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密 級(jí)
分類號(hào)
編 號(hào)
成 績(jī)
本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) (論文)
外 文 翻 譯
原 文 標(biāo) 題
The Introduction of Commonbraking
譯 文 標(biāo) 題
普通制動(dòng)的介紹
作者所在系別
機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
作者所在專業(yè)
車輛工程
作者所在班級(jí)
B13141
作 者 姓 名
賈傲
作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)
201322312
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
何濤
指導(dǎo)教師職稱
副教授
完 成 時(shí) 間
2017
年
3
月
北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制
譯文標(biāo)題
普通制動(dòng)的介紹
原文標(biāo)題
The Introduction of Commonbraking
作 者
Thomas wilson
譯 名
托馬斯.威爾遜
國(guó) 籍
英國(guó)
原文出處
布拉德福德大學(xué)，論文
The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.
Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.
The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.
The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).
Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums
or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.
In most modern brake systems , there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels.
At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.
The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent r reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over ashort period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.
The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.
Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs,
a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.
Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotatin g disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.
The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile. When the brake pedal is depressed, the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid. The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder. The fluid pressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released, the piston returns to the initialposition, the pull back springs retract the shoes, the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases.
The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by the
driver when a separate parking braking hand lever is set. The hand brake is normally used when the car has already stopped. A lever is pulled and the rear brakes are approached and locked in the “on” position. The car may now be left without fear of its rolling away. When the driver wants to move the car again, he must press a button before the lever can be released. The hand brake must also be able to stop the car in the event of the foot brake failing. For this reason, it is separate from the foot brake uses cable or rods instead of the hydraulic system.
Anti-lock brake systems make braking safer and more convenient, Anti-lock brake systems modulate brake system hydraulic pressure to prevent the brakes from locking and the tires from skidding on slippery pavement or during a panic stop.Anti-lock brake systems have been used on aircraft for years, and some domestic car were offered with an early form of anti-lock braking in late 1990’s. Recently, several automakers have introduced more sophisticated anti-lock system. Investigations in Europe, where anti-lock brakin g systems have been available for a decade, have led one manufacture to state that the number of traffic accidents could be reduced by seven and a half percent if all cars had anti-lock brakes. So some sources predict that all cars will offer anti-lock brakes to improve the safety of the car.
Anti-lock systems modulate brake application force several times per second to hold the tires at a controlled amount of slip; all systems accomplish this in basically the same way. One or more speed sensors generate alternating current signal whose frequency increases with the wheel rotational speed. An electronic control unit continuously monitors these signals and if the frequency of a signal drops too rapidly indicating that a wheel is about to lock, the control unit instructs a modulating device to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel. When sensor signals indicate the wheel is again rotating normally, the control unit allows increased hydraulic pressure to the brake. This release-apply cycle occurs several time per second to “pump” the brakes like a driver might but at a much faster rate.
