2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 題型技法指導(dǎo)專(zhuān)題六 簡(jiǎn)答題.doc

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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 題型技法指導(dǎo)專(zhuān)題六 簡(jiǎn)答題 真題試做 (xx湖南卷) A wise teacher once told me that every teenager needs to experience a notsofun first job from working at a grocery store to the fast food industry. Now I still remember my first day at a fast food restaurant three years ago.I wanted to save up money and buy my own car，so I applied everywhere I could that summer.The restaurant called me right away and I thought to myself，this is going to be easy.Within four hours of my first shift(輪班)，I had angry customers who plained how slow I was.I watched in fear as a kid spilled his milk everywhere，and I heard the words that no 16yearold boy or anyone for that matter wants to hear：“Mike，theres a problem in the mens bathroom and you might want gloves for this one.”I realized right away that working at the restaurant was not going to be a picnic.The manager expected a clean environment and，particularly，fast service with a friendly smile. Over three years later I still work at that restaurant whenever I go home during vacations.I love my coworkers there and all the customers know who I am.Every morning the same senior citizens e in and get their morning coffees.They chat with us workers and joke around.Our smiles have just as much to do with them making us a part of their everyday lives as the coffee does. From my first job at the restaurant，I learned teamwork and devotion.I also learned staying positive no matter how rough things seem to get.I will forever carry the experience that I gained at the restaurant with me as I go forward in my life. 81．Why did the author apply everywhere that summer？(No more than 12 words)(2 marks) ________________________________________________________________________ 82．What did the manager particularly expect the workers to do？(No more than 14 words)(3 marks) ________________________________________________________________________ 83．Why does the author still work at the restaurant during vacations？(No more than 13 words)(2 marks) ________________________________________________________________________ 84．What did the author learn from his first job？(No more than 11 words)(3 marks) ________________________________________________________________________ 考向分析 閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題要求考生在讀懂文章的基礎(chǔ)上，用不超過(guò)所規(guī)定的詞數(shù)，簡(jiǎn)要地回答有關(guān)文章內(nèi)容的問(wèn)題。旨在考查在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行書(shū)面表達(dá)的能力。 分析歷年湖南高考閱讀簡(jiǎn)答真題，可歸納出其命題特點(diǎn)為： 一、語(yǔ)篇特點(diǎn)： 體裁多為說(shuō)明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文，也有記敘文。文章結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，脈絡(luò)清晰，易于把握。xx年高考英語(yǔ)湖南卷閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題的語(yǔ)篇為新聞報(bào)道，主要報(bào)道關(guān)于北磁極移動(dòng)的最新發(fā)現(xiàn)。文章第一段為全文主題段，指出北磁極正朝西伯利亞方向移動(dòng)，下文接著分別介紹北磁極移動(dòng)的原因、移動(dòng)的速度及其影響。 xx年高考英語(yǔ)湖南卷閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題為一篇關(guān)于國(guó)際冰雕錦標(biāo)賽的說(shuō)明文。首段提出主題：每年元月，來(lái)自世界各地的14支隊(duì)伍前來(lái)瑞士參加國(guó)際冰雕錦標(biāo)賽。之后分別介紹參賽隊(duì)伍創(chuàng)作冰雕作品的方法與過(guò)程、冰雕作品的評(píng)獎(jiǎng)細(xì)則以及參賽隊(duì)伍對(duì)錦標(biāo)賽的體會(huì)等。xx年高考英語(yǔ)湖南卷閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題為一篇記敘文，文章首先簡(jiǎn)要介紹巧克力棒的發(fā)明者M(jìn)ilton S．Hershey在性格上令人敬畏的一面，而后通過(guò)“我爺爺”和Milton S．Hershey之間的一件事來(lái)體現(xiàn)Milton S．Hershey在性格上親切和幽默的一面。xx年高考英語(yǔ)湖南卷閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題也為一篇記敘文，講述圣誕節(jié)送禮物的故事，文章生動(dòng)有趣，同樣情節(jié)分明，易讀易懂。