中考英語專題復習 專題十八 閱讀理解 第4講 閱讀理解CD篇.doc

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專題十八閱讀理解第4講北京海淀一模閱讀理解CD篇教學目標1. 掌握本篇閱讀理解中出現的高頻詞及長難句。2. 掌握閱讀理解的解題技巧, 并能夠指出本篇閱讀理解中運用到的解題技巧。3. 通過閱讀理解高頻詞、長難句等語料的積累, 及閱讀理解解題技巧的練習, 靈活應對各種閱讀理解題。C篇名師點撥知識篇“巧婦難為無米之炊”, 在英語學習的過程中, 語料的積累至關重要。對于閱讀理解高頻詞和長難句的梳理, 能夠為我們今后的學習和提升打下良好的基礎。親愛的同學, 老師已經為你梳理出了本篇文章中的一些高頻詞和長難句, 快來看看你掌握了嗎？高頻詞（課前檢測學生的詞匯量儲備, 以教師提問的形式進行。能夠準確翻譯的為優(yōu), 模糊翻譯的良, 不會翻譯的為差。）單詞/短語詞性詞義拓展掌握情況優(yōu)良差madadj.瘋狂的spreadv. 傳播realizev.意識到get used to習慣于，適應destroyv.毀壞，破壞biologicaladj.生物的smartadj.聰明的unknowinglyadj.不知不覺的slide into溜進breakv.打破preventfrom阻止做belongv.屬于belong to 屬于長難句（課前檢測學生的句型儲備, 以教師提問的形式進行。能夠準確翻譯的為優(yōu), 模糊翻譯的良, 不會翻譯的為差。）1. They are using these chickens to see if the West Nile virus (病毒) is still around.（優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：他們用這些雞的目的是為了看是否西尼羅河病毒仍然在周圍。本句中的to為不定式作目的狀語，表示使用這些雞的目的。2. Countries around the world are realizing that it may just be possible to stop certain kinds of people from entering their land.（優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：世界各地的國家正在意識到阻止某種人進入他們的領地也許是有可能的。本句話包含了一個由that引導的賓語從句，做realize的賓語。3. Tree snakes from Papua New Guinea are busy eating up some birds in the country of Guam, which breaks its natural balance. （優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：來自巴布亞新幾內亞的樹蛇正忙著吃光關島的一些鳥，這件事打破了它的自然平衡。本句話是由which引導的定語從句，which代表整個主句，也就是樹蛇吃光鳥這件事，翻譯時要注意。方法篇“方法得當, 事半功倍。”只有語料的積累, 沒有好方法的輔助也是不夠的。對于閱讀理解解題方法的梳理, 能夠幫助我們更好地理解閱讀理解的命題邏輯, 在有足夠語料積累的基礎上, 能夠幫助我們爭取高分。親愛的同學, 老師已經為你精心整理了閱讀理解的解題技巧, 快來看看你掌握了多少？一、閱讀理解解題步驟第一步快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大概。瀏覽時要注意以下句子：每段的開頭和結尾，重要的情節(jié)句子，如果遇到未學或不認識的單詞或不理解的句子，可以根據上下文猜測，切不可停留而放慢速度。第二步瀏覽問題，明確要求。把文章后每個題目內容看明白，這樣又能輔助進一步理解文章的主要內容，具體做題時就能對號入座，找到文章中確切表達所要回答問題的關鍵句子。第三步通篇尋讀，確定段落。也就是帶著問題去讀，找到要回答問題的關鍵詞、句或意群，以及任何有關答題的信息，用鉛筆畫下來，以便為下一步答題做好充分準備。第四步逐條分析，對號入座。把需要回答的問題和尋讀中找到的信息逐條分析，對號入座。一般來說，出題者問題設計都是按照文章內容自上到下順序設計的，根據難度先解決容易的，最后解決深層次的理解題。第五步復讀全文，驗證答案。全部題目做完后，必須再仔細閱讀一遍全文，進一步加深對文章理解，核實所選答案是否正確。二、閱讀理解解題技巧初中英語選擇型閱讀理解題主要分為四種題型，分別是細節(jié)理解題，推理判斷題，猜測詞義題和主旨大意題。接下來我們將從這四種題型的定義，設題方式和解題技巧三方面進行介紹。題型題型一：細節(jié)理解題解釋本類試題主要考察學生對閱讀材料中的某一特定細節(jié)或文章的主要事實的理解能力。問題包括詢問人（who）、物（what）、時間（when）、地點（where）、原因（cause）、結果（effect）、文中的數據（data）等。新聞、說明文、廣告信息等常?？疾爝@些細節(jié)。設題方式1. Which of the following statements is true/false?2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)?解題技巧1. 細心審題，直接就題找答案2. 變通理解，間接轉述找答案3. 多點歸納，綜合事實找答案典題精析Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（別扭的）.If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .A. get hurtB. give up cuttingC. feel awkwardD. change their tools本題可以運用到解題技巧1. 細心審題，直接就題找答案瀏覽題干，確定關鍵短語為cut up potatoes with their left hand，瀏覽段落，確定關鍵句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（別扭的）.“如果你是一個習慣用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成塊。如果你感到別扭并不讓人驚訝。”，根據句意即可推斷出正確答案，故選C。題型題型二：推理判斷題解釋推理判斷題著重考察學生的邏輯思維能力，即要求學生根據文章的邏輯關系進行推理判斷。此類題目難度大，涉及面廣，如人物的性格、心理，故事的結局、寓意，文章的出處、體裁，作者的傾向、態(tài)度等。設題方式1. It can be inferred from the text that_.2. From the text we know that _.3. With which of the following does the author agree?4. The passage is probably taken from a _.解題技巧1. 通過文章陳述的事實進行推斷2. 根據文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，動作和語言進行推斷3. 