制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是汽車中最重要的系統(tǒng)。 如果制動(dòng)失靈，結(jié)果可能是損失慘重的。制動(dòng)器實(shí)際就是能量轉(zhuǎn)換裝置，它將汽車的動(dòng)能（動(dòng)量）轉(zhuǎn)化成熱能（熱量）。當(dāng)駕駛員踩下制動(dòng)踏板，所產(chǎn)生的制動(dòng)力是汽車運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)動(dòng)力的10倍。制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)能對(duì)四個(gè)剎車系統(tǒng)中的每個(gè)施加數(shù)千磅的力。
每輛汽車上使用兩個(gè)完全獨(dú)立的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，即行車制動(dòng)器和駐車制動(dòng)器。行車制動(dòng)器起到減速、停車、或保持車輛正常行駛。制動(dòng)器是由司機(jī)松踩制動(dòng)器踏板來(lái)控制的。駐車制動(dòng)器的主要作用就是當(dāng)車內(nèi)無(wú)人的時(shí)候，汽車能夠保持靜止。當(dāng)獨(dú)立的駐車制動(dòng)器踏板或手桿被安裝時(shí)，駐車制動(dòng)器就會(huì)被機(jī)械地操作。
制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是由下列基本的部件組成: 位于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩下方，直接地被連接到制動(dòng)踏板的制動(dòng)主缸把駕駛員腳的機(jī)械力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐簤毫Αｄ撝频闹苿?dòng)管路和有柔性的制動(dòng)軟管把制動(dòng)主缸連接到每個(gè)輪子的制動(dòng)卡鉗上。制動(dòng)盤和襯塊是被制動(dòng)輪缸推動(dòng)接觸圓盤和回轉(zhuǎn)體如此引起緩慢的拖拉運(yùn)動(dòng),使汽車減慢速度。
典型的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)布置有前后盤式，前盤后鼓式，各個(gè)車輪上的制動(dòng)器通過(guò)一套管路系統(tǒng)連接到制動(dòng)主缸上。基本上講，所有的汽車制動(dòng)器都是摩擦制動(dòng)器。當(dāng)司機(jī)剎車時(shí)，控制裝置會(huì)迫使制動(dòng)蹄或制動(dòng)襯片與車輪處的旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤接觸，接觸后產(chǎn)生的摩擦使車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)減慢或停止，這就是汽車的制動(dòng)。
在最基本的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中，有一個(gè)制動(dòng)主缸，主缸內(nèi)部為制動(dòng)液，并包含兩個(gè)部分，每個(gè)部分里都有一個(gè)活塞，兩個(gè)活塞都連接駕駛室里的制動(dòng)踏板。當(dāng)制動(dòng)踏板被踩下時(shí)，制動(dòng)液會(huì)從制動(dòng)主缸流入輪缸。在輪缸中，制動(dòng)液推動(dòng)制動(dòng)蹄或制動(dòng)襯片與旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤接觸。靜止的制動(dòng)蹄或制動(dòng)襯片與旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤之間產(chǎn)生摩擦力使汽車的運(yùn)動(dòng)逐漸減緩或停止。
制動(dòng)儲(chǔ)液罐位于主缸的頂部。目前大多數(shù)的車都有一個(gè)容易看見的制動(dòng)儲(chǔ)液罐，為的是不用打開蓋子就可以看得見制動(dòng)液的液面。隨著制動(dòng)踏板的運(yùn)動(dòng)制動(dòng)液就會(huì)下降。正常情況下是這樣的，如果制動(dòng)液在短時(shí)間內(nèi)下降得很明顯或者下降了三分之二，那么就要盡快的檢查你的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)了。制動(dòng)液必須保持很高的沸點(diǎn)。位于在空氣中的制動(dòng)液就會(huì)吸收空氣中的潮氣引起制動(dòng)液低于沸點(diǎn)。制動(dòng)液通過(guò)一系列的管路從主缸到達(dá)各車輪。橡膠軟管只用在需要彈力的地方，比如應(yīng)用在前輪。在車的行進(jìn)中上下來(lái)回運(yùn)動(dòng)。系統(tǒng)的其它部分在所有的連接點(diǎn)上都應(yīng)用了耐腐蝕性的鋼管。如果鋼管需要修理的話，最好的方法就是代替這條管路。如果這不符合實(shí)際，那么為了制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以用特殊的裝置修理它。你不可以用銅管來(lái)修理制動(dòng)系，它們是危險(xiǎn)也是不正確的。
