部的流線型弧度設(shè)計(jì),有效的減少了土壤對(duì)刀具產(chǎn)生的阻力,使土壤能夠順利的送入到碎土機(jī)構(gòu)中。由于摘果刀具的存在,減小了土塊密度,土壤在進(jìn)入碎土齒輪之后不會(huì)出現(xiàn)堆壓的狀況,大大提升了碎土機(jī)構(gòu)的碎土效率。,主要零部件,碎土輪,由于它緊接鏟刀后,承擔(dān)全過(guò)程70%甚至更多的碎土任務(wù),是最重要的碎土部件。所以對(duì)它的設(shè)計(jì)采用八面交錯(cuò)的斜齒(齒距l(xiāng)cm,長(zhǎng)5.5cm,各齒均有35 度的傾斜)。這樣設(shè)計(jì)的主要目的是為了完成它碎土的主要碎土任務(wù)。為了避免后患,發(fā)揮主要碎土部件的功能,可以以一列輪齒同時(shí)工作,發(fā)揮集體優(yōu)勢(shì),可以仔細(xì)地進(jìn)行碎土任務(wù),釆用交錯(cuò)的三角形,各個(gè)擊破,使碎后的土塊不形成條狀。齒部耐磨性較高,還可以抵抗較硬的障礙物。,主要零部件,起耕刀具,由于鏟刀與土壤接觸,受到的摩擦力較大,磨損比較嚴(yán)重。所以鏟刀釆用可換連接。鏟刀刃尖部分采用倒角設(shè)計(jì),可以避免與花生發(fā)生擠壓,導(dǎo)致花生破碎。鏟刀兩邊都開(kāi)刃,這樣可以在一邊磨損后,調(diào)換到另一邊使用。,主要零部件,拔禾輪,本設(shè)計(jì)采用偏心拔禾輪,拔禾輪的作用是將起耕的花生藤輸送到輸藤帶,拔禾輪在工作時(shí)應(yīng)垂直進(jìn)入花生藤蔓中,防止直接敲打花生果實(shí)。,謝謝觀看,大學(xué)生活即將結(jié)束,在此,我要感謝所有教導(dǎo)我的老師和一齊成長(zhǎng)的同學(xué),他們?cè)谖业拇髮W(xué)生涯給予了很大的幫助。本論文能夠順利完成,要特別感謝我的指導(dǎo)老師,感謝各位老師的關(guān)心和幫助!,懇請(qǐng)各位老師批評(píng)指正!,Design principle and analyses of the motion characteristics of 4H-2 type peanut harvesterCollection of Extent Abstracts of 2004 CIGR International Conference(Volume.2) 2004.Shuqi Shang;Professor;Head of Engineering School;Laiyang Agricultural College;Shandong 265200;China Fangyan WangEngineering School of Laiyang Agricultural College (Shandong 265200;China) Shuguang LiuEngineering School of Laiyang Agricultural College (Shandong 265200;China)AbstractThe structure, working principle and design of main parts of the 4H-2 type peanut harvester were described and analyzed, and the kinematics model of the main work parts was founded. On the basis of the optimized structure, the representative tracks of the work parts were described by means of Visual Basic and SPSS software and the machine function characteristics. The theoretical foundation has been provided for further study of this kind of machines.Key words: Peanut harvester; design principle; motion characteristics1IntroductionThe peanut is one of the main oil plants in the world, which is only inferior to soybean but ranks the second for oil production and international trade1,2. For a long time, the planting, harvesting and processing of peanut were mostly completed by manual work. It is a piece of labored work with low efficiency, which affects the peanut production seriously. Especially in the last few years, as the transferring surplus rural labors to urban areas, the contradiction of each link of peanut production is more intensifying, the mechanization of the peanut production becomes particularly important.It has been a long time for researching and developing the peanut harvesters in developed countries, it is a typical representative that the LP-2 type peanut harvester and peanut combine harvester of Courtesy lf Lilli ston Mfg. Co. in the United States and PH-2 type peanut harvester of Michigan in Netherlands3. The development of peanut harvester in China is later than that in developed countries, perhaps the beginning of the 1960s. Since the 1970s, many representative mimic peanut harvesters were introduced into China such as the Dongfeng 69 type, 4HW-800 type and 4H-150 type peanut harvester etc.4. These products bring convenience for harvesting peanut, but the structure of all current harvesters adopted the two steps of harvest principlescoop and separating chain combine together. These machines have to match with the medium-big power tractors. It is not only complex in structure, higher manufacturing costs, more power consumption, poor reliability, but also higher harvesting loss rate, peanut vines spread disorderly, and inconvenient for manual collection. It is not suitable for the current requirement of peanut harvesting and results in that the harvesting of peanut is