曲臂式平臺(tái)高空作業(yè)梯設(shè)計(jì)【作業(yè)車(chē)-含液壓系統(tǒng)】【10張CAD圖紙+文檔全套文件】
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中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書(shū)學(xué)生姓名金雨軒學(xué)號(hào)05211538班 級(jí)11級(jí)機(jī)制五班指導(dǎo)教師楊運(yùn)強(qiáng)職稱(chēng)教授單 位中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目曲臂式平臺(tái)高空作業(yè)梯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)主要內(nèi)容和要求:曲臂式高空作業(yè)梯是用于高空作業(yè)的升降設(shè)備,可跨越障礙進(jìn)行高空作業(yè),平臺(tái)升降到任何位置均可作業(yè),結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,轉(zhuǎn)向靈活,其地盤(pán)的寬度可保證設(shè)備進(jìn)入狹窄的通道及擁擠的工作區(qū)域。備用動(dòng)力裝置,可操作工作平臺(tái)復(fù)位,方便的運(yùn)輸方式,可被牽引到任何地方。易于識(shí)別的操作面板,多重的機(jī)械,電氣及液壓安全保護(hù),先進(jìn)的一體化的液壓電器集成系統(tǒng)。設(shè)計(jì)一款曲臂式平臺(tái)高空作業(yè)梯,技術(shù)參數(shù)如下:工作高度:8m;承載能力:120kg;水平工作距離:3m;跨越高度:6m;平臺(tái)尺寸:1.20.8m;電池:48V-360Amp/h。設(shè)計(jì)該款曲臂式平臺(tái)高空作業(yè)梯,完成方案規(guī)劃,設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,圖紙繪制。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的工作量要求:(1)字?jǐn)?shù)要求2.0萬(wàn)左右;(2)外文資料翻譯不少于3千漢字(或2萬(wàn)印刷符);(3)折算圖紙工作量不少于1圖3張(包括總體圖、部件裝配圖、零件圖等)。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)主要參考資料:1 郭新華.汽車(chē)構(gòu)造.高等教育出版社.2007.2 徐達(dá).我國(guó)專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展J.專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)出版社,2002(3):223 孫敏,郭純正我國(guó)專(zhuān)用車(chē)的發(fā)展概況J中國(guó)機(jī)電工業(yè)出版社,2002(13):284 徐達(dá),蔣崇賢專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計(jì)M:北京理工大學(xué)出版社,20035 馮晉祥,王慧君專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)構(gòu)造與維修M:山東科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社 200156 C.K Prahanlad,Gary HamelThe Core Compereace of the CorporatioJ, Harvard BusinessReview,2005May-June79917 明平順汽車(chē)運(yùn)輸專(zhuān)用車(chē)輛M北京:北京人民交通出版社,20078 中國(guó)汽車(chē)工業(yè)總公司,中國(guó)汽車(chē)技術(shù)研究中心中國(guó)汽車(chē)車(chē)型手冊(cè)(上)G山東:山東科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社20039 杜娟,唐傳平汽車(chē)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高空作業(yè)車(chē)內(nèi)容淺析J2004(6):3810 左培文中國(guó)專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展探討J專(zhuān)用汽車(chē).2006(7): 2511 徐達(dá),陸錦容專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)工作裝置原理與設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算M北京:北京理工大學(xué)出版社,200212 鄭殿旺,華學(xué)超專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)結(jié)構(gòu)與維修M:上海:上海科技技術(shù)出版社,199713 馮晉祥專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)M北京:人民交通出版社,200714 東風(fēng)汽車(chē)有限公司東風(fēng)EQ1092FJ系列汽車(chē)底盤(pán)改裝手冊(cè)G中國(guó)期刊網(wǎng)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)應(yīng)完成的主要工作:(1)了解本課題研究意義,調(diào)研本課題國(guó)內(nèi)外研究情況及存在問(wèn)題;寫(xiě)出調(diào)研報(bào)告。(2)進(jìn)行課題方案規(guī)劃和詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì),完成全部設(shè)計(jì)。 (3)撰寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明書(shū),字?jǐn)?shù)不少于5000字,且打印輸出并裝訂、格式一律參照“中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)寫(xiě)作規(guī)范”要求,提交畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)Word文檔電子版并打?。?(4)提交AutoCAD圖紙電子版并打印圖紙。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)度安排:序號(hào)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)各階段內(nèi)容時(shí)間安排備注課題信息:課題性質(zhì): 設(shè)計(jì) 論文 課題來(lái)源: 教學(xué) 科研 生產(chǎn) 其它發(fā)出任務(wù)書(shū)日期: 指導(dǎo)教師簽名: 年 月 日教研室意見(jiàn):教研室主任簽名:年 月 日 學(xué)生簽名:中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告學(xué)生姓名金雨軒學(xué)號(hào)05211538專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)11級(jí)機(jī)制5班指導(dǎo)教師楊運(yùn)強(qiáng)職稱(chēng)教授單 位中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京)課題性質(zhì)設(shè)計(jì) 論文課題來(lái)源科研 教學(xué) 生產(chǎn) 其它畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目曲臂式平臺(tái)高空作業(yè)梯的設(shè)計(jì)一、課題研究的目的和意義曲臂式平臺(tái)高空作業(yè)梯作為一種專(zhuān)用機(jī)械,其特殊性在于:一是載人高空作業(yè),因此對(duì)其作業(yè)安全性要求比一般工程機(jī)械高,即所謂“高安全性”;二是施工場(chǎng)所環(huán)境的非結(jié)構(gòu)性,即其工作環(huán)境預(yù)先不可預(yù)知,并且多變,要求其對(duì)環(huán)境具有“高適應(yīng)性”;第三是因其常用于搶修作業(yè),并且多為室外或野外作業(yè),作業(yè)環(huán)境條件差,所以要求其具有作業(yè)的“高效率”。為了達(dá)到這些要求,高空作業(yè)車(chē)必然朝著智能化、輕量化和相同作業(yè)高度的小型化方向發(fā)展。因國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的提高和企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益提高、勞動(dòng)力成本上升,將促使大量企業(yè)普遍淘汰傳統(tǒng)落后的高空作業(yè)方式,而使用高空作業(yè)機(jī)械。這些驅(qū)動(dòng)因素的存在將推動(dòng)高空作業(yè)機(jī)械需求量的長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)。二、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀國(guó)內(nèi)的高空作業(yè)行業(yè)起步較晚但發(fā)展很快,社會(huì)對(duì)高空作業(yè)平臺(tái)的需求在世不斷增多,有專(zhuān)家預(yù)測(cè),我國(guó)高空作業(yè)平臺(tái)將會(huì)在未來(lái)幾年內(nèi)保持較高的產(chǎn)銷(xiāo)增長(zhǎng)率特別是大中城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和維護(hù)等方面的需求增長(zhǎng)更快。但國(guó)內(nèi)的產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)水平相比國(guó)外的名廠(chǎng)家還是有一定的差距,這就需要相關(guān)行業(yè)人員能夠虛心學(xué)習(xí),大膽創(chuàng)新,迎頭趕上國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平。國(guó)內(nèi)最初的產(chǎn)品受?chē)?guó)外引進(jìn)的影響都是曲臂式的,主要以中小高度為主。三、課題研究的內(nèi)容 曲臂式高空作業(yè)梯是用于高空作業(yè)的升降設(shè)備,可跨越障礙進(jìn)行高空作業(yè),平臺(tái)升降到任何位置均可作業(yè),結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,轉(zhuǎn)向靈活,其地盤(pán)的寬度可保證設(shè)備進(jìn)入狹窄的通道及擁擠的工作區(qū)域。備用動(dòng)力裝置,可操作工作平臺(tái)復(fù)位,方便的運(yùn)輸方式,可被牽引到任何地方。易于識(shí)別的操作面板,多重的機(jī)械,電氣及液壓安全保護(hù),先進(jìn)的一體化的液壓電器集成系統(tǒng)。四、課題研究的方案1、設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)及其工作平臺(tái)級(jí)別的確定;2、工作平臺(tái)的整體設(shè)計(jì);3、液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算4、畫(huà)cad圖紙;5、編寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)使用說(shuō)明書(shū)五、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)度安排第一階段(2014年12月15日-2015年01月04日)查閱文獻(xiàn),準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)題第二階段(2015年02月15日-2015年03月15日)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)及確定工作平臺(tái)級(jí)別第三階段(2015年03月15日-2015年03月25日)工作平臺(tái)整體設(shè)計(jì)第四階段(2015年03月25日-2015年04月15日)液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算第五階段(2015年04月15日-2015年05月10日)整理歸納,完成答辯參考文獻(xiàn)1 郭新華.