鼓式制動(dòng)器包括制動(dòng)鼓，一個(gè)輪缸，回拉彈簧，一個(gè)制動(dòng)底版，兩個(gè)帶摩擦層的制動(dòng)蹄。制動(dòng)底版固定在輪軸外部的轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)，制動(dòng)鼓固定在輪轂上。制動(dòng)鼓內(nèi)表面與制動(dòng)蹄的內(nèi)層之間有空隙，要使用制動(dòng)器時(shí)，司機(jī)踩下踏板，這時(shí)輪缸擴(kuò)大制動(dòng)片，對(duì)其施加壓力使制動(dòng)蹄觸碰制動(dòng)鼓。制動(dòng)鼓與摩擦片之間產(chǎn)生摩擦，從而使汽車停止。要釋放制動(dòng)器時(shí)，司機(jī)松開踏板，回拉彈簧拉回制動(dòng)片，這樣車輪會(huì)自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
盤式制動(dòng)器使用的是制動(dòng)盤而不是鼓，在它的兩面上各有一個(gè)薄的制動(dòng)片，叫盤式制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)墊片。制動(dòng)墊片是靠擠壓住旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)盤來(lái)停住汽車。制動(dòng)主缸里流出的制動(dòng)液迫使活塞向里部的金屬盤移動(dòng)，這便使摩擦片緊緊地貼住制動(dòng)盤。這時(shí)制動(dòng)片與制動(dòng)盤產(chǎn)生的摩擦使汽車減速、停止，出現(xiàn)了制動(dòng)行為?；钊纸饘倩蛩芰?。盤式制動(dòng)器主要有三種即：浮動(dòng)卡鉗型、固定卡鉗型和滑動(dòng)卡鉗型。浮動(dòng)卡鉗型和滑動(dòng)卡鉗型盤式制動(dòng)器使用單活塞。固定卡鉗型盤式制動(dòng)器既可以使用兩個(gè)活塞，也有可以使用四個(gè)活塞的。
制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是由機(jī)械能，液壓能或氣壓能裝置驅(qū)動(dòng)的。在機(jī)械杠桿適合所有的汽車的駐車制動(dòng)器中使用。當(dāng)踩下制動(dòng)踏板時(shí)，杠桿就會(huì)推動(dòng)制動(dòng)器主缸的活塞給制動(dòng)液施加壓力，制動(dòng)液通過(guò)油管流入輪缸。制動(dòng)液的壓力施加到輪缸活塞以使制動(dòng)片被壓到制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤上。如果松開踏板，活塞回到原來(lái)的位置上，回拉彈簧拉回制動(dòng)片，制動(dòng)液返回制動(dòng)主缸，這樣制動(dòng)停止。
駐動(dòng)制動(dòng)器的主要作用是車內(nèi)無(wú)人時(shí)，使汽車靜止不動(dòng)。如果車內(nèi)安裝的是獨(dú)立的駐車制動(dòng)器，那么駐車制動(dòng)器是由司機(jī)手動(dòng)的控制。駐車制動(dòng)器正常是當(dāng)車已經(jīng)停止時(shí)使用的。向后拉手閘，并把手柄卡在正確的位置上?，F(xiàn)在，即使離開汽車也不用害怕它會(huì)自己滑走。如果司機(jī)要再次啟車時(shí)，他必須在松開手桿之前按下按鈕。在行車制動(dòng)器失靈的情況下，手閘必須能停住車。正因?yàn)檫@樣，手閘與腳閘分開，手閘使用的是繩索或杠桿而不是液力系統(tǒng)。
防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是使汽車制動(dòng)更安全、更方便的制動(dòng)裝置，它既有調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的壓力來(lái)防止車輪被完全抱死的功能，又有防止輪胎在滑的路面上行駛或緊急停車時(shí)的滑動(dòng)的功能。防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)最早應(yīng)用在航空飛行器上，而且在二十世紀(jì) 90年代國(guó)內(nèi)一些汽車也安裝了這種系統(tǒng)。近來(lái)，幾個(gè)汽車制造商引進(jìn)了更為復(fù)雜的防抱死系統(tǒng)。歐洲使用這種系統(tǒng)已有幾十年的時(shí)間，通過(guò)對(duì)其的調(diào)查，一位汽車制造商坦言，如果所有的汽車都安裝上防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，那么交通事故的發(fā)生率會(huì)降低7.5%。同時(shí)，一些權(quán)威人士預(yù)測(cè)這種系統(tǒng)會(huì)提高汽車的安全性。防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以在一秒鐘內(nèi)多次調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)時(shí)車輪上的受力，使車輪的滑移受到控制，而且所有的系統(tǒng)基本上都以相同的方式完成。