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本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) (論文)外 文 翻 譯原 文 標(biāo) 題HydraulicSystem譯 文 標(biāo) 題液壓系統(tǒng)作者所在系別 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院作者所在專業(yè)車輛工程作者所在班級(jí)B13141作 者 姓 名許麗杰作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)201322288指導(dǎo)教師姓名劉志強(qiáng)指導(dǎo)教師職稱 講師完 成 時(shí) 間2017年3月北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制譯文標(biāo)題液壓系統(tǒng)原文標(biāo)題HydraulicSystem作 者Frank L.Hale譯 名弗蘭克.L.赫爾國(guó) 籍美國(guó)原文出處龍?jiān)雌诳W(wǎng)http:/www.qikan.com.cn譯文: 液壓系統(tǒng)一般僅有以下三種基本方法傳遞動(dòng)力:電氣、機(jī)械和液壓。大多數(shù)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)實(shí)際上是將三種方法組合起來(lái)而得到最有效的最全面的系統(tǒng)。為了合理地確定采取哪種方法,重要的是了解各種方法的顯著特征。例如液壓系統(tǒng)在長(zhǎng)距離上比機(jī)械系統(tǒng)更能經(jīng)濟(jì)地傳遞動(dòng)力。然而液壓系統(tǒng)與電氣系相比,傳遞動(dòng)力的距離較短。液壓傳動(dòng)有許多突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn),它被廣泛的應(yīng)用,如一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機(jī)械,壓力機(jī)械,機(jī)床等;應(yīng)用機(jī)械設(shè)備工程機(jī)械,建筑機(jī)械,農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械,汽車等;鋼鐵行業(yè)的冶金機(jī)械,起重機(jī)械,還有軋輥調(diào)整裝置等;水利工程中的控制閘門裝置,河床升降裝置,橋梁和其他操作機(jī)構(gòu);發(fā)電廠高速渦輪裝置,核電站等;船舶甲板用的起重機(jī)械(絞車),船頭門,艙壁閥、船尾推進(jìn)器等;特殊技術(shù)用的巨型天線控制裝置、測(cè)量浮標(biāo)、升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺(tái)等;軍事工業(yè)用的火炮操縱裝置、船舶減搖裝置、飛行器仿真、飛機(jī)起落架的收放裝置和方向舵控制裝置等。特殊技術(shù)的天線控制裝置,測(cè)量浮標(biāo),升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺(tái);軍用的火炮操縱裝置,船舶減搖裝置,飛行器仿真,飛機(jī)起落架收放裝置和方向舵控制裝置和其他設(shè)備。液壓系統(tǒng)的作用為通過(guò)改變壓強(qiáng)增大作用力。一個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)的好壞取決于系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的合理性、系統(tǒng)元件性能的優(yōu)劣,系統(tǒng)的污染防護(hù)和處理,而最后一點(diǎn)尤為重要。近年來(lái)我國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)液壓技術(shù)有很大的提高,不再單純地使用國(guó)外的液壓技術(shù)進(jìn)行加工。一個(gè)完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個(gè)部分組成,即動(dòng)力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件(附件)和液壓油。動(dòng)力元件的作用是將原動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液體的壓力能,指液壓系統(tǒng)中的油泵,它向整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)提供動(dòng)力。液壓泵的結(jié)構(gòu)形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。執(zhí)行元件(如液壓缸和液壓馬達(dá))的作用是將液體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能,驅(qū)動(dòng)負(fù)載作直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)或回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)??刂圃?即各種液壓閥)在液壓系統(tǒng)中控制和調(diào)節(jié)液體的壓力、流量和方向。根據(jù)控制功能的不同,液壓閥可分為壓力控制閥、流量控制閥和方向控制閥。壓力控制閥又分為益流閥(安全閥)、減壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等;流量控制閥包括節(jié)流閥、調(diào)整閥、分流集流閥等;方向控制閥包括單向閥、液控單向閥、梭閥、換向閥等。根據(jù)控制方式不同,液壓閥可分為開關(guān)式控制閥、定值控制閥和比例控制閥。