xx年高考英語(yǔ)湖南卷閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題是一篇敘事性的文章，作者介紹自己的親身經(jīng)歷。文章難度不大，考生容易掌握其大意。xx年高考英語(yǔ)湖南卷閱讀答題是一篇記敘文，講述作者在餐廳打工的經(jīng)歷，選材貼近學(xué)生日常生活，難度適中。 二、選材特點(diǎn)： 題材多為考生熟悉的日常話題和最新科技發(fā)現(xiàn)或發(fā)明，易于理解，文章簡(jiǎn)短，詞數(shù)260～340不等，易于考生利用7分鐘左右的時(shí)間答好此題。xx年湖南高考閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題的語(yǔ)篇共265詞，報(bào)道自然科學(xué)的最新發(fā)現(xiàn)——北磁極的移動(dòng)；xx年閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題的語(yǔ)篇共335詞，介紹國(guó)際冰雕錦標(biāo)賽；xx年閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題的語(yǔ)篇共302詞，敘述了一個(gè)體現(xiàn)Milton S．Hershey在性格上親切和幽默的故事；xx年閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題的語(yǔ)篇共300詞，講述感人的圣誕送禮故事；xx年高考英語(yǔ)湖南卷閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題語(yǔ)篇共294詞；xx年高考英語(yǔ)湖南卷閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題語(yǔ)篇共292詞。六篇選材均符合考生的認(rèn)知特征和評(píng)判取向。 三、設(shè)題特點(diǎn)： 該題型原設(shè)三個(gè)小題，自xx年高考開(kāi)始改設(shè)四個(gè)小題。該題主要考查考生獲取與處理信息的能力以及用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行思維和表達(dá)的能力，設(shè)題考查方向有四種，即：詞匯語(yǔ)義題(要求從文中找到一個(gè)與所給生詞意義最近的代換詞，考查考生聯(lián)系上下文理解詞義的能力)；細(xì)節(jié)考查題(針對(duì)文章某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容提問(wèn)，要求用不超過(guò)所規(guī)定的詞數(shù)回答問(wèn)題)；主旨大意題(針對(duì)文章主旨提問(wèn)，一般詢問(wèn)大意、中心思想及文章標(biāo)題，同樣要求用不超過(guò)所規(guī)定的詞數(shù)回答問(wèn)題)；邏輯推理題(針對(duì)文章內(nèi)容要求考生經(jīng)邏輯推理后，用不超過(guò)規(guī)定的詞數(shù)回答問(wèn)題)。估計(jì)今后幾年湖南卷閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題的難度會(huì)保持不變，會(huì)有一個(gè)較為穩(wěn)定的時(shí)期。只要考生自己平時(shí)多進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練，做好該題應(yīng)該不成問(wèn)題。 解題步驟 一、瀏覽試題，畫(huà)出試題關(guān)鍵詞 通過(guò)讀題，畫(huà)出題目所需信息的關(guān)鍵詞，一可預(yù)測(cè)文章內(nèi)容，二便于在閱讀文章時(shí)有的放矢地查讀有效信息，節(jié)省閱讀時(shí)間?？山Y(jié)合四個(gè)小題所涉及的內(nèi)容來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)文章內(nèi)容，如此帶著預(yù)測(cè)，再結(jié)合尋找問(wèn)題關(guān)鍵詞的目的去閱讀，自然就提高了閱讀效率。 二、帶著問(wèn)題速讀文章，根據(jù)試題關(guān)鍵詞定位答題信息 在瀏覽試題、預(yù)測(cè)文章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上速讀文章，其主要目的是為了找到答題所需信息，而所需信息肯定與試題關(guān)鍵詞有關(guān)，故可采用略讀閱讀法，即：緊扣關(guān)鍵詞，瀏覽全文，找出信息句。閱讀時(shí)，與關(guān)鍵詞無(wú)關(guān)的句子或段落要速讀，而與關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)處要細(xì)讀，因?yàn)樵囶}關(guān)鍵詞處不僅僅是答題的關(guān)鍵之處，也是揭示全文主題所在。 三、推敲理解信息句，遣詞組句答問(wèn)題 做好閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題此步是關(guān)鍵。因?yàn)槭茉~數(shù)限制，不能全部用原文信息句作答，而要深層次地推敲理解信息句，提煉概括出有針對(duì)性的語(yǔ)句作答。其主要方法有三：一是采用轉(zhuǎn)換詞性，采用代詞、單詞代短語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)句轉(zhuǎn)換，提煉主要信息舍棄次要信息等方法精簡(jiǎn)語(yǔ)句；二是用概括性的語(yǔ)句歸納信息句；三是采用文章上下文中的有關(guān)提示語(yǔ)或信息句中的關(guān)鍵詞作答，即：盡量用短文中出現(xiàn)的詞組或短語(yǔ)，句子的用詞也應(yīng)以短文中出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞為先。若必須要用自己的語(yǔ)言組織表達(dá)時(shí)，則要注意句子結(jié)構(gòu)的精煉、完整和時(shí)態(tài)的正確。 解題技巧 一、詞匯語(yǔ)義題 詞匯語(yǔ)義題目的在于考查考生轉(zhuǎn)述(paraphrase)或解釋(explain)某個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)在特定場(chǎng)合下的特定含義的能力。其出題方式為：Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word “...”．重點(diǎn)考查動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞等實(shí)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)?；卮鹪擃}時(shí)所用詞必須與問(wèn)題中的原詞在詞性和詞的形式上均一致，如，要么都是動(dòng)詞，且都為動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式或動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞形式；要么都是名詞，且都用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。 解題時(shí)，要找出原詞在文章中的同義詞或近義代換詞，一要注意理解原詞在所在句的邏輯意義，如，解釋什么與什么之間的關(guān)系，修飾什么事物等；二要注意破折號(hào)、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、插入語(yǔ)等具有解釋、說(shuō)明作用的語(yǔ)言成分，以此推敲猜測(cè)原詞的意義，借此幫助尋找文中的代換詞。 例如：xx年湖南高考英語(yǔ)卷第73題：Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word “angling”．