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外文資料 CAM mechanism CAM mechanism with oscillating follower by CAM, three basic components and testing of high vice institutions. The CAM is a curve profile or groove with the component, generally to active pieces, be constant rotation movement or reciprocating linear motion. CAM mechanism with oscillating follower by CAM, three basic components and testing of high vice institutions. The CAM is a curve profile or groove with the component, generally to active pieces, be constant rotation movement or reciprocating linear motion. And the CAM contour contacts, and transfer power and for achieving the component, the movement rule of general do reciprocating linear motion or wobble, called a follower. CAM in the application basic features can make follower get more complex movement rules. Because follower motion depends on the CAM contour curve, so the application, as long as the motion law of according to follower to design the CAM contour curve. CAM is widely used in various automatic machinery, equipment Disc CAM, cylindrical CAM and mobile CAM etc, with cylindrical CAM groove curve is the space curve, thus belong to spatial CAM. CAM follower and make contacts or line contact, have roller follower, flat-bottomed follower and sophisticated follower, etc. Tip with any complex follower of CAM contour maintain contact, may realize the arbitrary exercise, but sophisticated easy wear and applicable YuChuanLi smaller low-speed institutions. In order to make the CAM follower and always maintain contact, can use nukes Reed or exerting gravity. With the CAM groove can make follower of sports, for transfer to determine that a dynamic CAM. Usually the CAM is active, but also have driven or fixed CAM. Most of the CAM is single-degree-of-freedom, but also have double dof conoid CAM. Compact structure, CAM follower is most suitable for requirements for intermittent movement occasion. It and hydraulic and pneumatic of similar institutions comparison, sports and reliable, so in automatic lathes, internal combustion engines, m. presses and widely used. But CAM mechanism, wear easily, have noise of high-speed CAM design is more complex, manufacturing requirements is higher. classification CAM classification: According to the CAM shape points 1) disc CAM 2) mobile CAM 3) cylindrical CAM Press follower type points 1) pointed bottom follower; 2) roller follower; 3) flat-bottomed follower According to maintain high vice contact points (lock match) 1) force lock match: spring force, gravity, etc; 2) geometric lock match: equal-diameter CAM, width CAM; advantages Simple and compact structure, design is convenient, can achieve follower arbitrary expected sport, so in machine tools, textile machinery, light industry machinery, printing machinery, electromechanical integration assemble extensively applied. faults 1) dot, line contact wear easily; 2) CAM contour machining difficulty; 3) trip is not big Follower motion rule With roller in the head-on straight moving follower disc CAM (figure 2), CAM follower turn in a week for litres - stop - drop - stop 4 movement. The CAM is a curve profile or groove with the component, generally to active pieces, be constant rotation movement or reciprocating linear motion. Follower displacement s (or stroke height (h) and CAM corner Φ (or time t) called the relationship displacement curve. Follower trip h pushing process and return. CAM contour curve displacement curve shape depends. In some mechanical, by the process of displacement curve decision, but usually only stroke and the corresponding CAM corner according to work need to decide, and the shape of the curve is selected by the designer, can have a variety of sports laws. The traditional CAM movement rules have accelerated - such as constant, speed and cosine acceleration and sine acceleration, etc. Constant movement rules for a speed mutations, will produce strong rigid impact, only suitable for low speed. Slow down and speed - such as the acceleration speed mutations add 8031, can cause flexible impact, only applies to medium, low speed. Sine acceleration movement rules of acceleration curve is continuous, without any impact, can be used for high speed. In order to make the acceleration of CAM motion and its speed rate is too large, taking into account the momentum, vibration, CAM size, spring size and process requirements, etc, still can design the various other movement rules. Application more useful segments curve combination becomes movement rules, such as deformation sine acceleration, deformation trapezoid acceleration and deformation constant movement rules etc., using electronic computer can also optional combination into various movement rules. Still can use polynomial says movement rules, and to get a continuous acceleration curve. In order to obtain the most satisfied with the acceleration curve, still can give a with numerical form any acceleration curve, and then use the finite difference method for displacement curve, finally designed CAM contour line. Some automata usually use several CAM coordination work, in order to make each CAM control each part of a coordinated actions, still must CAM Design before compiling a correct movement cycle figure. And reduce surface roughness. CAM working conditions is the air is dry, lubricating oil clean, or use with a variety of additives lubricating oil. Lubricant viscosity and oil-supplied way choice to consider the shape and CAM follower of speed, etc. CAM and follower of materials should be appropriately, such as a hard to match the cheap steel and cast iron, suitable for high speed sliding; Hardened steel and phosphorus bronze vibration and noise is small, still can compensate outline of are not accurate. Cast steel and cast iron matching use effect is fair. But hard nickel steel and hard nickel steel, mild steel and mild steel etc is the effect not beautiful combination of. For geometry parameters, lubrication, materials and surface roughness etc, also can use elastohyddrodynamic lubrication theory, in order to reduce wear integrated computation. Improve life CAM contour line design The illustrations and analytical design CAM in two ways. To bring the roller head-on straight moving follower, for example, graphic method, in determining the Φ, displacement curve s initial position and CAM roller center after yankees r0 circle radius, CAM contour line can be obtained by inversion, even convex motionless, find out a series of relative to the CAM roller with smooth curve position, connecting the roller center B1, B2, B3. The theory of such