汽車(chē)構(gòu)造.高等教育出版社.2007.2 徐達(dá).我國(guó)專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展J.專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)出版社,2002(3):223 孫敏,郭純正我國(guó)專(zhuān)用車(chē)的發(fā)展概況J中國(guó)機(jī)電工業(yè)出版社,2002(13):284 徐達(dá),蔣崇賢專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計(jì)M:北京理工大學(xué)出版社,20035 馮晉祥,王慧君專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)構(gòu)造與維修M:山東科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社 200156 C.K Prahanlad,Gary HamelThe Core Compereace of the CorporatioJ, Harvard BusinessReview,2005May-June79917 明平順汽車(chē)運(yùn)輸專(zhuān)用車(chē)輛M北京:北京人民交通出版社,20078 中國(guó)汽車(chē)工業(yè)總公司,中國(guó)汽車(chē)技術(shù)研究中心中國(guó)汽車(chē)車(chē)型手冊(cè)(上)G山東:山東科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社20039 杜娟,唐傳平汽車(chē)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高空作業(yè)車(chē)內(nèi)容淺析J2004(6):3810 左培文中國(guó)專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展探討J專(zhuān)用汽車(chē).2006(7): 2511 徐達(dá),陸錦容專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)工作裝置原理與設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算M北京:北京理工大學(xué)出版社,200212 鄭殿旺,華學(xué)超專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)結(jié)構(gòu)與維修M:上海:上海科技技術(shù)出版社,199713 馮晉祥專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)M北京:人民交通出版社,200714 東風(fēng)汽車(chē)有限公司東風(fēng)EQ1092FJ系列汽車(chē)底盤(pán)改裝手冊(cè)G中國(guó)期刊網(wǎng)15 唐金松簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)G上海:上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,200016 成大先等機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第四版)G北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,200217 楊培元、朱福元液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)G.北京機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 200318 Bedford A,F(xiàn)owler WEngineering Mechanics:Vol 2:DynamicsMNew York:Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc,200619 王連明、宋寶玉.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì).哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,2005.20 陳鐵鳴.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社.2006. 15 唐金松簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)G上海:上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,200016 成大先等機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第四版)G北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,200217 楊培元、朱福元液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)G.北京機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 200318 Bedford A,F(xiàn)owler WEngineering Mechanics:Vol 2:DynamicsMNew York:Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc,200619 王連明、宋寶玉.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì).哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,2005.20 陳鐵鳴.