almost completed by manual work at present. The mechanization level of peanut harvesting affected the development of the peanut production seriously.With the environment deterioration, at sowing-season in spring or autumn, the phenomenon of dry and little rainfall appears. The peanut production suffered from the weather. It had led to adopting technique of plastic film covering(Figure 1 shows its section structure). This new technique will play an important role in keeping the moisture of soil, increasing ground temperature, and reducing management in seedling period, and then increasing the output of peanut. The peanut seeding-machine with many functions has already applied in large-scale areas, but the quantity of the film remains is increased, which influences the following work5-9.Fig.1Profile of peanut covering plastic film and seeding beds8For solving the problems mentioned above, a new type of peanut harvester with new working principle and structure was invented, which has already come to the market. The harvester has already acquired the petty patent now (patent number: ZL 01221476.0), and patent for invention ( patent number: 99124518.0) has been investigating in substance.2Structure design of the peanut harvester2.1Analysis of the whole machine structure4H-2 type peanut harvester combines with the advanced method of planting and agricultural requirement, which can harvest two rows at one working stroke. It matches with the 8.813.0 kW small four-wheel tractors. 4H-2 type peanut harvester is composed of gaging wheel, transmission shaft, eccentric wheel, pitman, long rocker-arm, erect axis, harvesting parts, long pitman, rocker-arm, mounting device and frame etc. The figure 2 shows its structure.1.gaging wheel2.joint coupling3.transmission shaft4.erect axis5.long rocker-arm6.long pitman7.mounting device 8.rocker-arm9.erect axis10.harvester part11.eccentric wheel12.pitman13.harvest part14.frameFig.2Diagram of peanut harvesterThe driving power needed of the work parts of 4H-2 type peanut harvester comes from the PTO of tractor. When the machine with tractor goes forward, the PTO drives eccentric wheel 11 pass through joint coupling 2 and transmission shaft 3. Then eccentric wheel 11 drives long rocker-arm 5 to move pass through pitman 12. As erect axis 4 and harvest parts 13 are made together, rocker 8 with long pitman 6 and long rocker-arm 5 constitute an inverse parallelogram mechanism, therefore harvest parts 10 and 13 swing with erect axis 4 and 9 with the same frequency and angle but contrary direction. The working process is: the scoops 10 and 13 digging the peanut out andmoving the peanut backward, while the lengthways grids continuously make the fanlike swing, and then break the admixture of soil and peanuts. By this movement the heavy soil sinks down via the grids, and the lighter peanut moves up, so that peanut is separated from soil well. The peanut is moving rearward continuously, finally even laying on the excavated ground, so it is convenient for manual collection.2.2Main technique parametersThe table 1 shows the main technique parameters of 4H-2 type peanut harvester.Table 1Main technique parametersPower requirement8.813.0 kW small four-wheeled tractorProductivity/hm2h-10.100.13Losing rate of nuts2%Containing rate of soil in peanut(by quantity calculation)5%Broken rate of nuts1%Picked rate of nuts by mechanisms3.5%Overall size (LWH mm)/mm31280l180780Net weight/kg 1583Design of main working parts3.1Design of the transmission partsFor overcoming the weakness of the traditional peanut harvesters mentioned in this paper, the 4H-2 type peanut harvester has been invented with a new