point asking CAM profiling, to make these roller envelope that get the actual contour of CAM. Choose roller radius rr, the theoretical contour should be less than the minimum radius of curvature, lest produce interference. Also, with analytical method to determine the first follower displacement change rule s = s (Φ), base circle radius r0 and roller radius, thereby get rr theoretical contour of CAM x = - the parameter equation , y = rcos rsi Φ, type of r = r0 + s. CAM actual contour line is composed of a series of roller round the envelope curve clan, clan for the equation curve, Φ y1 clamps its x1 f (x) = (2 + clamps its x1 - y1 - y) 2 - r = 0, so connections f (y1, Φ clamps its x1, may have curve) = 0, namely the envelope family of actual contour (see conjugate curves). Base circle radius chosen smaller,, the greater the pressure Angle of CAM design income to size are small, but unfavorable force, serious still can happen self-locking phenomenon, so in space allows conditions should adopt the larger base circle radius to improve the stress of the CAM. Use electronic computers convex contour line design can improve efficiency and comprehensive consideration from various optimized design. This can be used to get all kinds of sports laws of the follower displacement, velocity and acceleration equivalence and convex profile coordinates, calculate CAM contour line the curvature radius, arbitrary point pressure Angle and stress, meet the contact intensity and anti-wear Angle, for minimal size of the CAM, and still can draw the CAM space graphics. By grinding measures CAM easy to wear, one of the main reasons is contact stress is bigger. The roller CAM and the contact stress can be considered separately equal to pick. CAM radius Touch the curvature radius and in the two YuanZhuMian contact roller radius of compressive stress, and the calculation formulas used polarized should make the calculation stress less than allowable stress. Prompted CAM wear factors and load characteristics, geometric parameter, materials, surface roughness, corrosion, sliding, lubrication and processing, etc. Which lubricates and material choice to wear life influence especially large. In order to reduce wear, improve service life, in addition to limit the contact stress of heat treatment and surface chemistry will be taken measures such as low load running-in, in order to improve the material surface hardness. Must regard driven system as a flexible system to design. System output terminal part of the movement( Φ) with CAM "s the part of the sport s contact (Φ) the differences, the so-called displacement response. Therefore shall first be reasonably selected s (Φ), obtained( Φ), then sc (Φ) by ask CAM contour line. It can be applied to the bearing capacity of the elastohyddrodynamic lubrication theory calculation method. High-speed CAM follower for larger, more than spring in inertia force and other plus force may open CAM contour line instantaneous off, produce beating and cause vibration. For indeed move CAM groove, with from one side to the other side contact often can cause shock vibration. This phenomenon can through the reasonable choice of motion, a properly designed spring and improving system solution to rigid, etc. High-speed CAM shall also have the high profile manufacture accuracy and low surface roughness and properly choose oil and lubrication method.  