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南京航空航天大學(xué)金城學(xué)院 畢業(yè)論文 題目 汽車(chē)離合器結(jié)構(gòu)分析和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生: 俞皓鏹 學(xué)號(hào): 2005012238,參考文獻(xiàn) [1]臧杰,閻巖.汽車(chē)構(gòu)造[M].機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2005,8. [2]王望予主編.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M].機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004,8. [3]徐石安,江發(fā)潮.汽車(chē)離合器[M].清華大學(xué)出版社,2005,2. [4]劉惟信主編.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M].清華大學(xué)出版社,2001,7. [5]林世裕主編.螺旋彈簧與碟形彈簧離合器的設(shè)計(jì)與制造[M].東北大學(xué),2005. [6]汽車(chē)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)匯編(2000~2004) [M].中國(guó)汽車(chē)技術(shù)研究中心標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究所,2005. [7]閻春利,張希棟.汽車(chē)離合器螺旋彈簧的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 林業(yè)機(jī)械與木工設(shè)備,2006,3. [8]廖林清,曹建國(guó).汽車(chē)離合器螺旋彈簧的三次設(shè)計(jì)[J].四川兵工學(xué)報(bào),2001,2. [9]司傳勝.汽車(chē)螺旋彈簧離合器的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 林業(yè)機(jī)械與木工設(shè)備,2004,12. [10]李林,劉惟信. 汽車(chē)離合器螺旋彈簧的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J].清華大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2000,5. [11]林明芳等. 汽車(chē)離合器螺旋彈簧的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J].汽車(chē)工程,2003,2. [12]劉紅欣.螺旋彈簧應(yīng)力分布的試驗(yàn)和有限元分析[J].力學(xué)與實(shí)踐,2003, 3. [13]張衛(wèi)波.汽車(chē)螺旋彈簧離合器智能優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)研究[J].中國(guó)工程機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2007,1. [14]肖文穎,許海華.離合器螺旋彈簧的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J].公路與汽運(yùn),2007,4. [15]程漢應(yīng).汽車(chē)離合器摩擦片數(shù)量選擇及其參數(shù)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J].汽車(chē)工程,2001,7. [16]浦定真.螺旋彈簧離合器的設(shè)計(jì)與研究[J].汽車(chē)技術(shù),2006,6. [17]趙波,趙曉昱.汽車(chē)離合器的相關(guān)參數(shù)優(yōu)化與分析[J].拖拉機(jī)與農(nóng)業(yè)運(yùn)輸車(chē),2007,2. [18]LiuWeixin,GePing,LiWei.OptimalDesignTorsionalDampersinAutomobileClutch.ProceeDingsoftheInternationalConferenceonCADofMachinery.2001. [19]Ahern,Kathy,Manathung,Catherine.Clutch-StaringStalleDResearchStuDets.InnovativeHigherEDucation.2004.,摘 要 以?xún)?nèi)燃機(jī)在作為動(dòng)力的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)汽車(chē)中,離合器是作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的總成而存在的。離合器通常裝在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器之間,其主動(dòng)部分與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪相連,從動(dòng)部分與變速器相連。為各類(lèi)型汽車(chē)所廣泛采用的摩擦離合器,實(shí)際上是一種依靠其主、從動(dòng)部分間的摩擦來(lái)傳遞動(dòng)力且能分離的機(jī)構(gòu)。離合器的主要功用是切斷和實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與傳動(dòng)系平順的接合,確保汽車(chē)平穩(wěn)起步;在換擋時(shí)將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與傳動(dòng)系分離,減少變速器中換檔齒輪間的沖擊;在工作中受到較大的動(dòng)載荷時(shí),能限制傳動(dòng)系所承受的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩,以防止傳動(dòng)系個(gè)零部件因過(guò)載而損壞;有效地降低傳動(dòng)系中的振動(dòng)和噪音。 本車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)采用單片螺旋彈簧離合器。本車(chē)采用的摩擦式離合器是因?yàn)槠浣Y(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,可靠性強(qiáng),維修方便,目前大多數(shù)汽車(chē)都采用這種形式的離合器。而采用干式離合器是因?yàn)闈袷诫x合器大多是多盤(pán)式離合器,用于需要傳遞較大轉(zhuǎn)矩的離合器,而該車(chē)型不在此列。采用螺旋彈簧離合器是因?yàn)槁菪龔椈呻x合器具有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn):首先,由于螺旋彈簧具有非線(xiàn)性特性,因此可設(shè)計(jì)成當(dāng)摩擦片磨損后,彈簧壓力幾乎可以保持不變,且可減輕分離離合器時(shí)的踏板力,使操縱輕便;其次,螺旋彈簧的安裝位置對(duì)離合器軸的中心線(xiàn)是對(duì)的,因此其壓力實(shí)際上不受離心力的影響,性能穩(wěn)定,平衡性也好;再者,螺旋彈簧本身兼起壓緊彈簧和分離杠桿的作用,使離合器的結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡(jiǎn)化,零件數(shù)目減少,質(zhì)量減小并顯著地縮短了其軸向尺寸;另外,由于螺旋彈簧與壓盤(pán)是以整個(gè)圓周接觸,使壓力分布均勻,摩擦片的接觸良好,磨損均勻,也易于實(shí)現(xiàn)良好的散熱通風(fēng)等。由于螺旋彈簧離合器具有上述一系列的優(yōu)點(diǎn),并且制造螺旋彈簧的工藝水平也在不斷地提高,因而這種離合器在轎車(chē)及微型、輕型客車(chē)上已得到廣泛的采用,而且逐漸擴(kuò)展到載貨汽車(chē)上。從動(dòng)盤(pán)選擇單片式從動(dòng)盤(pán)是一位其結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,調(diào)整方便。壓盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)方式采用傳動(dòng)片式是因?yàn)槠錄](méi)有太明顯的缺點(diǎn)且簡(jiǎn)化了結(jié)構(gòu),降低了裝配要求又有利于壓盤(pán)定中。選擇拉式離合器是因?yàn)槠漭^拉式離合器零件數(shù)目更少,結(jié)構(gòu)更簡(jiǎn)化,軸向尺寸更小,質(zhì)量更??;并且分離杠桿較大,使其踏板操縱力較輕。 