分析畫(huà)線詞所在句“It has drifted across the Canadian Arctic and is now angling toward Siberia.”可知，angling在此陳述北磁極的現(xiàn)狀，說(shuō)明北磁極與西伯利亞之間的關(guān)系，即：北磁極正朝西伯利亞方向“angling”。 借此分析給予的提示，不難找到信息句“the north magnetic pole is moving due to natural changes in the Earths magnetic field”和“the pole has been migrating at an average speed of about 10 kilometers per year”。由此推斷，angling意為“moving/migrating”。 二、細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)問(wèn)題 這類(lèi)題所占比重最大，以how，what，why提問(wèn)的問(wèn)題為主。一般說(shuō)來(lái)考生在文章中找到答案出處并不太難，難的是如何處理、轉(zhuǎn)換信息，從而歸納出問(wèn)題的答案。因?yàn)楹?jiǎn)答題要求考生既要用最簡(jiǎn)短的語(yǔ)言，又不能原封不動(dòng)地照搬原文的整句話。此外，在回答細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí)，一定要注意提問(wèn)方式和答案的協(xié)調(diào)性。不同類(lèi)型的問(wèn)題要求有不同形式的回答，不能僅僅為了答案的簡(jiǎn)潔而忽略了問(wèn)題與回答在形式上的對(duì)應(yīng)。 例如：就目的提問(wèn)，就應(yīng)該用表示目的的用語(yǔ)作答，例如使用for短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)；就原因提問(wèn)，答案就應(yīng)當(dāng)用because of短語(yǔ)或 because從句，也可用不定式短語(yǔ)作答；就事件的可能性提問(wèn)，答案通常用簡(jiǎn)短而完整的簡(jiǎn)單句；提問(wèn)詞是what，多用名詞或名詞性短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句來(lái)回答，提問(wèn)詞是how，則多用“by doing sth./by means of sth.”的形式回答。 例如：xx年湖南高考英語(yǔ)卷第73題：What did Grandfather do in Hersheys factory？(回答詞數(shù)不超過(guò)12個(gè))是就事件的可能性提問(wèn)，故可用簡(jiǎn)單句作答為：He pushed the vats of warm chocolate to a storage area. xx年湖南高考英語(yǔ)卷第73題：What kind of tools are the sculptors Not permitted to use？(回答詞數(shù)不超過(guò)6個(gè))根據(jù)第二段的有效信息句“The sculptors bring out their favorite tools that work best on hard iced snow，but they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity.”用名詞性短語(yǔ)作答為：The tools that use electricity. xx年湖南高考英語(yǔ)卷第81題：What reaction does Linda imagine the children will have？(No more than 5 words)，根據(jù)第一段 “Linda wakes up，and tries to imagine the wideeyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the presents she carefully chose for them.”可用簡(jiǎn)單句作答為：They will feel greatly surprised。 xx湖南高考英語(yǔ)卷第83題：What excuses did the author keep giving herself to stop？(No more than 9 words)，可根據(jù)第四段I kept giving myself the excuse to stop.No one would be disappointed.No one would even know.來(lái)確定答案為：No one would be disappointed or even know. xx年湖南高考英語(yǔ)卷第81題：Why did the author apply everywhere that summer？(No more than 12 words)，根據(jù)第二段第二句“I wanted to save up money and buy my own car，so I applied everywhere I could that summer.”可知答案為：He wanted to save up money and buy his own car. 《湖南省xx年高考考試大綱英語(yǔ)科補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明》提供的閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題樣題的75題：What is the villagers main purpose to rebuild their munity？(回答詞數(shù)不超過(guò)6個(gè))。此題提問(wèn)目的，可用不定式短語(yǔ)回答：To keep their culture alive./To save their way of life. 三、主旨大意題 此類(lèi)題常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：What is the main idea of the passage/text？What is the passage/text mainly about？What is the best title for this passage/text？回答這類(lèi)題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住文章的主旨句。而文章的主旨句大多出現(xiàn)在三個(gè)位置：文章首句，一段末二段首轉(zhuǎn)折后的信息，文章末句。但考生應(yīng)注意不可照抄原句，而需重新歸納、組織、概括(有的只需稍作歸納或?qū)χ黝}句作適當(dāng)改寫(xiě)即可)。主旨句為判斷句式，具有高度概括性。 其答案形式有兩種：簡(jiǎn)單句式和詞組式(多為名詞詞組或動(dòng)詞詞組)。例如，xx年湖南高考英語(yǔ)卷第75題，全文主題句為首段中的“It has drifted across the Canadian Arctic and is now angling toward Siberia.”，由下文語(yǔ)義邏輯關(guān)系可以推斷angling即為“移動(dòng)”之意，再結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容稍加歸納，可以判斷答案為：The north magnetic pole is moving faster.答題形式為簡(jiǎn)單句式。 再如：請(qǐng)根據(jù)某文首句“One thing Britain is famous for is pubs，and no trip to the UK would be plete without a visit to one of the thousands of pubs across the country.”