輔助元件包括油箱、濾油器、油管及管接頭、密封圈、快換接頭、高壓球閥、膠管總成、測(cè)壓接頭、壓力表、油位油溫計(jì)等。液壓油是液壓系統(tǒng)中傳遞能量的工作介質(zhì),有各種礦物油、乳化液和合成型液壓油等幾大類。液壓系統(tǒng)的作用是幫助人類工作,主要通過(guò)執(zhí)行元件將壓力轉(zhuǎn)換為旋轉(zhuǎn)或往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。液壓原理:它由兩個(gè)不同大小的缸體充滿了水或油。充滿水的稱為“水壓機(jī)”,充滿油的稱為“液壓機(jī)”。兩個(gè)液缸每個(gè)都有一個(gè)可動(dòng)的活塞,如果在小活塞上加點(diǎn)壓力,根據(jù)帕斯卡定律,小活塞的壓力通過(guò)液體的壓力傳遞到大活塞,頂端的活塞將前進(jìn)很長(zhǎng)的距離?;拘』钊臋M截面積為S1,外加一個(gè)小活塞上一個(gè)向下的力F1。因此,小活塞對(duì)液體的壓強(qiáng)P=F1/S1的,可以在所有方向上傳輸同樣大小。通過(guò)大活塞的壓力也為P。如果大活塞的橫截面積為S2,活塞的壓強(qiáng)P向上的壓力F2=P*S2,橫截面積是小活塞的幾倍,加給小活塞小的力,活塞會(huì)有大的壓力,由此用液壓機(jī)壓制膠合板,油,提起重物,鍛造煉鋼。液壓系統(tǒng)成功而又廣泛使用的秘密在于它的通用性和易操作性。液壓動(dòng)力傳遞不會(huì)像機(jī)械系統(tǒng)那樣受到機(jī)器幾何形體的制約,另外,液壓系統(tǒng)不會(huì)像電氣系統(tǒng)那樣受到材料物理性能的制約,它對(duì)傳遞功率幾乎沒(méi)有量的限制。例如,一個(gè)電磁體的性能受到鋼的磁飽和極限的限制,相反,液壓系統(tǒng)的功率僅僅受材料強(qiáng)度的限制。企業(yè)為了提高生產(chǎn)率將越來(lái)越依靠自動(dòng)化,這包括遠(yuǎn)程和直接控制生產(chǎn)操作加工過(guò)程和材料處理等。液壓動(dòng)力之所以成為自動(dòng)化的重要組成部分,是因?yàn)樗腥缦轮饕乃姆N優(yōu)點(diǎn):1控制方便,精確通過(guò)操作一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的操縱桿和按鈕,液壓系統(tǒng)的操作者便能立即起動(dòng)、停止、加減速和能提供任意功率、位置精度為萬(wàn)分之一英寸的位置控制力。一個(gè)使飛機(jī)駕駛員升起和落下起落架的液壓系統(tǒng),當(dāng)飛行員向某方向移動(dòng)控制閥,壓力油流入液壓缸的某一腔從而降下起落架。飛行員向相反方向移動(dòng)控制閥,允許油液進(jìn)入液壓缸的另一腔來(lái)收起落架。2增力,一個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)沒(méi)有使用笨重的齒輪、滑輪杠桿就能簡(jiǎn)單有效地將不到一盎司的力放大產(chǎn)生兒上百噸力的輸出。3恒力或恒扭矩,只有液壓系統(tǒng)能提供不隨速度變化而變化的恒力或恒扭矩,它可以驅(qū)動(dòng)對(duì)象從每小時(shí)移動(dòng)幾英寸到每分鐘幾百英寸從每小時(shí)幾轉(zhuǎn)到每分鐘幾千轉(zhuǎn)。4簡(jiǎn)便、安全、經(jīng)濟(jì),總的來(lái)說(shuō),液壓系統(tǒng)比機(jī)械或電氣系統(tǒng)使用更少的運(yùn)動(dòng)部件,因此,它們運(yùn)行與維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)便。這使得系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,安全可靠。例如一種用于車輛上的新型動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向控制裝置己淘汰其他類型的轉(zhuǎn)向動(dòng)力裝置,該轉(zhuǎn)向部件中包含有人力操縱方向控制閥和分配器。因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)向部件是全液壓的,沒(méi)有萬(wàn)向節(jié)、軸承、減速齒輪等機(jī)械連接,這使得系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)單緊湊。另外,只需輸入很小的扭矩就能產(chǎn)生滿足極惡劣工作條件所需的控制力這對(duì)操作空間限制而需要小方向盤的場(chǎng)合很重要,這也是減輕操作者疲勞所必需的。液壓系統(tǒng)的其他優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括雙向運(yùn)動(dòng)、過(guò)載保護(hù)和無(wú)級(jí)變速控制,在已有的任何動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)中液壓系統(tǒng)亦具有最大的單位質(zhì)量功率比。液壓系統(tǒng)也有三個(gè)弱點(diǎn):1由于傳動(dòng)介質(zhì)(液壓油)流動(dòng)的過(guò)程中部分位置流速不同,導(dǎo)致液體內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)摩擦,同時(shí)液體與管道內(nèi)壁也有摩擦,這都是液壓油溫度升高的原因。溫度過(guò)高會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多的內(nèi)部和外部的泄漏,減少其機(jī)械效率。同時(shí)由于較高的溫度,液壓油會(huì)膨脹。導(dǎo)致可壓縮增大,使操作不能很好的控制傳輸。解決方法:高溫是液壓系統(tǒng)的自身問(wèn)題,只能最大減輕不能根除。使用質(zhì)量更好的液壓油,液壓管的布局盡量避免出現(xiàn)彎曲,使用高品質(zhì)的管材和管件,液壓閥等。2液壓系統(tǒng)的震動(dòng)也是弱點(diǎn)之一。