中文譯文 凸輪機構是由凸輪，從動件和機架三個基本構件組成的高副機構。 凸輪是一個具有曲線輪廓或凹槽的構件，一般為主動件，作等速回轉運動或往復直線運動。 凸輪機構是由凸輪，從動件和機架三個基本構件組成的高副機構。 ?? 凸輪機構 凸輪是一個具有曲線輪廓或凹槽的構件，一般為主動件，作等速回轉運動或往復直線運動。 　　 ?? 凸輪機構 與凸輪輪廓接觸，并傳遞動力和實現(xiàn)預定的運動規(guī)律的構件，一般做往復直線運動或擺動，稱為從動件。 　　凸輪機構在應用中的基本特點在于能使從動件獲得較復雜的運動規(guī)律。因為從動件的運動規(guī)律取決于凸輪輪廓曲線，所以在應用時，只要根據從動件的運動規(guī)律來設計凸輪的輪廓曲線就可以了。 凸輪機構廣泛應用于各種自動機械、儀器和操縱控制裝置。凸輪機構之所以得到如此廣泛的應用，主要是由于凸輪機構可以實現(xiàn)各種復雜的運動要求，而且結構簡單、緊湊。 　　由凸輪的回轉運動或往復運動推動從動件作規(guī)定往復移動或擺動的機構。凸輪具有曲線輪廓或凹槽，有 ?? 凸輪機構 盤形凸輪、圓柱凸輪和移動凸輪等，其中圓柱凸輪的凹槽曲線是空間曲線，因而屬于空間凸輪。從動件與凸輪作點接觸或線接觸，有滾子從動件、平底從動件和尖端從動件等。尖端從動件能與任意復雜的凸輪輪廓保持接觸，可實現(xiàn)任意運動，但尖端容易磨損，適用于傳力較小的低速機構中。為了使從動件與凸輪始終保持接觸，可采用彈 ?? 凸輪機構 簧或施加重力。具有凹槽的凸輪可使從動件傳遞確定的運動，為確動凸輪的一種。一般情況下凸輪是主動的，但也有從動或固定的凸輪。多數凸輪是單自由度的，但也有雙自由度的劈錐凸輪。凸輪機構結構緊湊，最適用于要求從動件作間歇運動的場合。它與液壓和氣動的類似機構比較，運動可靠，因此在自動機床、內燃機、印刷機和紡織機中得到廣泛應用。但凸輪機構易磨損，有噪聲，高速凸輪的設計比較復雜，制造要求較高。 　　凸輪機構的分類： 按凸輪形狀分 　　1）盤形凸輪 　　2）移動凸輪 　　3）圓柱凸輪 按從動件型式分 　　1）尖底從動件； 　　2）滾子從動件； 3）平底從動件 按維持高副接觸分 　　1）力鎖合：彈簧力、重力等； 　　2）幾何鎖合：等徑凸輪、等寬凸輪； 優(yōu)點 　　結構簡單、緊湊、設計方便，可實現(xiàn)從動件任意預期運動，因此在機床、紡織機械、輕工機械、印刷機械、機電一體化裝配中大量應用。 缺點 　　1）點、線接觸易磨損； 　　2）凸輪輪廓加工困難； 　　3）行程不大 從動件運動規(guī)律 　　在帶滾子的對心直動從動件盤形凸輪機構（圖2）中,凸輪回轉一周從動件依次作升-停-降-停4個動作。 ?? 凸輪機構 從動件位移s（或行程高度h）與凸輪轉角Φ（或時間t）的關系稱為位移曲線。從動件的行程h有推程和回程。 凸輪輪廓曲線決定于位移曲線的形狀。在某些機械中，位移曲線由工藝過程決定，但一般情況下只有行程和對應的凸輪轉角根據工作需要決定，而曲線的形狀則由設計者選定，可以有多種運動規(guī)律。傳統(tǒng)的凸輪運動規(guī)律有等速、等加速－等減速、余弦加速度和正弦加速度等。等速運動規(guī)律因有速度突變，會產生強烈的剛性沖擊，只適用于低速。等加速-等減速和余弦加速度也有加速度突變,會引起柔性沖擊，只適用于中、低速。正弦加速度運動規(guī)律的加速度曲線是連續(xù)的，沒有任何沖擊，可用于高速。 　　 ?? 凸輪機構 為使凸輪機構運動的加速度及其速度變化率都不太大，同時考慮動量、振動、凸輪尺寸、彈簧尺寸和工藝要求等問題，還可設計出其他各種運動規(guī)律。應用較多的有用幾段曲線組合而成的運動規(guī)律，諸如變形正弦加速度、變形梯形加速度和變形等速的運動規(guī)律等，利用電子計算機也可以隨意組合成各種運動規(guī)律。還可以采用多項式表示的運動規(guī)律，以獲得一連續(xù)的加速度曲線。為了獲得最滿意的加速度曲線，還可以任意用數值形式給出一條加速度曲線，然后用有限差分法求出位移曲線，最后設計出凸輪廓線。 　　一些自動機通常用幾個凸輪配合工作，為了使各個凸輪所控制的各部分動作配合協(xié)調，還必須在凸輪 ?? 凸輪機構 設計以前先編制一個正確的運動循環(huán)圖。 和降低表面粗糙度。凸輪的工作條件是空氣干燥、潤滑油潔凈，或采用加有各種添加劑的潤滑油。潤滑油的粘度和供油方式的選擇要考慮從動件的形狀和凸輪的轉速等。凸輪和從動件的材料匹配應適當，如硬鋼和鑄鐵價廉，適用于高速滑動；硬鋼和磷青銅的振動和噪聲小，還能補償輪廓的不精確。鑄鐵和鑄鐵配對使用效果尚可。但硬鎳鋼和硬鎳鋼、軟鋼和軟鋼等的組合則效果不佳。對于幾何參數、潤滑、材料和表面粗糙度等，也可采用彈性流體動壓潤滑理論進行綜合計算，以減少磨損。 凸輪壽命設計 　　 ?? 凸輪機構 設計凸輪有圖解和解析兩種方法。以帶滾子的對心直動從動件為例，用圖解法時，在確定位移曲線 sΦ、滾子中心初始位置和凸輪基圓半徑r0后，凸輪廓線可由反轉法得到,即使凸不動，找出滾子相對于凸輪的一系列位置，用光滑曲線連接各滾子中心B1、B2、 ?? 凸輪機構 B3……等點即得凸輪的理論廓線，再作這些滾子的包絡線即得到凸輪的實際廓線。選擇滾子半徑rr,應小于理論廓線的最小曲率半徑,以免產生干涉。用解析法時,同樣先要確定從動件的位移變化規(guī)律s=s(Φ)、基圓半徑r0和滾子半徑rr,從而得到凸輪理論廓線的參數方程x＝-rsiΦ,y＝rcosΦ,式中r=r0+s。凸輪實際廓線是一系列滾子圓組成的曲線族的包絡線，曲線族的方程為f(x1,y1Φ)=(x1-x)2+(y1-y)2-r婄=0，所以聯(lián)解f(x1，y1，Φ)＝0可得曲線族的包絡線，即實際廓線（見共軛曲線）。 　　基圓半徑選得越小，壓力角越大，設計所得的凸輪尺寸雖小，但對受力情況不利，嚴重的還會發(fā)生自鎖現(xiàn)象，因此在空間允許的條件下應選取較大的基圓半徑以改善凸輪的受力情況。 ?? 凸輪機構 用電子計算機進行凸輪廓線設計能提高效率，并能從多方面綜合考慮進行優(yōu)化設計。這樣可用以求得各種運動規(guī)律下的從動件的位移、速度、加速度等值和凸輪廓線坐標值，算出凸輪廓線上任意點的曲率半徑、壓力角和應力，滿足接觸強度和抗磨的角度，以獲得最小尺寸的凸輪，而且還可畫出凸輪的空間圖形。 凸輪容易磨損，主要原因之一是接觸應力較大。凸輪與滾子的接觸應力可以看作是半徑分別等于凸輪接 ?? 凸輪機構 觸處的曲率半徑和滾子半徑的兩圓柱面接觸時的壓應力，可用赫芝公式進行計算，應使計算應力小于許用應力。促使凸輪磨損的因素還有載荷特性、幾何參數、材料、表面粗糙度、腐蝕、滑動、潤滑和加工情況等。其中潤滑情況和材料選擇對磨損壽命影響尤大。為了減小磨損、提高使用壽命，除限制接觸應力外還要采取表面化學熱處理和低載跑合等措施，以提高材料的表面硬度。 須把從動系統(tǒng)當作是一個彈性系統(tǒng)來設計。系統(tǒng)輸出端部分的運動 sΦ)和同凸輪接觸端部分的運動s ?? 凸輪機構 (Φ)存在著差異，即所謂位移響應。因此應首先合理地選定s(Φ),從而求得sc(Φ),然后由sc(Φ)求凸輪廓線。它的承載能力也可應用彈性流體動壓潤滑理論的計算方法。高速凸輪從動件因慣性力較大，在超過彈簧力和其他外加力時可能瞬時脫開凸輪廓線，產生跳動而引起振動。對于具有凹槽的確動凸輪，從一側轉向另一側接觸往往會引起沖擊振動。這種現(xiàn)象可以通過合理選擇運動規(guī)律、正確設計彈簧和提高系統(tǒng)的剛性等辦法來解決。高速凸輪還應有很高的輪廓制造精度和較低的表面粗糙度，并適當選擇潤滑油和潤滑方法。