structure and principle. Its scoops and separating parts have been combined together that can reduce the power consumption, the size of the machine and harvesting loss. The transmission and control devices are designed for transmitting power efficiently and adjust conveniently. In order to match the tractor of 8.8 kW, the power input shaft 1 of 4H-2 type peanut harvester is located in flank of left. The inverse parallelogram mechanism is the remarkable characteristics of this machine. It swings both scoops with the same angle but opposite direction. The side forces acted on two scoop frames are balanced each other. The stability of the machine is ensured and the investment of manufacturing is reduced greatly, which is benefited to large-scale production and popularization of the harvesters.3.2Design of scoop framesWhen the harvester working in field with dense peanut stalks, the flowing channel of the peanut is easily jammed, resulting in that the working resistance is increasing, and peanut separating is ineffective, even the harvester cannot continue to work. For resolving this problem, the structure of half open arm has been created for the scoop frame (show in the figure 3) and the bottom is the scoop. As there are tow scoops, the form respectively is and , tow of them forming the channel, which makes the peanut stalks easily to pass it.Fig.3Diagram of scoop frames3.3Design of the transmission with V-beltAccording to the different circumstances of the fields, the swing frequency of harvesting parts should be adjusted and changed. For this reason, the one step V-belt transmission has been adopted for changing the swing frequency by replacing the V-belt pulleys. After optimizing the four-bar linkage and the size of the belt pulleys, the frequencies and the range of swing are more reasonable.3.4Design of the grid shapeIf the sectional shape of grid is round, the connection point of grids with scoop will be broken easily after working. In order to increase its anti-bent intensity, the flat rectangle sectional grids have been selected out and application after making theoretical design and experimental analysis (the figure 4 shows its structure). Fig.4Diagram of grid shape4Equation of kinematics 4.1Theoretical analysis of the main partsFigure 5 shows the structure of transmission parts of 4H-2 type peanut harvesters. In this figure, No.3 is transmission shaft and No.11 is eccentric wheel, the AE and BD respectively indicate the rocker-arm 5 and 8, the CD and EF indicate pitman 6 and 12 respectively, the A and B is respectively erect axes 4 and 9 (reference Figure 2). Fig.5Diagram of transmission parts structureFig.6Simplification diagram of movement9,10When 4H-2 type peanut harvester working, transmission shaft 3 drives eccentric wheel 11 running. As the track of point E is a space arc, but its length is far shorter than AE rocker s in XOY coordinate plane (10%), so that E point track may approximately be the straight line movement which is in the XOY coordinate plane. The figure 6 shows the movement form. OF stands for eccentricity and EF stands for pitman 12. As OF=R,EF=L, then the track of E point may approximate be considered a straight line OE. So the rectangular system of axis can be established to find the kinematics equation. Turn O to be the origin of coordinates, the direction of OO is the positive direction of X axes. According to the known condition, at beginning t= 0,F is in the place for F,E is in the place for O. Obviously OF+OF=L+R. At any time E point coordinates is:According to the crank rocker structure, K is usually among 1/61/4. By the binomial equation, thenAs the other numbers