由于液壓油在管道中流動(dòng)的高速?zèng)_擊和控制閥的打開關(guān)閉的過(guò)程中的影響是系統(tǒng)振動(dòng)的原因。強(qiáng)烈震動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)的控制動(dòng)作錯(cuò)誤,也會(huì)使系統(tǒng)中一些更復(fù)雜精密設(shè)備出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,從而導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)故障。解決方案:液壓管應(yīng)該是固定的,以避免急彎。為了避免頻繁流動(dòng)方向的變化,無(wú)法避免時(shí)應(yīng)將減震措施應(yīng)該做到最好。整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)應(yīng)具有良好的減振措施,同時(shí)避免在系統(tǒng)外部振蕩器的影響。3液壓系統(tǒng)有內(nèi)泄露和外泄露,內(nèi)泄漏是指發(fā)生在系統(tǒng)中的泄露過(guò)程,如液壓活塞-缸的泄漏,控制閥滑閥與閥體之間的泄漏,如兩側(cè)。內(nèi)泄漏雖然沒(méi)有液壓油的損失,但是由于泄露,已經(jīng)確定的控制動(dòng)作會(huì)受到影響,直至系統(tǒng)故障。外泄露是指發(fā)生在系統(tǒng)與外部環(huán)境之間的泄露。液壓油直接泄露到環(huán)境中,除了會(huì)影響工作環(huán)境,沒(méi)有足夠的動(dòng)力將導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)故障。液壓油泄露到環(huán)境中也有火災(zāi)的危險(xiǎn)。解決方案:使用質(zhì)量更好的密封件,以提高設(shè)備的加工精度。在液壓系統(tǒng)及其系統(tǒng)中,密封裝置用來(lái)防止工作介質(zhì)的泄漏及外界灰塵和異物的侵入。其中起密封作用的元件,即密封件。外漏會(huì)造成工作介質(zhì)的浪費(fèi),污染機(jī)器和環(huán)境,甚至引起機(jī)械操作失靈及設(shè)備人身事故。內(nèi)漏會(huì)引起液壓系統(tǒng)容積效率急劇下降,達(dá)不到所需要的工作壓力,甚至不能進(jìn)行工作。侵入系統(tǒng)中的微小灰塵顆粒,會(huì)引起或加劇液壓元件摩擦副的磨損,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致泄漏。因此,密封件和密封裝置是液壓設(shè)備的一個(gè)重要組成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用壽命,是衡量液壓系統(tǒng)好壞的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。除間隙密封外,都是利用密封件,使相鄰兩個(gè)偶合表面間的間隙控制在需要密封的液體能通過(guò)的最小間隙以下。在接觸式密封中,分為自封式壓緊型密封和自封式自緊型密封(即唇形密封)兩種。原文:HydraulicSystemThereareonlythreebasicmethodsoftransmittingpower:Electrical,mechanicalandfluidpowerMostapplicationsactuallyuseacombinationofthethreemethodstoobtainthemostefficientoverallsystemToproperlydeterminewhichprinciplemethodtouse。itisimportanttoknowthesalientfeaturesofeachtypeForexample,fluidsystemscalltransmitpowermoreeconomicallyOvergreaterdistancesthanCanmechanicaltypesHowever。fluidsystemsarerestrictedtoshorterdistancesthanareelectricalsystemsHydraulictransmissiontherearemanyoutstandingadvantages,itiswidelyused,suchasgeneralindustrialuseofplasticsprocessingmachinery,thepressureofmachinery,machinetools,etc.;operatingmachineryengineeringmachinery,constructionmachinery,agriculturalmachinery,automobiles,etc.;ironandsteelindustrymetallurgicalmachinery,liftingequipment,suchasrolleradjustmentdevice;civilwaterprojectswithfloodcontrolanddamgatedevices,bedliftsinstallations,bridgesandothermanipulationofinstitutions;speedturbinepowerplantinstallations,nuclearpowerplants,etc.;shipfromthedeckheavymachinery(winch),thebowdoors,bulkheadvalve,sternthruster,etc.;specialantennatechnologygiantwithcontroldevices,measurementbuoys,movementssuchasrotatingstage;military-industrialcontroldevicesusedinartillery,shipanti-rollingdevices,aircraftsimulation,aircraftretractablelandinggearandruddercontroldevicesandotherdevices.Theroleofthehydraulicsystemtoincreasetheforcebychangingthepressure.Ahydraulicsystemisgoodorbaddependsonthesystemdesignisreasonable,themeritsoftheperformancesystemcomponents,system,pollutionpreventionandtreatment,whilethelastpointisparticularlyimportant.Inrecentyears,Chinasdomestichydraulictechnologyhasgreatlyimproved,notsimplyusinghydraulictechnologyfromabroadforprocessing.Acompletehydraulicsystemconsistsoffiveparts,namely,powercomponents,theimplementationofcomponents,controlcomponents,auxiliarycomponents(Annex)andthehydraulicoil.Theroleofdynamiccomponentsistheoriginalmotivationofthemechanicalenergyintofluidpressureenergy,thehydraulicsystemofpumps,whichprovidepowertotheentirehydraulicsystem.Structuresofhydraulicpumpsgenerallyhavegearpumps,vanepumpsandpistonpumps.Implementationofcomponents(suchashydrauliccylindersandhydraulicmotors)istopressuretheliquidcanbeconvertedtomechanicalenergytodrivetheloadforalinearreciprocatingmovementorrotationalmovement.Controlcomponentsinthehydraulicsystemcontrolandregulationoffluidpressure,flowanddirection.Accordingtothedifferentcontrolfunctions,hydraulicvalvescanbedividedintopressurecontrolvalves,flowcontrolvalvesanddirectionalcontrolvalve.Pressurecontrolvalveisdividedintobenefitsflowvalve(safetyvalve),pressurereliefvalve,sequencevalve,pressureswitch,etc.;flowcontrolvalvesincludingthrottle,adjustingvalves,flowdiversionvalveassembly;Directionalcontrolvalveincludesacheckvalve,checkvalve,shuttlevalve,valveandsoon.Underthecontrolofdifferentways,hydraulicvalvescanbedividedintoswitchingcontrolvalves,controlvalvesandthefixedvalueproportionalcontrolvalve.Auxiliarycomponents,includingfueltanks,filters,tubingandpipejoints,seals,quickcouplings,highpressureballvalve,hoseassembly,pressurefittings,pressuregauge,oillevel,oiltemperaturemeterandsoon.Hydraulicsystemofhydraulicoilistheworkoftheenergytransfermedium,avarietyofmineraloil,emulsion,oilhydraulicmoldingHopcategoriesTheroleofthehydraulicsystemistohelphumanitywork.Mainlybytheimplementationofcomponentstorotateorpressureintoareciprocatingmotion.Hydraulicprinciple:Itconsistsoftwocylindersofdifferentsizesandcompositionoffluidinthefluidfullofwateroroil.Wateriscalledhydraulicpress;thesaidoilfilledhydraulicmachine.Eachofthetwoliquidaslidingpiston,iftheincreaseinthesmallpistononthepressureofacertainvalue,accordingtoPascalslaw,smallpistontothepressureofthepressurethroughtheliquidpassedtothelargepiston,pistontopwillgoalongwaytogo.Basedcross-sectionalareaofthesmallpistonisS1,plusasmallpistoninthedownwardpressureontheF1.Thus,asmallpistonontheliquidpressuretoP=F1/SI,Canbethesamesizeinalldirectionstothetransmissionofliquid.BythelargepistonisalsoequivalenttotheinevitablepressureP.Ifthelargepistonisthecross-