回答問(wèn)題：“What is the best title of the passage？(回答詞數(shù)不超過(guò)5個(gè))”。問(wèn)題明顯是主旨題，直接對(duì)應(yīng)首句，該句是由系動(dòng)詞is構(gòu)成的判斷句，具有高度概括性，告訴讀者整篇文章在圍繞英國(guó)的pub進(jìn)行論述，由此判斷最佳標(biāo)題為：Pubs in the UK。答案形式為名詞詞組式。 四、邏輯推理題 邏輯推理題旨在考查考生根據(jù)已知信息進(jìn)行合理推斷的邏輯思維能力，要求根據(jù)字面意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)暗示，推敲作者態(tài)度，理解文章寓意后再作回答。提問(wèn)方式通常為：Why...？What can be inferred/concluded from...? What is the authors attitude toward...？What does the author use the examples of...to show? 邏輯推理題要求考生在理解整體語(yǔ)篇的基礎(chǔ)上，掌握文章的真正內(nèi)涵，進(jìn)行合理的推斷。具體地說(shuō)，要注意：①要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索，這是推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)；②要對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行挖掘加工，通過(guò)分析、綜合、判斷等，進(jìn)行深層處理，符合邏輯地推理；③要忠實(shí)于原文，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)進(jìn)行推斷，切忌主觀臆想，憑空想象，隨意揣測(cè)；④要把握句、段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，了解語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握作者的寫(xiě)作思路。例如，xx年湖南高考閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題的75小題：Why did Team USA win the petition in xx？(回答詞數(shù)不超過(guò)15個(gè))。文章只是在倒數(shù)第二段提到美國(guó)隊(duì)在xx年冰雕錦標(biāo)賽上榮獲冠軍，但未直接提到獲獎(jiǎng)原因，而需考生作一定的邏輯思維推理：既然美國(guó)隊(duì)的冰雕作品能獲獎(jiǎng)，自然是因?yàn)樵u(píng)委們認(rèn)為他們的作品是最好的。評(píng)委們又是根據(jù)什么確認(rèn)他們的作品是最好的呢？自然就想到了評(píng)獎(jiǎng)細(xì)則。而文章第四段的“The judges then vote on creativity，technical skills，and visual impact of the designs.”就提到了評(píng)獎(jiǎng)細(xì)則。由此可判斷作答為：Because its sculpture was judged the best for creativity，technical skills and visual impact.再如xx年湖南高考閱讀簡(jiǎn)答題的74小題：Why didnt Hershey fire Grandfather？(回答詞數(shù)不超過(guò)10個(gè))，文中沒(méi)有直接用一個(gè)句子說(shuō)出我爺爺保住工作的原因，而是通過(guò)最后一段Hershey所說(shuō)的話“Its not your fault，son...I need to watch where Im going.”來(lái)暗示Hershey沒(méi)有解雇我爺爺?shù)脑蚴且驗(yàn)樗庾R(shí)到錯(cuò)在自己而不是爺爺，由此可判斷作答為Because he realized it was his own fault./Because he realized it was not Grandfathers fault/mistake. 誤區(qū)警示 一、讀懂問(wèn)題上出錯(cuò) (xx湖南高考)What reaction does Linda imagine the children will have？(No more than 5 words) 【錯(cuò)誤透析】 They will feel greatly surprised.在高考閱卷時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)有的考生甚至連問(wèn)題中的reaction是什么意思都不清楚。對(duì)問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞都不理解，怎么能談得上對(duì)問(wèn)題的全面了解呢？ 【解題指導(dǎo)】 讀懂問(wèn)題，查找線索。如解答詞義題時(shí)，可注意找出原詞在文章中的同義代換詞，如果沒(méi)有，還應(yīng)注意破折號(hào)、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、插入語(yǔ)等具有解釋、說(shuō)明作用的語(yǔ)言成分?？忌上茸x懂問(wèn)題，后瀏覽全文，并在文中標(biāo)出問(wèn)題中的線索詞，以保證其答案至少在內(nèi)容上能夠做到完整無(wú)缺。也有的考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容了解不詳細(xì)，導(dǎo)致對(duì)問(wèn)題答非所問(wèn)。 二、語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練、準(zhǔn)確，概括性上出錯(cuò) (xx湖南高考)81.Why did the author feel guilty？(No more than 9 words) 【錯(cuò)誤透析】 She had a quarrel with her husband.有的考生在回答本題時(shí)文字拖泥帶水，表達(dá)不簡(jiǎn)練。甚至有的考生用詞超過(guò)九個(gè)。 【解題指導(dǎo)】 語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練、準(zhǔn)確，概括性強(qiáng)。為了不至于忘掉字?jǐn)?shù)限制，考生要采用一些小技巧進(jìn)行形式上的濃縮，比如，可利用縮寫(xiě)，將could not 縮寫(xiě)為couldnt；盡量用詞或短語(yǔ)代替句子，盡量用簡(jiǎn)單句代替復(fù)合句等。當(dāng)然解決問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是使自己的語(yǔ)言有概括性，比如：對(duì)同類(lèi)現(xiàn)象找出共性，進(jìn)行概括。 三、抓關(guān)鍵詞及主題句上出錯(cuò) (xx湖南高考)84.What did the author learn from his first job？(No more than 11 words) (3 marks) 【錯(cuò)誤透析】 He learned teamwork，devotion and staying positive in rough situations.本題是綜合理解題。提問(wèn)作者從他的第一份工作中學(xué)到什么，根據(jù)記敘文意義升華在尾段，定位到最后一段“From my first job at the restaurant，I learned teamwork and devotion.I also learned staying positive no matter how rough things seem to get.”