are much small from the third number, so all of them are ignored.Videlicet: , then E point kinematics equation approximately is: The motion characteristics of inverse parallelogram mechanism ABCD depends on the track of point E. The figure 7 shows the structure. A and B stand for erect axes 4 and 9 respectively, AE and BD are respectively rocker 5 and 8,CD is pitman 6. If A is at zero (0, 0). The direction of AX is the positive direction of polar axes.AE=L1. Then A (erect axis) angular velocity equation approximate is:Fig.7Schematic of inverse parallelogram mechanism4.2Kinematics equation of the harvest partsAs the figure 8 shows, when 4H-2 type peanut harvester is static to the ground relatively, any point of swing grid AH motion as horizontal and fan-shape reciprocating movement, around its erect axis. When working, the movement of any point of swing grid AH is composed of the swing motion of erect axis and moving of tractor. Because of the swing velocity of erect axis is different, the motion track is not the same, but there is certain regulation. Take the farthest point H of swing grid, its relatively static equation is:Its relatively kinematics equation is:On the basis of optimum parameter, the track of the farthest point H of swing grid has been gotten by making use of the Visual Basic and SPSS software (Shows in the figure 9).Fig.8Diagram of velocity synthesisFig.9Relatively kinematics track of H point5Function characteristics of the harvesterThe swing-digging principle and the inverse parallelogram mechanism have been successfully created and applied to 4H-2 type peanut harvester. It had broken the traditional way which is scoop and separate chain to combine together for harvesting.(1) 4H-2 type peanut harvester should be matched with the small four-wheel tractors which are very universal. Its design is reasonable, with reliable working, steady function, convenient adjustment, higher adaptability, and this machine can work in various fields and harvest all kinds of peanut.(2) The swing-digging principle had been created for merging scoop and separator together. That has successfully realized the work of digging and separating peanut by one set of part, and simplified the working procedure. The two harvest parts were used through inverse parallelogram mechanism to transfer power, turning them by the same angle for swing but opposite direction, making the two sides force acted on scoop frames balanced each other, the operation stability of it is ensured, the resistance and the power consumption have been reduced.(3) In harvesting process, plastic film was not broken and easy collected with the peanut stalks. There is none leavings of them on the ground.(4) As created the swing-digging principle, the whole resistance and the power consumption of the harvester have been reduced. By means of the swing function, the soil with heavy specific gravity sinking passes through the grids, and the peanut with lighter specific gravity moves up, so that the loss rate of peanut was reduced remarkably.(5) The various working and performance indexes of the machine are superior to the similar type of peanut harvesters, and productivity of it was higher, loss rate lower, the economic benefit remarkable.4H-2 type peanut harvester is the new typical agricultural implement for the small scale farms of China and more suitable for Chinese peanut production. This harvester has the simpler structure and lower price. Its various performance indexes are superior to the Standard of technique indexes for peanut harvesting in China. It can bring more economic benefit to the customers. After application and extension to