根據作者的意圖和態(tài)度進行推斷典題精析Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developingher mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up.Grayson Perry, an artist,grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictures for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours looking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely.The writer talks about Syal and Perry to .A. stress the great differences between themB. introduce a popular writer and a famous artistC. suggest good ways of going through boredomD. show effects of boredom on developing creativity本題可以運用到解題技巧2. 根據文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，動作和語言進行推斷題干意為“作者談論Syal和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。兩個段落很長，我們首先要精讀段落，抓住兩個人物的態(tài)度，第一段中關鍵句為a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意為“Meera Syal說無聊幫助她發(fā)展了她的思想”，第二段關鍵句為He became creative, because he could think freely.意為“他變得積極，因為他能夠自由思考”，由這兩句關鍵句可知兩個人都認為“無聊可以發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力，”，故選D。題型題型三：詞義猜測題解釋單詞的猜測能力是閱讀理解能力的主要組成部分，是考查對文中關鍵詞語的理解。而且，所考察的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據文中語境來判斷。設題方式1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _.2. The word“”most likely means _.3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _.解題技巧1. 通過因果關系猜測詞義2. 通過同義詞和近、反義詞的關系猜測詞義3. 通過構詞法猜測詞義4. 通過定義或釋義說明來猜測詞義5. 通過描述猜測詞義6. 用知識和生活經驗猜測詞義7. 根據上下文的指代關系猜測詞義典題精析Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. However, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity.What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A. Slow down.B. Keep up with.C. Go beyond.D. Give rise to.本題可以運用到解題技巧2. 通過同義詞和近、反義詞的關系猜測詞義瀏覽本段，會發(fā)現本段中存在轉折連詞while“然而”，while后的句意為“無聊能給他們發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力的機會”，所以while之前的句意應該與之相反，進一步推測詞義。A意為“（使）慢下來”，B意為“跟上”，C意為“超出”，D意為“引起，導致”，故選A。題型題型四：主旨大意題解釋考查學生對文章主題或中心思想的領會和理解能力。設題方式1. 問標題：What is the main topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _.2. 問中心：The first paragraph is mainly about the _. / The passage is mostly about _.3. 問目的，態(tài)度：The author wants to tell _. / The purpose of this article is to _.解題技巧1. 瀏覽文章首尾段和各段開頭，抓住主旨段或主旨句2. 瀏覽全文，抓住關鍵字眼，把握主旨3. 以掌握主旨為前提，處理推斷作者語氣及寫作意圖典題精析In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A. Causes of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handersC. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.本題可以運用到解題技巧2. 瀏覽全文，抓住關鍵字眼，把握主旨本題考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先鎖定第二段的關鍵詞but，but之前的關鍵詞in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在過去人們認為使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的關鍵詞these days和have accepted that表明了現在人們接受了慣用左手的人。所以這段主要是講述了人們關于慣用左手的人的態(tài)度上的轉變。可以判定答案為Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故選D。語篇精講瀏覽問題（抓住題干及選項中的關鍵詞，以便有目的性的通讀文章）題號題干及選項1Why are Canadian officials placing chickens along the border? （細節(jié)理解題）A. To help clean up the border. B. To see if the virus is still around. C. To protect the chickens from falling ill. D. To make sure that the birds can find food. 2Which of the following is TRUE? （細節(jié)理解題）A. People find it difficult to travel from one place to another. B. Plants always create problems in places where they belong. C. Biological polluters may destroy the local plant and animal life. D. Viruses spend a long time getting used to the local environment. 