答案受字?jǐn)?shù)限制需要合并句子，修改為：He learned teamwork，devotion，and staying positive in rough situations. 【解題指導(dǎo)】 學(xué)會(huì)抓關(guān)鍵詞及主題句。一篇文章的關(guān)鍵詞構(gòu)成語(yǔ)篇的精髓，抓住了關(guān)鍵詞，不僅有助于理解文章，而且表達(dá)上也能言簡(jiǎn)意賅，正確選用關(guān)鍵詞比自己去組織答案要準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)練得多，也省時(shí)省力。對(duì)于主旨類(lèi)試題，第一步是找出概括文章中心思想的主題句，但還需將主題句重新歸納總結(jié)。否則，照抄原句是要扣分的。然而，并不是所有的主旨類(lèi)試題都能在原文中找到主題句。對(duì)于原文中沒(méi)有提供主題句的主旨題，就需要考生利用關(guān)鍵詞自己歸納總結(jié)答案。 四、提問(wèn)方式和答案的協(xié)調(diào)性上出錯(cuò) (xx湖南高考)82.Why did Linda join the American Womens Club of Toronto？(No more than 10 words) 【錯(cuò)誤透析】 She joined it for fellowship and munity service.就目的提問(wèn)，答案就應(yīng)當(dāng)用表示目的的用語(yǔ)，如for 短語(yǔ)，不定式短語(yǔ)。 【解題指導(dǎo)】 注意提問(wèn)方式和答案的協(xié)調(diào)性。不同類(lèi)型的問(wèn)題要求有不同形式的回答，不能僅僅為了答案的簡(jiǎn)潔而忽略了問(wèn)題與回答在形式上的對(duì)應(yīng)。就原因提問(wèn)，答案就應(yīng)當(dāng)用because of 短語(yǔ)或because 從句；提問(wèn)詞是what，只能用名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句來(lái)回答。掌握這一原則有助于增強(qiáng)考生回答題目的針對(duì)性。 五、語(yǔ)言上出錯(cuò) (xx湖南高考)84.How is running different from jogging to the author？(No more than 10 words) 【錯(cuò)誤透析】 Running makes her feel good while jogging makes her look good.該題的回答用了兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，同時(shí)使用了make＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)?；卮饻?zhǔn)確，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。但有的考生將run用不定式，而jog又用動(dòng)名詞，前后表達(dá)形式不一致。 【解題指導(dǎo)】 避免語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。組織答案要認(rèn)真細(xì)致，避免使用不熟悉的句型、詞匯或短語(yǔ)，盡可能利用原文中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)回答問(wèn)題。要避免語(yǔ)言形式錯(cuò)誤，如拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤、大小寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤，特別是回答問(wèn)題時(shí)要注意首字母需大寫(xiě)。同時(shí)避免語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，要注意主謂是否一致、時(shí)態(tài)與原文是否對(duì)應(yīng)等。總之，簡(jiǎn)答題基于理解，重在表達(dá)，簡(jiǎn)答題的答案要精煉概括，言簡(jiǎn)意賅，體現(xiàn)“簡(jiǎn)”與“準(zhǔn)”二字。 總而言之，閱讀理解的簡(jiǎn)答題，對(duì)學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)獲取信息、處理信息、分析和解決問(wèn)題的能力提出了較高要求。它要求老師在平時(shí)注重對(duì)學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行思維和表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng)，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生增加詞匯儲(chǔ)備，通過(guò)廣泛的閱讀及正確的方法培養(yǎng)良好的閱讀習(xí)慣，提高閱讀速度和理解能力。這具有很好的后效作用。 (一) (xx湖南十二校聯(lián)考) Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart(購(gòu)物手推車(chē))．They will，in a lifetime，push the shopping carts many miles.But few will know—or even think to ask—who it was that invented them. Sylvan N．Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937.At that time he was in the supermarket business.Every day he would see shoppers pushing groceries around in baskets they had to carry. One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels.The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his customers，and would help to attract more business. On June 4,1937，Goldmans first carts were ready for use in his market.He was terribly excited on the morning of that day as customers began arriving.He couldnt wait to see them using his invention. But Goldman was disappointed.Most shoppers gave the carts a long look，but hardly anybody would give them a try. After a while，Goldman decided to ask customers why they werent using his carts.