peanut production, the 4H-2 type peanut harvesters have won broad praise from the society. This patent achievement indicates fully that the design and principle of 4H-2 type peanut harvesters has reached a new high level.References1Duan Shufen, Hou Wenguang. The world peanut production and the trade outlookJ. Chinese agriculture bulletin,1990,6(2):21-25.2Tao Shouxiang. The present condition and outlook of peanut high yield in Shandong provinceJ. Peanut science and technology,1993,2:26-29.3Chen Chuanqiang. The broadcast lecture of the mechanization of peanut technique productionR. The agriculture machinery extension center of Shandong province,2000.4Chinese agriculture movie &television center. How many peanut harvestersN. 2002-10-15.5The comprehensive mechanization technique of peanut production. The agricultural technique extension center of Shandong province,1999.6Hao Ming, et al. Peanut production machineryM. The publishing house of Hebei province,1981,81-90.7Hua Fagai. Cover-film-planting is the new path to boost peanut production N. Fujian agricultural technology, 2000,4:12-14.8Sun Yanhao. The peanut production & cultivation. The gold shield publishing house,1991,61-80.9Peanut Institute of Shandong province. Peanut M . Jinan: Science &Technique Publishing House of Shandong Province,1982,46-52.10 Nanjing engineering college & Xian transportation university. Theories of mechanics (the second version) M. Higher Education Publishing House, 1985, 112 - 210.4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)原理及運(yùn)動(dòng)特性分析摘要本文主要描述和分析了4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、工作原理和主要部件的設(shè)計(jì),并對(duì)其主要的工作部件建立了運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)模型。在結(jié)構(gòu)最優(yōu)化的基礎(chǔ)上,利用VB編程和SPSS軟件描繪出了工作部件的代表性軌跡;并簡(jiǎn)述了其性能特點(diǎn),為今后同類(lèi)型花生收獲機(jī)的研究提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。關(guān)鍵詞:花生收獲機(jī);設(shè)計(jì)原理;運(yùn)動(dòng)特性1 引言花生是世界上的主要的油料植物,它僅次于大豆,并在油料生產(chǎn)和國(guó)際貿(mào)易中排名第二.長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),花生的種植、收獲和加工絕大部分工作由手工作業(yè)完成,它是一種效率低下的工作,并且嚴(yán)重影響了花生的生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)量。尤其是近幾年,隨著農(nóng)村剩余勞動(dòng)力向城市地區(qū)的轉(zhuǎn)移,花生生產(chǎn)中的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的矛盾更加激化,在此過(guò)程中的機(jī)械化就顯得尤為重要。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中對(duì)于花生收獲機(jī)的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)已有很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間了,典型的代表就是美國(guó)的LP- 2型花生收獲機(jī)和Courtesy lf Lilli ston制造公司的花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)以及荷蘭密歇根州的PH- 2型花生收獲機(jī)。花生收獲機(jī)在中國(guó)的發(fā)展要晚于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,大致從 20世紀(jì)60年代開(kāi)始。70年代以來(lái),許多具有代表性的仿造的花生收獲機(jī)被引進(jìn)中國(guó),如東風(fēng)69型,4HW -800型和4H- 150型等。這些產(chǎn)品對(duì)于花生收獲雖然帶來(lái)了便利性,但目前所有收獲機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)均采用了兩步收獲方式,即挖掘鏟與分離鏈相配合。這些機(jī)器必須配合大中馬力的拖拉機(jī)。這樣以來(lái)不僅結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、制造成本較高、耗電多、可靠性差,而且造成很高的收獲損失率,使花生藤蔓延無(wú)序,不方便手工收集。它不適合當(dāng)代的花生收獲要求,并導(dǎo)致了目前的花生收獲幾乎都是由手工作業(yè)完成?;ㄉ斋@的機(jī)械化程度嚴(yán)重影響了花生生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展。隨著環(huán)境的惡化,在春季或秋季的播種季節(jié),出現(xiàn)了干旱或降雨量減少的現(xiàn)象?;ㄉ纳a(chǎn)受到了這種惡劣天氣的影響,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生了采用塑料薄膜覆蓋的技術(shù)(圖1顯示了其部分結(jié)構(gòu))。這種新技術(shù)在保持土壤水分,增加地面溫度,減少幼苗期的管理,以及增加花生的產(chǎn)量方面都發(fā)揮了重要作用。多功能花生播種機(jī)在大片地區(qū)已經(jīng)應(yīng)用,隨之薄膜的數(shù)量仍然增加,繼而影響接下來(lái)的工作。圖1 花生覆蓋塑料薄膜和播種床的簡(jiǎn)介為了解決上面提到的問(wèn)題,一種具有新型工作原理和結(jié)構(gòu)的花生收獲機(jī)已被發(fā)明,并且已經(jīng)投入到了市場(chǎng)。