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社.2006.指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn):指導(dǎo)教師簽名:年 月 日教研室意見(jiàn):審查結(jié)果: 同 意 不 同 意教研室主任簽名:年 月 日中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯系 別: 工程技術(shù)系 專(zhuān) 業(yè): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 姓 名: 金雨軒 學(xué) 號(hào): 05211538 2015 年4月 3日外文資料原文On the history of the development of china construction machineryChina is the worlds first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred years.After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our countrys mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical industry.(1)Just small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial ramming.Early 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970s, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be eliminated.In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by Tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise production.In 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, Tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, Changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.In 1983, Changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of Hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, Xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and Tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.Vibration shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction machine.(2)The mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made (46.5 tons) and tower (63 tons ) of great 3-ton bells made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modeling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modeling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuber oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting process.In 1959, Beijing second metal forming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metal forming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on imports.Before 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas intruding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, Tsinghai university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine Datong laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid brooding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefy petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, Tsinghai university invented new MIG welding arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma cutting.Visible, China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.外文資料翻譯譯文淺談中國(guó)工程機(jī)械發(fā)展史中國(guó)是世界上機(jī)械發(fā)展最早的國(guó)家之一。中國(guó)的機(jī)械工程技術(shù)不但歷史悠久,而且成就十分輝煌,不僅對(duì)中國(guó)的物質(zhì)文化和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展起到了重要的促進(jìn)作用,而且對(duì)世界技術(shù)文明的進(jìn)步做出了重大貢獻(xiàn).傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械方面,我國(guó)在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)期內(nèi)都領(lǐng)先于世界。到了近代由于特別是從18世紀(jì)初到19世紀(jì)40年代,由于經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)等諸多原因,我國(guó)的機(jī)械行業(yè)發(fā)展停滯不前,在這100多年的時(shí)間里正是西方資產(chǎn)階級(jí)政治革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)革命時(shí)期,機(jī)械科學(xué)技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了中國(guó)的水平。這樣,中國(guó)機(jī)械的發(fā)展水平與西方的差距急劇拉大,到十九世紀(jì)中期已經(jīng)落后西方一百多年。 新中國(guó)建立后特別是近三十年來(lái),我國(guó)的機(jī)械科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展速度很快。向機(jī)械產(chǎn)品大型化,精密化、自動(dòng)化和成套化的趨勢(shì)發(fā)展。在有些方面已經(jīng)達(dá)到或超過(guò)了世界先進(jìn)水平??偟膩?lái)說(shuō),就目前而言中國(guó)機(jī)械科學(xué)技術(shù)的成就是巨大的,發(fā)展速度之快,水平之高也是前所未有的。這一時(shí)期還沒(méi)有結(jié)束,我國(guó)的機(jī)械科學(xué)技術(shù)還將向更高的水平發(fā)展。只要我們能夠采取正確的方針、政策、用好科技發(fā)展規(guī)律并勇于創(chuàng)新,我國(guó)的機(jī)械工業(yè)和機(jī)械科技一定能夠振興,重新引領(lǐng)世界機(jī)械工業(yè)發(fā)展潮流。(1)就小型夯實(shí)機(jī)械而言:上世紀(jì)60年代以前,我國(guó)小型夯實(shí)機(jī)械非常缺乏,很多小型場(chǎng)地的夯實(shí)基本上采用人工夯實(shí)。60年代初期,長(zhǎng)沙建設(shè)機(jī)械研究所與北京建筑工程學(xué)院等單位合作,在群眾性技術(shù)革新成果的基礎(chǔ)上總結(jié)發(fā)明了具有中國(guó)特色的蛙式夯實(shí)機(jī),1962年獲國(guó)家科技發(fā)明獎(jiǎng)。蛙式夯實(shí)機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,維修、使用方便,很快成為我國(guó)60年代夯實(shí)機(jī)械的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)蛙式夯實(shí)機(jī)累計(jì)產(chǎn)量達(dá)到50000多臺(tái),在我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中發(fā)揮了重要作用。70年代以后,蛙式夯實(shí)機(jī)逐漸被性能更先進(jìn)的振動(dòng)沖擊夯和振動(dòng)平板夯所替代,目前蛙式夯實(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)很少,基本被淘汰。 1964年,長(zhǎng)沙建設(shè)機(jī)械研究所開(kāi)發(fā)了HB120型內(nèi)燃式夯實(shí)機(jī),開(kāi)始由上海工程機(jī)械廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn),后來(lái)主要由津市洞庭工程機(jī)械廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn),年產(chǎn)量200臺(tái)左右。80年代,內(nèi)燃式夯實(shí)機(jī)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量有較大提高,曾出口東南亞和非洲地區(qū)。90年代以后,內(nèi)燃式夯實(shí)機(jī)產(chǎn)銷(xiāo)售量也在逐漸減少,目前只有少數(shù)小型民營(yíng)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)。 1977年,長(zhǎng)沙建設(shè)機(jī)械研究所和柳州市建筑機(jī)械廠(chǎng)開(kāi)發(fā)了第一臺(tái)HZR250型和HZR70型振動(dòng)平板夯,這兩種產(chǎn)品分別于1979 年和1982年通過(guò)了由建設(shè)部組織的鑒定。隨后義烏建筑機(jī)械廠(chǎng)、四平建筑機(jī)械廠(chǎng)、安陽(yáng)振動(dòng)器廠(chǎng)、津市洞庭工程機(jī)械廠(chǎng)等多家企業(yè)都開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)振動(dòng)平板夯。1986年長(zhǎng)沙建設(shè)機(jī)械研究所又開(kāi)發(fā)了較大的HZR450型振動(dòng)平板夯。上世紀(jì)90年代以后,振動(dòng)平板夯在我國(guó)有了較快的發(fā)展,產(chǎn)品品種、規(guī)格和生產(chǎn)企業(yè)增多,國(guó)外的振動(dòng)平板夯陸續(xù)進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)。1983年,長(zhǎng)沙建設(shè)機(jī)械研究所和湖北振動(dòng)器廠(chǎng)聯(lián)合開(kāi)發(fā)了我國(guó)第一臺(tái)HZR70型振動(dòng)沖擊夯,1984年通過(guò)了由建設(shè)部組織的鑒定,1985年獲建設(shè)部科技進(jìn)步三等獎(jiǎng)。由于振動(dòng)沖擊夯具有壓實(shí)效果好、生產(chǎn)率高、體積和重量小、輕便靈活等突出特點(diǎn),深受用戶(hù)歡迎,得到了迅速的推廣使用,并很快發(fā)展到資江機(jī)器廠(chǎng)、新鄉(xiāng)第三機(jī)床廠(chǎng)和津市洞庭工程機(jī)械廠(chǎng)等幾十家企業(yè)生產(chǎn)。