“Dont you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket？” one shopper replied. But Goldman wasnt beaten yet.He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try.To this end，Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were shopping! Seeing this，the real customers gradually began copying the phony (假冒的) customers. As Goldman had hoped，the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market.But not only did more people e—those who came bought more.With larger，easiertohandle baskets，customers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before. Todays shopping carts are five times larger than Goldmans original model.Perhaps thats one reason why Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937—before the ing of the shopping cart. 1．What was the purpose of Goldmans invention？(No more than 10 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 2．Why was Goldman disappointed at first？(No more than 7 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 3．How did Goldman manage to promote his shopping carts？(No more than 14 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 4．Use two adjectives to describe Goldmans qualities that contributed to his success.(No more than 3 words) ________________________________________________________________________ (二) Bill Gates was born on October 28th,1955.He and his two sisters grew up in Seattle.Their father，William H．Gates Ⅱ，was a Seattle lawyer.Mary Gates，their late mother，was a school teacher. Gates attended public elementary school before moving on to the private Lakeside School in North Seattle.It was at Lakeside that Gates began his career in personal puter software，programming puters at age 13. In 1973，Gates entered Harvard University as a freshman，where he lived down the hall from Steve Ballmer，who is now Microsofts president.While at Harvard，Gates developed a version(版本)of the programming language BASIC for the first microputer—the MITS Astair.In his junior year，Gates dropped out of Harvard to devote his energies fulltime to Microsoft，a pany he had started in 1975 with his boyhood friend Paul Allen.Guided by a belief that the personal puter would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in every home，they began developing software for personal puters. Gates foresight has led to the success of Microsoft and the software industry.He plays an important role in the technical development of new products.Much of his time is devoted to meeting with customers and staying in touch with Microsoft employees around the world through email. In the dozen years since Microsoft went public，Gates has donated more than $ 800 million to charities(慈善機(jī)構(gòu))，including $ 200 million to the Gates Library Foundation to help libraries in North America make use of new technologies and the Information Age. 1．What does the underlined word “donated” in the last paragraph mean？(No more than 1 word) ________________________________________________________________________ 2．How does Gates spend much of his time？(No more than 8 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 3．Why did he drop out of Harvard？(No more than 8 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 4．Where did Bill Gates begin his career in personal puter software？(No more than 6 words) ________________________________________________________________________ (三) Dear daughter， You are a wonderful person and your mother and I think the world of you.It will not be long before you leave home to make your way in the world.Can I please give you some friendly advice？Here are some things that you should never do. 1．Never Look Down Upon Yourself. You are great and able to achieve great things so believe in yourself.When things go badly，never stop believing.Some girls get upset，blame themselves and lose selfesteem.All kinds of problems can follow. 2．