每個(gè)車輪都會(huì)有一個(gè)傳感器，電子控制裝置能連續(xù)檢測(cè)來(lái)自車輪傳感器傳來(lái)的脈沖電信號(hào)，并將它們處理轉(zhuǎn)換成和輪速成正比的數(shù)值；如果其中一個(gè)傳感器的信號(hào)不斷下降，那么這就表明了相應(yīng)的輪胎趨于抱死，這時(shí)電子控制裝置向該車輪的制動(dòng)器發(fā)出降低壓力的指令。當(dāng)信號(hào)顯示車輪轉(zhuǎn)速恢復(fù)正常時(shí)，電子控制裝置會(huì)增加制動(dòng)器的液壓。這種循環(huán)像司機(jī)一樣調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)器，但它的速度更快，達(dá)到了每秒循環(huán)數(shù)次。防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)除了上面基本操作，還有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)。首先，當(dāng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的壓力上升到使輪胎抱死或即將抱死的時(shí)候，防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)才會(huì)啟動(dòng)；當(dāng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在正常情況下，防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)停止運(yùn)作。其次，如果防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)有問題時(shí)，制動(dòng)器會(huì)獨(dú)立地繼續(xù)運(yùn)行。但控制板上的指示燈亮起提醒司機(jī)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)問題。
目前歐洲汽車生產(chǎn)商，如：寶馬、奔馳、寶時(shí)捷等廣泛使用的是波許（Bosch）防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)基本組成包括車輪轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器，電子控制裝置和調(diào)節(jié)裝置。 每個(gè)有一個(gè)向電子控制裝置發(fā)出車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)情況的信號(hào)的傳感器，它一般由磁感應(yīng)傳感頭和齒圈組成。前面的傳感器安在輪轂上，齒圈安在輪輞上，后面的傳感器安在后部的監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)上，齒圈安在輪軸上。傳感器本身是纏繞電磁線圈，電磁線圈的周圍產(chǎn)生磁場(chǎng)。當(dāng)齒圈的齒移動(dòng)到磁場(chǎng)時(shí)，就會(huì)改變線圈的電流。電子控制裝置會(huì)監(jiān)測(cè)這種變化，然后判斷車輪是否即將抱死。
電子控制裝置有三個(gè)作用，即：信號(hào)的處理，編輯和安全防護(hù)。信號(hào)的處理起到轉(zhuǎn)換器的作用，它是將接受的脈沖電信號(hào)處理轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)值，為編輯做準(zhǔn)備。編輯就是分析這些數(shù)值，計(jì)算出需要制動(dòng)壓力。如果檢測(cè)出車輪即將抱死，電控裝置就會(huì)計(jì)算出數(shù)值向調(diào)節(jié)裝置發(fā)出指令。
當(dāng)接受到電子控制裝置的指令后，液壓執(zhí)行裝置會(huì)調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)輪缸的液壓的大小。調(diào)節(jié)裝置能保持或減小來(lái)自制動(dòng)主缸的液壓，而裝置本身是不能啟用制動(dòng)器的。這種裝置有三個(gè)高速率的電磁閥，兩個(gè)油液存儲(chǔ)器和一個(gè)帶有內(nèi)外檢測(cè)閥的傳動(dòng)泵。調(diào)節(jié)裝置中的電子連接器隱藏在塑料蓋下。每個(gè)電磁閥都是其獨(dú)立控制的，并作用于前輪。后部的制動(dòng)輪缸受到一個(gè)電磁閥控制，并進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。當(dāng)防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行時(shí)，電子 控制裝置會(huì)使電磁閥循環(huán)運(yùn)作，這樣既能收回又能釋放制動(dòng)器的壓力。當(dāng)壓力釋放時(shí)，它會(huì)釋放到液壓?jiǎn)卧?。前部的制?dòng)器電路有一個(gè)低壓存儲(chǔ)器，它在低壓下存儲(chǔ)油液，直到回流泵打開，油液流經(jīng)制動(dòng)輪缸進(jìn)入制動(dòng)主缸
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