振動(dòng)沖擊夯雖然比振動(dòng)平板夯開(kāi)發(fā)晚,但發(fā)展速度、產(chǎn)銷(xiāo)量和使用廣泛性比振動(dòng)平板夯大得多,目前已成為我國(guó)夯實(shí)機(jī)械中產(chǎn)銷(xiāo)量最大的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品。上世紀(jì)90年代以后,國(guó)外的振動(dòng)平板夯陸續(xù)進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)。振動(dòng)沖擊夯和振動(dòng)平板夯在我國(guó)的成功開(kāi)發(fā),不僅為我國(guó)建設(shè)施工部門(mén)提供了性能先進(jìn)的夯實(shí)機(jī)械,取得了良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益,而且使我國(guó)夯實(shí)機(jī)械技術(shù)向前跨進(jìn)了一大步,縮短了與世界先進(jìn)水平的差距,促進(jìn)了我國(guó)壓實(shí)機(jī)械的發(fā)展。 (2)就機(jī)械加工而言:在熱加工鑄造方面據(jù)考古發(fā)現(xiàn),在北京平谷、昌平、房山等處曾出土了公元前16世紀(jì)(商代)的青銅禮器。 明永樂(lè)年間(14031424年),北京制造出享譽(yù)世界的明永樂(lè)大銅鐘(46.5噸)和鐘樓大銅鐘(63噸)及鐵鐘(25噸),采用分爐熔化、地坑造型和陶范法鑄造。 20世紀(jì)50年代以前,北京在鑄造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年,北京第一機(jī)床廠(chǎng)開(kāi)始采用漏模造型、雙面模型型板及鐵型板和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)砂箱造型。1965年,開(kāi)始采用塑料模型。 1980 年,北京市機(jī)電研究院與北京瑪鋼廠(chǎng)研制成功工頻無(wú)芯塞桿底注式保溫澆注電爐。1982年,該院與北京機(jī)床鑄造二廠(chǎng)研究成功沖天爐風(fēng)口吹氧技術(shù)。 19851988年,北京機(jī)床研究所試驗(yàn)成功浮動(dòng)端面密封環(huán)的壓力鑄造工藝。 鍛壓的大規(guī)模發(fā)展在1959年就已開(kāi)始,北京第二通用機(jī)械廠(chǎng)(后改名北京重型機(jī)器廠(chǎng))建成2500噸水壓機(jī)。1971年,該廠(chǎng)制造出6000噸水壓機(jī),這是當(dāng)時(shí)北京最大的鍛壓設(shè)備。 19681979年,北京起重機(jī)器廠(chǎng)先后采用300噸油壓機(jī)和2000噸油壓機(jī)制造出起重機(jī)吊臂和大型覆蓋件。 80年代,北京市機(jī)電研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位沖裁模具,接近或達(dá)到進(jìn)口模具水平,改變了北京精密沖裁模具依賴(lài)進(jìn)口的局面。 熱處理方面在949年前,北京已采用電爐、鹽溶爐、熱電偶等手段進(jìn)行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、調(diào)質(zhì)、滲碳等熱處理。 1956年,北京第一機(jī)床廠(chǎng)開(kāi)始采用高頻感應(yīng)淬火。1961年,北京第二機(jī)床廠(chǎng)開(kāi)始采用氣體氮化淬火。1969年,北京量具刃具廠(chǎng)開(kāi)始采用光亮淬火。 1978年,北京機(jī)床研究所研究完成機(jī)床導(dǎo)軌表面接觸淬火工藝及設(shè)備、淬火質(zhì)量檢查技術(shù)條件的研究。1979年,鐵道科學(xué)研究院和中國(guó)科學(xué)院力學(xué)研究所等合作完成大功率柴油機(jī)缸套表面的激光改性處理的研究。 1979年,北京市機(jī)電研究院研制成功千瓦級(jí)二氧化碳激光器,并于80年代初分別應(yīng)用于汽缸套和郵票印刷設(shè)備的激光熱處理。其中,清華大學(xué)、北京市機(jī)電研究院、北京郵票廠(chǎng)共同完成郵票廠(chǎng)七色機(jī)打孔器表面激光強(qiáng)化研究。 19841990年,北京市熱處理研究所研究成功真空熱處理、氣體滲碳微機(jī)控制技術(shù)(與北京航空航天大學(xué)合作)、稀土軟氮化、粉末冶金制品表面強(qiáng)化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微機(jī)可控滲碳、固體滲硼、滲碳過(guò)程微機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)及跟蹤控制系統(tǒng)等熱處理新技術(shù),并應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)。 焊接與切割 1949年,北京已有氣焊、電弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作業(yè)。 1963年,北京金屬結(jié)構(gòu)廠(chǎng)與一機(jī)部機(jī)械科學(xué)研究院合作開(kāi)發(fā)出鎢極氬弧焊,并實(shí)現(xiàn)了氮?dú)獾入x子切割不銹鋼。1964年,用直流鎢極氬弧焊及焊絲合金化技術(shù)解決了核工業(yè)用傾斜式電解糟純鎳焊接。 1966年,北京金屬結(jié)構(gòu)廠(chǎng)開(kāi)發(fā)出了使被焊球體旋轉(zhuǎn)的埋弧自動(dòng)焊。1968年,該廠(chǎng)開(kāi)始以液化石油氣代替乙炔切割。 80年代初,清華大學(xué)發(fā)明了新型MIG焊接電弧控制法,在控制電弧技術(shù)上取得突破。 80年代初,北京城建設(shè)計(jì)院等完成液化石油氣移動(dòng)式氣壓焊軌技術(shù)的研究和應(yīng)用。 1990年,北京金屬結(jié)構(gòu)廠(chǎng)開(kāi)始采用數(shù)控精密切割和具有光電跟蹤及數(shù)控尋蹤讀入自動(dòng)編程的大功率等離子切割技術(shù)。可見(jiàn),我國(guó)機(jī)械發(fā)展在近代發(fā)展其迅速。8
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