該收獲機(jī)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)取得了小型專利(專利號(hào):ZL01221476.0),并且該專利(專利號(hào):99124518.0)也基本上一直處在調(diào)查研究中。2 花生收獲機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)2.1 整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的分析4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)結(jié)合了種植和農(nóng)業(yè)需求的先進(jìn)方法,在一個(gè)工作行程中它可以收獲兩行。它配備了8.813.0千瓦的小四輪拖拉機(jī)。4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)是由量具輪、傳動(dòng)軸、偏心輪、連桿、長(zhǎng)搖臂、直立軸、收獲部分、長(zhǎng)連桿、搖臂以及安裝設(shè)備和機(jī)架等部分組成。圖2展示了它的結(jié)構(gòu)。1量具輪 2聯(lián)軸器 3傳動(dòng)軸 4直立軸 5長(zhǎng)搖臂 6長(zhǎng)連桿 7安裝裝置 8搖臂 9直立軸 10收獲機(jī)部分 11偏心輪 12連桿 13收獲部分 14機(jī)架 圖2 花生收獲機(jī)示意圖4H -2型花生收獲機(jī)工作部件的驅(qū)動(dòng)力來(lái)自于拖拉機(jī)的動(dòng)力輸出。當(dāng)本機(jī)與拖拉機(jī)前進(jìn)時(shí),動(dòng)力輸出軸通過(guò)聯(lián)軸器2和傳動(dòng)軸3驅(qū)動(dòng)偏心輪11運(yùn)動(dòng)。然后,偏心輪11通過(guò)連桿12驅(qū)動(dòng)長(zhǎng)搖臂5運(yùn)動(dòng)。由于直立軸4和收獲部分13做在一起,搖臂8和長(zhǎng)連桿6及長(zhǎng)搖臂5構(gòu)成反平行四邊形機(jī)構(gòu),因此收獲部分10和13隨著直立軸4和9以相同的頻率和角度但相反的方向擺動(dòng)。其工作過(guò)程是:挖掘鏟10和13挖出花生并使其向后移動(dòng),而縱向網(wǎng)格連續(xù)做擺動(dòng),迫使土壤和花生分開(kāi)。通過(guò)這種運(yùn)動(dòng),重的土壤通過(guò)網(wǎng)格沉落,而較輕的花生向上移動(dòng),從而使花生與土壤分離良好。花生不斷向后移動(dòng),最后平鋪在挖開(kāi)的地上,這樣就可以方便人工收集了。表1展示了4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)的主要技術(shù)參數(shù)。 表1主要技術(shù)參數(shù)功率要求8.813.0千瓦小四輪拖拉機(jī)生產(chǎn)力/萬(wàn)株每小時(shí)0.100.13花生損失率2土壤中花生含有率(按數(shù)量計(jì)算)5花生破碎率1花生拾取率3.5外形尺寸(長(zhǎng)寬高mm)/ mm31280L180780凈重/千克1583 主要工作部件的設(shè)計(jì) 3.1 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)部件的設(shè)計(jì) 為了克服在本文中提到的傳統(tǒng)花生收獲機(jī)的缺點(diǎn),一種具有新型結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理的4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)已被發(fā)明。它的挖掘鏟和分離部分結(jié)合在一起,能夠降低能量消耗、設(shè)備的大小和收獲損失。它的傳動(dòng)與控制機(jī)構(gòu)是為高效率傳送功率和方便調(diào)整而設(shè)計(jì)的。為了匹配8.8千瓦的拖拉機(jī),4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)的動(dòng)力輸入軸1位于左側(cè)側(cè)翼。反平行四邊形機(jī)構(gòu)是本機(jī)的顯著特點(diǎn),它使挖掘鏟同角度反方向的擺動(dòng)。兩個(gè)挖掘鏟所產(chǎn)生的側(cè)向力互相平衡,這樣機(jī)器的穩(wěn)定性得到了保證,收獲機(jī)大規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)與廣泛的普及將使生產(chǎn)的投資也大為減少。3.2 挖掘鏟機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)收獲機(jī)在稠密花生地工作時(shí),花生的運(yùn)送通道很容易被輕易卡住,導(dǎo)致工作阻力增加,花生分離效果欠佳,甚至是收獲機(jī)無(wú)法繼續(xù)工作。為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,半開(kāi)放機(jī)械臂已為挖掘鏟機(jī)架而設(shè)計(jì)(如圖3所示),其底部就是挖掘鏟。正因?yàn)樗袃蓚€(gè)挖掘鏟,它的形式分別是什么和什么,形成了運(yùn)送通道,這就使得花生秸稈很容易通過(guò)。圖3 挖掘鏟機(jī)架示意圖3.3 V形皮帶傳送的設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)不同情況的土地,應(yīng)該調(diào)整和改變收獲部分的擺動(dòng)頻率。出于這個(gè)原因,通過(guò)替換V型皮帶輪而改變擺動(dòng)頻率的V型帶傳送機(jī)構(gòu)已被采用。在優(yōu)化四連桿機(jī)構(gòu)和皮帶輪的大小之后,擺動(dòng)的頻率和范圍更加合理。3.4 網(wǎng)格狀的設(shè)計(jì)如果網(wǎng)格的截面形狀為圓形,那么和挖掘鏟的連接點(diǎn)在工作之后則很容易被折斷。為了提高其抗彎曲強(qiáng)度,在理論設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)驗(yàn)分析(如圖4示結(jié)構(gòu))后,“平坦”的矩形截面網(wǎng)格已被采取。 圖4 網(wǎng)格形狀圖4運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程 4.1 主要部分的理論分析圖5表明了4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)的傳動(dòng)部分結(jié)構(gòu)。在該圖中,3號(hào)是傳動(dòng)軸,11號(hào)是偏心輪,AE和BD分別表示搖桿臂5和8,CD和EF分別表示連桿6和12,A和B分別表示豎立軸4和9(參照?qǐng)D2)。 圖5 傳動(dòng)部分結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖圖6 運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)化圖當(dāng)4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)工作時(shí),傳動(dòng)軸3驅(qū)動(dòng)偏心輪11運(yùn)動(dòng)。由于E點(diǎn)的軌跡是一個(gè)空間圓弧,但其長(zhǎng)度在XOY坐標(biāo)平面中遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比AE搖桿的軌跡圓弧短(10),所以在XOY坐標(biāo)平面中E點(diǎn)軌跡大致是直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。圖6表示出了其運(yùn)動(dòng)的形式。OF代表偏心距和EF代表連桿12。由于OF= R,EF= L,則E點(diǎn)軌道可近似被視為一條直線OE。根據(jù)軸直角性可以用來(lái)建立運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程。