3Customs officials in many countries prevent people from bringing in _. （細節(jié)理解題）A. chocolates B. shoes C. pictures D. plants 4What is the best title for the passage? （主旨大意題）A. Land Pollution B. The West Nile Virus C. Smart Polluters D. The Water Hyacinth 通篇尋讀（通讀文章，根據問題中的關鍵詞標記出文章中的重點詞，短語或句子，為逐題分析做準備）話題體裁字數建議用時實際用時正確率星級科普環(huán)保類說明文3607分鐘_/4Health officials in Canada are very busy these days. They are placing chickens at fixed points all along their 2,500 km border (邊境) with the United States of America. Its not a joke, nor have the Canadians gone mad. They are using these chickens to see if the West Nile virus (病毒) is still around. The virus infects birds, so the chickens have a chance of catching the virus and fall ill. The West Nile virus is spread among humans. It killed seven people in New York last year. Countries around the world are realizing that it may just be possible to stop certain kinds of people from entering their land. However, it is very difficult to stop viruses traveling from one end of the earth to another. When they travel to new places, they get used to the environment very easily and sometimes start destroying the local plant and animal life. These biological polluters are called smart polluters. These smart polluters can be carried across borders of countries unknowingly. Just as we humans are travelling across the world more often than earlier, these biological polluters have also started journey much more. They slide into airplanes through their wheels. They dig into objects that travelers may be carrying from one country to another. There are some good examples of how these polluters work. The water hyacinth (水葫蘆) of South America is blocking lakes in China and Africa. Tree snakes from Papua New Guinea are busy eating up some birds in the country of Guam, which breaks its natural balance. Thats why the customs (海關) officials in many foreign countries prevent people from bringing in a small plant, or an object made of wood that is in its natural form. The customs officials have these rules because these varieties (多樣性) of plants are special to certain places. The plants have the power to spread new illnesses among native plants and animals. Biological polluters always create problems in places where they do not belong. They could be special varieties of plants, bugs or even animals. 逐題分析語篇解讀：本文是一篇科普環(huán)保類的說明文。文章主要說明了smart polluters這種污染的特性，傳播途徑及對自然造成的危害。1. Why are Canadian officials placing chickens along the border? A. To help clean up the border. B. To see if the virus is still around. C. To protect the chickens from falling ill. D. To make sure that the birds can find food. 解析：B.細節(jié)理解題。題干意為“為什么加拿大官方沿著邊境放置雞？”，題干關鍵詞Canadian officials placing chickens出現在文中第一段，瀏覽第一段并沒有發(fā)現答案，我們接著瀏覽第二段，第二段同樣是對這一事實的描述，根據關鍵句They are using these chickens to see if the West Nile virus (病毒) is still around.可知“他們用這些雞是為了看病毒是否仍然存在?！?，故選B。2. Which of the following is TRUE? A. People find it difficult to travel from one place to another. B. Plants always create problems in places where they belong. C. Biological polluters may destroy the local plant and animal life. D. Viruses spend a long time getting used to the local environment. 解析：C. 細節(jié)理解題。本題需要我們逐項排除。A項意為“人們發(fā)現smart polluters很難從一個地方傳播到另一個地方”，根據文章第四段關鍵句These smart polluters can be carried across borders of countries unknowingly.中的“unknowingly”可知它的傳播是不知不覺的，故此項錯誤；B項意為“植物總是在它們所屬的地方創(chuàng)造問題”，根據文章最后一段關鍵句Biological polluters always create problems in places where they do not belong.可以判定此項是錯誤的，這里需要注意選項中的plants就是biological polluters中的一種；C項意為“生物污染能夠摧毀當地的植物或動物的生命”，根據第三段中關鍵句sometimes start destroying the local plant and animal life可以判定此項是正確地；D項意為“病毒花費很長時間適應當地的環(huán)境”，根據第三段中關鍵句they get used to the environment very easily可知它們很容易適應環(huán)境，故此項錯誤。