sectionalareaS2,thepressurePonthepistonintheupwardpressuregeneratedF2=PxS2Cross-sectionalareaisasmallmultipleofthepistoncross-sectionalarea.Fromthetypeknowntoaddinasmallpistonofasmallerforce,thepistonwillbeingreatforce,forwhichthehydraulicmachineusedtosuppressplywood,oil,extractheavyobjects,suchasforgingsteel.ThesecretofhydraulicsystemssuccessandwidespreaduseisitsversatilityandmanageabilityFluidpowerisnothinderedbythegeometryoperationswhenthepotentialdifferencebetweenthetoolandtheworkpieceissufficientlyhigh,atransientsparkdischargesthroughthefluid,removingaverysmallamountofmetalfromtheworkpieceofthemachineasistheeaseinmechanicalsystemsAlsopowercanbetransmittedinalmostlimitlessquantitiesbecausefluidsystemsarenotsolimitedbythephysical1imitationsofmaterialsasaretheelectricalsystemsForexampletheperformanceofanelectromagnetislimitedbyThesaturationlimitofsteelOntheotherhandthepowerlimitoffluidsystemsis1imitedonlybythestrengthcapacityofthematerialIndustryisgoingtodependmoreandmoreonautomationinordertoincreaseproductivity.Thisincludesremoteanddirectcontrolofproductionoperationsmanufacturingprocesses。andmaterialshandlingFluidpoweristhemuscleofautomationbecauseofadvantagesinthefollowingfourmajorcategories1Thepreciseconvenientcontrolbyoperatingasimplejoystickandbuttons,theoperatorsofthehydraulicsystemandcanimmediatelystart,stop,anddecelerationandcanprovideanypower,positionprecisionforoneovertenthousandinchpositioncontrol.Amakethepilotrisesandfallthelandinggearonthehydraulicsystem,whenthepilottoacertaindirectioncontrolvalves,pressureoilintohydrauliccylinderofacavityandcamedownonthelandinggear.Thepilottomoveintheoppositedirectioncontrolvalves,allowtheoilintothehydrauliccylinderofanotherchambertotakebackonthelandinggear.2MultiplicationofforceAfluidpowersystem(withoutusingcumbersomegears,pulleys,andlevers)CanmultiplyforcesSimplyandefficientlyfromafractionofanouncetoseveralhundredtonsofoutput3ConstantforceortorqueOnlyfluidpowersystemsarecapableofprovidingconstantforceortorqueregardlessofspeedchangesThisisaccomplishedwhethertheworkoutputmovesafewinchesperhourseveralhundredinchesperminuteafewrevolutionsperhourorthousandsofrevolutionsperminute4Simplicity,safety,economygeneral,fluidpowersystemsusefewermovingpartsthantofhightemperature,hydraulicoilexpansionwilloccur,resultinginincreasedcompression,sothatactioncannotbeverygoodcontroloftransmission.Solution:heatistheinherentcharacteristicsofthehydraulicsystem,notonlytominimizeeradication.Usegoodqualityhydraulicoil,hydraulicpipingarrangementshouldbeavoidedasfaraspossibletheemergenceofbend,theuseofhigh-qualitypipeandfittings,hydraulicvalves,etc.2Thevibrationofthevibrationofthehydraulicsystemisalsooneofitsmalaise.Asaresultofhydraulicoilinthepipelineflowofhigh-speedimpactandthecontrolvalvetoopentheclosureoftheimpactoftheprocessarethereasonsforthevibrationsystem.Strongvibrationcontrolactionwillcausethesystemtoerror,thesystemwillalsobesomeofthemoresophisticatedequipmenterror,resultinginsystemfailures.Solutions:hydraulicpipeshouldbefixedtoavoidsharpbends.Toavoidfrequentchangesinflowdirection,cannotavoiddampingmeasuresshouldbedoingagoodjob.Theentirehydraulicsystemshouldhavegooddampingmeasures,whileavoidingtheexternallocaloscillatoronthesystem.3Theleakageofthehydraulicsystemleakintoinsideandoutsidetheleakage.Leakagereferstotheprocesswiththeleakoccurredinthesystem,suchashydraulicpiston-cylinderonbothsidesoftheleakage,thecontrolvalvespoolandvalvebody,suchasbetweentheleakage.Althoughnointernalleakageofhydraulicfluidloss,butduetoleakage,thecontroloftheestablishedmovementsmaybeaffecteduntilthecausesystemfailures.Outsidemeanstheoccurrenceofleakageinthesystemandtheleakagebetweentheexternalenvironments.Directleakageofhydraulicoilintotheenvironment,inadditiontothesystemwillaffecttheworkingenvironment,notenoughpressurewillcausethesystemtotriggerafault.Leakageintotheenvironmentofthehydraulicoilwasalsothedangeroffire.Solution:theuseofbetterqualitysealstoimprovethemachiningaccuracyofequipment.Inthehydraulicsystemanditssystem,thesealingdevicetopreventleakageoftheworkofmediawithinandoutsidethedustandtheintrusionofforeignbodies.Sealsplayedtheroleofcomponents,namelyseals.Mediumwillresultinleakageofwaste,pollutionandenvironmentalmachineryandevengiverisetomalfunctioningmachineryandequipmentforpersonalaccident.Leakagewithinthehydraulicsystemwillcauseasharpdropinvolumetricefficiency,amountingtolessthantherequiredpressure,cannotevenwork.Micro-invasivesystemofdustparticlescancauseorexacerbatefrictionhydrauliccomponentwear,andfurtherleadtoleakage.Therefore,sealsandsealingdeviceisanimportanthydraulicequipmentcomponent.Thereliabilityofitsworkandlifeisameasureofthehydraulicsystemanimportantindicatorofgoodorbad.Inadditiontotheclosedspace,aretheuseofseals,sothattwoadjacentcouplingsurfaceofthegapbetweentheneedtocontroltheliquidcanbesealedfollowingthesmallestgap.Inthecontactseal,pressedintoself-seal-styleandself-styledself-tightseal(is,sealedlips)two.指 導(dǎo) 教 師 評(píng) 語(yǔ) 外文翻譯成績(jī):指導(dǎo)教師簽字: 年 月 日注:1. 指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)譯文進(jìn)行評(píng)閱時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面:翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的主題是否高度相關(guān),并作為外文參考文獻(xiàn)列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的參考文獻(xiàn);翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到規(guī)定數(shù)量(3 000字以上);譯文語(yǔ)言是否準(zhǔn)確、通順、具有參考價(jià)值。2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。29
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