以O(shè)點(diǎn)為坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn),以O(shè)O為X軸的正方向。根據(jù)已知條件,在開(kāi)始t = 0時(shí),F(xiàn)是在F的地方,E在原點(diǎn)O的地方。顯然OF+OF= L+R。在任何時(shí)間E點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為:假定,那么根據(jù)曲柄搖桿結(jié)構(gòu),K通常取1/61/4。由二項(xiàng)式公式,那么從第三位開(kāi)始的其他數(shù)字小得多,所以忽略不計(jì)。即:,則E點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程近似為:反平行四邊形機(jī)構(gòu)ABCD的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性取決于E點(diǎn)的軌跡,圖7表示了其結(jié)構(gòu)。A和B分別代表直立軸4和9,AE和BD分別代表?yè)u桿5和8,CD為連桿6。如果A在零(0,0),AX方向是坐標(biāo)軸的正方向,AE= L1,那么A(直立軸)角速度方程近似為:圖7 反平行四邊形機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖4.2 收獲部分的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程如圖8所示,當(dāng)4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)相對(duì)地面靜止時(shí),擺動(dòng)網(wǎng)格AH上任意點(diǎn)都繞其豎直軸線做水平和扇形往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。工作時(shí),擺動(dòng)網(wǎng)格上任意點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)可分為繞其軸線的擺動(dòng)和隨拖拉機(jī)的前行。正是因?yàn)樨Q直軸的擺動(dòng)速度是不同的,運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡也不一樣,但它有確定的規(guī)律。以擺動(dòng)網(wǎng)格的最遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)H為例,其相對(duì)靜態(tài)的方程為:其相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程為:在最優(yōu)參數(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,擺動(dòng)網(wǎng)格最遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)H的軌跡已經(jīng)利用Visual Basic和SPSS統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件得到(在圖9所示)。圖8 速度合成示意圖圖9 點(diǎn)H相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡5 收獲機(jī)的功能特性4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)成功創(chuàng)立并應(yīng)用了擺動(dòng)挖掘原理和反平行四邊形機(jī)構(gòu),它打破了依靠挖掘鏟和獨(dú)立鏈相結(jié)合在一起收獲的傳統(tǒng)方式。(1)4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)與常見(jiàn)的小四輪拖拉機(jī)相結(jié)合。這臺(tái)機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)合理、工作可靠、性能穩(wěn)定、調(diào)整方便、適應(yīng)性高,可以在多樣的農(nóng)田里工作,收獲各種品種的花生。(2)挖掘鏟和分離器相結(jié)合成為了擺動(dòng)挖掘的原理。通過(guò)這一套裝置已經(jīng)成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了花生挖掘和分離的工作,并且簡(jiǎn)化了工作程序。通過(guò)反平行四邊形機(jī)構(gòu),兩個(gè)收獲部分傳遞動(dòng)力,驅(qū)使他們以相同角度但相反方向來(lái)進(jìn)行擺動(dòng),使作用在挖掘鏟兩側(cè)的力互相平衡,這樣確保了操作的穩(wěn)定性,其運(yùn)動(dòng)阻力和功率消耗也被降低了。(3)在收獲的過(guò)程中,塑料薄膜不被破壞,容易隨同花生秸稈一起收集,且在地面上沒(méi)有殘留。 (4)由于創(chuàng)立了擺動(dòng)挖掘原理,收獲機(jī)的整體阻力和功率消耗也降低了。由于這種擺動(dòng)功能,具有重量大的土壤通過(guò)網(wǎng)格下沉,重量輕的花生向上移動(dòng),從而使花生的損失率顯著降低。 (5)花生收獲機(jī)的各種工作和性能指標(biāo)均優(yōu)于同類(lèi)型機(jī)器,其生產(chǎn)效率更高,損失率更低,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益顯著。對(duì)于中國(guó)的小規(guī)模農(nóng)田來(lái)說(shuō),4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)是新型典型的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品,更加適合中國(guó)花生生產(chǎn)。這種收獲機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,價(jià)格低廉。它的各項(xiàng)性能指標(biāo)均優(yōu)于中國(guó)花生收獲機(jī)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。它為客戶帶來(lái)了更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。在應(yīng)用和推廣用于花生生產(chǎn)后,4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)已經(jīng)贏得了社會(huì)廣泛贊譽(yù)。這項(xiàng)專利成果充分表明,4H-2型花生收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)和原理已經(jīng)達(dá)到了一個(gè)新高度。參考文獻(xiàn)1 段書(shū)芬,侯文廣.世界花生生產(chǎn)及貿(mào)易前景J.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)通報(bào),1990,6(2):21-25.2 陶守祥.山東省花生高產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)狀和前景J.花生科技,1993,2:26-29.3 陳傳強(qiáng).花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)機(jī)械化的廣播演講R.山東省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械推廣中心,2000.4 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)電影電視中心.有多少臺(tái)花
收藏