3. Customs officials in many countries prevent people from bringing in _. A. chocolates B. shoes C. pictures D. plants 解析：D. 細節(jié)理解題。題干意為“許多國家的海關官員阻止人們攜帶什么入境？”，A項意為“巧克力”；B項意為“鞋”；C項意為“圖片”；D項意為“巧克力”。根據題干關鍵詞customs officials可將答案鎖定在文中最后一段，根據段中關鍵句customs (海關) officials in many foreign countries prevent people from bringing in a small plant, or an object made of wood that is in its natural form.可以推斷出答案，故選D。4. What is the best title for the passage? A. Land Pollution B. The West Nile Virus C. Smart Polluters D. The Water Hyacinth 解析：C主旨大意題。本題旨在為文章選擇合適的題目。瀏覽全文會發(fā)現文章主要介紹的是smart polluters這種污染，而B和D是這種污染形式的例子，A項文中沒有涉及，故選C。精講筆記（學生在教師的指導下, 回顧本講中積累的閱讀理解的知識和方法）語篇中積累的詞匯（至少積累10個）單詞詞性及詞義單詞的運用（鼓勵學生用所學詞匯造句）語篇中的學到的方法（至少掌握2種）細節(jié)理解題1、2、3推理判斷題詞義猜測題主旨大意題4能力提升基礎過關一、詞匯/短語英漢互譯單詞/短語詞性詞義adj.瘋狂的spreadv. realizev.get used tov.毀壞，破壞biologicaladj.adj.聰明的unknowinglyadj.slide intov.打破preventfromv.屬于二、句子英漢互譯1. 醫(yī)生徹夜的工作以拯救傷者的生命。_.2. 因特網是如此有趣，它使任何事都有可能發(fā)生。_.3. They are using these chickens to see if the West Nile virus (病毒) is still around._.4. Countries around the world are realizing that it may just be possible to stop certain kinds of people from entering their land._.5. Tree snakes from Papua New Guinea are busy eating up some birds in the country of Guam, which breaks its natural balance. _.閱讀練習話題體裁字數建議用時實際用時正確率星級科普環(huán)保類議論文4187分鐘_/4Need to buy something? Why go to a store? Buy it on the Internet! Need it now? Why wait? Ask for next-day delivery! Each day, more and more people try online shopping. In fact, online sales have doubled in the last ten years. But not everyone is excited. Some scientists now say that online shopping is bad for the environment.People are surprised to hear this. “They think, I dont need to drive, and the business doesnt need to build a store, so there will be less pollution,” says Nuria Prost, an environmental scientist. “But it is not so simple. In fact, online shopping is wasteful. It also adds to air pollution.”In truth, the Internet is not always as good a friend to the environment as it seems. For example, most people thought that the Internet would help offices use less paper and other materials. But paper use increased by 33 percent between 1986 and 1997. “Online shopping could have similarly negative effects,” says Nevil Cohen, a professor of environmental science.Part of the problem is what people are buying these days. In the past, people bought things on the Internet that did not require much packing material, such as books and clothing. But now people also shop online for large, heavy products such as televisions, puters, and furniture. These products need to be packed in large amounts of plastic and paper. This creates a lot of waste.Another problem caused by online shopping is air pollution. When customers buy products and ask for next-day delivery, panies often have to send them by air. Airplanes use much more fuel than cars and produce more carbon dioxide (CO2). When people buy a lot of different things from different online businesses, this creates even more travel by airplane.Online product returns are also a problem. For example, an online shoe store may allow customers to return shoes without extra pay if they are the wrong size. This doubles the packing material and number of airplane trips required to sell one pair of shoes.