Never Get Obsessed With Your Appearance. We think you look great(though some of the clothes you wear worry us！)．Please be happy with the person you are and the body you have.Eat reasonably，take exercise and be healthy.Some girls show too much concern about losing weight or getting the perfect shape.You look fine. 3．Never promise Your Personal Safety. Never put yourself at serious risk.This means that you cannot trust people until you really know them and that sometimes you have to avoid things that look like they might be fun.Never get drunk or take drugs.Unluckily there are some bad people out there and it is best not to take risks. 4．Never Give Less Than Your Best. We are very proud of what you have achieved so far.You should be proud too.Keep doing well.Keep trying your hardest at everything you do.No one can ask for more than that. 5．Never Forget That Your Parents Love You. Whatever happens in life，your family will still be your family.Whatever difficulties you meet with，you can always talk to us and we will try to help.We are here for you. 1．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 probably mean？(No more than 6 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 2．Why has the father written the letter to his daughter？(No more than 6 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 3．What does the father think of his daughters appearance？(No more than 12 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 4．What does the father advise his daughter not to do？(No more than 5 words) ________________________________________________________________________ (四) (xx湖南瀏陽(yáng)一中模擬) You have often heard it said，“Dont sweat the small stuff.” When it es to unnecessary worry，everything is small stuff；however，when it es to paying attention to details in your business or personal life，there are no small things. One of my favorite titles for a book is Elephants Dont Bite，which describes how big things are rarely what you have to worry about.Its the small details that trick us into making a mistake.Elephants dont bite，but mosquitoes always do. Think of your last good experience in a restaurant or on a flight.If you really examine what made this a good experience，you will discover that it was，quite likely，a series of small things or even one small extra detail.The unexpected kind greeting or warm “thank you” makes all the difference in the world. When I look at the list of my favorite restaurants，one of the details that will get an establishment on the list is to know and remember my name.The waiter or host may have simply checked the notebook before greeting me by name.However，it really doesnt matter as much that they know my name as it matters that they go to the extra effort to discover my name and greet me like a valued customer or friend.When its all said and done，we are each in the people business. We live in a consumer society，but what people value more highly than the goods and services they purchase are those that cannot be touched or felt，small things that add up to a great experience. To succeed personally or professionally，treat others as you would like to be treated. 1．What do the “elephants” and “mosquitoes” represent in Paragraph Two？(No more than 6 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 2．What does the writer think may make a restaurant special？(No more than 6 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 3．Why do people value those that can not be touched or felt in todays society？(No more than 10 words) ________________________________________________________________________ 4．According to the writer，how can we succeed in a consumer society？(No more than 10 words) ___