“If people want to protect the environment, they need to think before they shop,” says Prost. “People need to ask themselves: Is this exactly what I want? Do I really need it tomorrow, or can I wait?” Online stores can also charge（收費）customers for returns. This may make people shop more carefully. “Online shopping is fast and easy,” says Prost, “but we cant forget the negative effects it has on the environment.”1. Why does online shopping create a lot of waste?（細節(jié)理解題）A. Because panies charge more for product returns. B. Because people buy too many things they dont need. C. Because paper use has increased by 33 percent from 1986 to 1997.D. Because large, heavy products require much packing material.2. What do panies do to meet the needs of the next-day delivery?（細節(jié)理解題）A. Prepare more products.B. Get more workers to pack.C. Send the products by air.D. Open more stores in cities.3. Prost probably agrees that _.（推理判斷題）A. people should drive to stores to buy thingsB. online shopping adds pollution to the environmentC. online shopping saves more than shopping in a storeD. people can buy things online without careful consideration4. What is probably the best title of the passage?（主旨大意題）A. A Good Deal to Make?B. A Different Lifestyle to Keep?C. A Cleaner Way to Shop?D. A New Business to Start?參考答案基礎過關一、詞匯/短語英漢互譯單詞/短語詞性詞義madadj.瘋狂的spreadv. 傳播realizev.意識到get used to習慣于，適應destroyv.毀壞，破壞biologicaladj.生物的smartadj.聰明的unknowinglyadj.不知不覺的slide into溜進breakv.打破preventfrom阻止做belongv.屬于二、句子英漢互譯。1. Doctors worked through the night to save the life of the injured man.2. Internet is so interesting, which makes all possible happen. 3. 他們用這些雞的目的是為了看是否西尼羅河病毒仍然在周圍。4. 世界各地的國家正在意識到阻止某種人進入他們的領地也許是有可能的。5. 來自巴布亞新幾內亞的樹蛇正忙著吃光關島的一些鳥，這件事打破了它的自然平衡。閱讀練習1. D 2. C 3. B 4. CD篇名師點撥知識篇高頻詞單詞/短語詞性詞義拓展掌握情況優(yōu)良差aim at目的在于pleasantadj.高興的cooperate with與合作whetheror not不論，是否normallyadv.正常的managev. 管理，設法manage to do sth. 設法做某事influencev. 影響n. influencethrowat朝扔solvev.解決speak ill of詆毀，說的壞話cheerfuladj. 愉快的necessaryadj.必要的opp. unnecessary長難句1. To make life easy and pleasant, he must cooperate with his neighbors. （優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：為了使生活簡單、愉快，他必須與他的鄰居合作。本句為不定式作目的狀語，為了。2. However, the sympathy (同情), admiration and appreciation which a neighbor may offer will have a great humanizing influence.（優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：然而，鄰居所能提供的同情，欽佩和贊賞將會提供極大的人性化的影響。本句為which引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞the sympathy , admiration and appreciation。3. Neighborliness is not only for people but it is also largely important between neighboring countries. （優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：睦鄰友好不僅對人們是重要的，而且對于鄰國之間也是很重要的。本句涉及句型“not onlybut also”,意為“不僅而且”，此句型可以用到寫作中。方法篇“方法得當, 事半功倍?！敝挥姓Z料的積累, 沒有好方法的輔助也是不夠的。對于閱讀理解解題方法的梳理, 能夠幫助我們更好地理解閱讀理解的命題邏輯, 在有足夠語料積累的基礎上, 能夠幫助我們爭取高分。親愛的同學, 老師已經為你精心整理了閱讀理解的解題技巧, 快來看看你掌握了多少？一、閱讀理解解題步驟第一步快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大概。瀏覽時要注意以下句子：每段的開頭和結尾，重要的情節(jié)句子，如果遇到未學或不認識的單詞或不理解的句子，可以根據上下文猜測，切不可停留而放慢速度。第二步瀏覽問題，明確要求。把文章后每個題目內容看明白，這樣又能輔助進一步理解文章的主要內容，具體做題時就能對號入座，找到文章中確切表達所要回答問題的關鍵句子。第三步通篇尋讀，確定段落。也就是帶著問題去讀，找到要回答問題的關鍵詞、句或意群，以及任何有關答題的信息，用鉛筆畫下來，以便為下一步答題做好充分準備。第四步逐條分析，對號入座。把需要回答的問題和尋讀中找到的信息逐條分析，對號入座。一般來說，出題者問題設計都是按照文章內容自上到下順序設計的，根據難度先解決容易的，最后解決深層次的理解題。第五步復讀全文，驗證答案。全部題目做完后，必須再仔細閱讀一遍全文，進一步加深對文章理解，核實所選答案是否正確。二、閱讀理解解題技巧初中英語選擇型閱讀理解題主要分為四種題型，分別是細節(jié)理解題，推理判斷題，猜測詞義題和主旨大意題。接下來我們將從這四種題型的定義，設題方式和解題技巧三方面進行介紹。題型題型一：細節(jié)理解題解釋本類試題主要考察學生對閱讀材料中的某一特定細節(jié)或文章的主要事實的理解能力。問題包括詢問人（who）、物（what）、時間（when）、地點（where）、原因（cause）、結果（effect）、文中的數據（data）等。新聞、說明文、廣告信息等常?？疾爝@些細節(jié)。設題方式1. Which of the following statements is tr