關(guān)鍵字:螺旋彈簧離合器 螺旋彈簧 離合器 摩擦片 減振盤(pán),Abstract,To the internal combustion engine as the driving force in the mechanical transmission car, the clutch is the assembly as an independent existence. Clutch is usually packed in between the engine and transmission, the active part connected with the engine flywheel, driven in part connected with the transmission. For various types of motor vehicles is widely used in friction clutch, in fact, is a kind of rely on their owners, driven in part to friction between the transmission power can separate agencies. The main function of the clutch is cut off and the engine and transmission system to achieve smooth joint, to ensure that a smooth start; in the shift will be separated from the engine and power train to reduce the transmission of shocks between the gear shift; in its work by the larger dynamic load when the transmission system to limit the burden of the maximum torque to prevent the powertrain components of the damage due to overload; effectively reduce the transmission lines of the vibration and noise. The design uses a single car coil spring clutch. The car used clutch friction because of its simple structure, reliability, maintenance convenience, the majority of vehicles currently using this form of clutch. The use of dry-type clutch is because most of the wet clutch is a multi-disc clutch, for the need for greater torque transmission clutch, and the model is not included. The use of coil spring coil spring clutch because the clutch has many advantages: First, the coil spring has nonlinear characteristics, it can be designed to wear when the friction plate, the spring pressure can be maintained almost unchanged, and reduce the separation of the clutch pedal at the time of ability to manipulate light; Secondly, the coil spring on the installation location of the centerline of the clutch shaft is right, so the pressure is not in fact the effects of centrifugal force, stable performance, or balance; In addition, the coil spring itself, and from compress the spring and split the role of leverage, so that greatly simplified the structure of the clutch, spare parts to reduce the number, quality and significantly reduced to reduce the size of its axial; In addition, as a result of coil spring and the pressure plate contacts the entire circumference, so that the pressure distribution, good contacts with friction plate, wear uniform, but also easy to achieve good heat ventilation. As the spiral spring clutch with a series of advantages of the above, and coil spring manufacturing process has been to raise the level, so that the clutch in the car and micro, light bus has been widely used, and gradually extended to the cargo vehicle . Follower plate choice of single-chip set is a follower of its simple structure, convenient adjustment. Platen drive transmission chip used is not too much because of its obvious shortcomings and to simplify the structure, assembly requirements and reduces the pressure plate will be in favor of. Pull-type clutch choice because of its parts than the number of pull-type clutch less, more streamlined structure, the axial size smaller, the quality of even smaller; and a greater separation of the lever so that it is relatively small pedal manipulation. Keywords: spiral spring clutch coil spring clutch friction plate vibration plate,離合器的發(fā)展 在早期研發(fā)的離合器結(jié)構(gòu)中,錐形離合器最為成功。它的原型設(shè)計(jì)曾裝在1889年德國(guó)戴姆勒公司生產(chǎn)的鋼制車(chē)輪的小汽車(chē)上。它是將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪的內(nèi)孔做成錐體作為離合器的主動(dòng)件。采用錐形離合器的方案一直延續(xù)到20世紀(jì)20年代中葉,對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)來(lái)說(shuō),錐形離合器的制造比較簡(jiǎn)單,摩擦面容易修復(fù)。它的摩擦材料曾用過(guò)駱毛帶、皮革帶等。那時(shí)曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)蹄-鼓式離合器,其結(jié)構(gòu)有利于在離心力作用下使蹄緊貼鼓面。蹄-鼓式離合器用的摩擦元件是木塊、皮革帶等,蹄-鼓式離合器的重量較錐形離合器輕。無(wú)論錐形離合器或蹄-鼓式離合器,都容易造成分離不徹底甚至出現(xiàn)主、從動(dòng)件根本無(wú)法分離的自鎖現(xiàn)象。 現(xiàn)今所用的盤(pán)式離合器的先驅(qū)是多片盤(pán)式離合器,它是直到1925年以后才出現(xiàn)的。多片離合器最主要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,汽車(chē)起步時(shí)離合器的接合比較平順,無(wú)沖擊。早期的設(shè)計(jì)中,多片按成對(duì)布置設(shè)計(jì),一個(gè)鋼盤(pán)片對(duì)著一青銅盤(pán)片。采用純粹的金屬的摩擦副,把它們浸在油中工作,能達(dá)到更為滿(mǎn)意的性能。 浸在油中的盤(pán)片式離合器,盤(pán)子直徑不能太大,以避免在高速時(shí)把油甩掉。此外,油也容易把金屬盤(pán)片粘住,不易分離。但畢竟還是優(yōu)點(diǎn)大于缺點(diǎn)。因?yàn)樵诋?dāng)時(shí),許多其他離合器還在原創(chuàng)階段,性能很不穩(wěn)定。 石棉基摩擦材料的引入和改進(jìn),使得盤(pán)片式離合器可以傳遞更大的轉(zhuǎn)矩,能耐受更高的溫度。此外,由于采用石棉基摩擦材料后可用較小的摩擦面積,因而可以減少摩擦片數(shù),這是由多片離合器向單片離合器轉(zhuǎn)變的關(guān)鍵。20世紀(jì)20年代末,直到進(jìn)入30年代時(shí),只有工程車(chē)輛、賽車(chē)和大功率的轎車(chē)上才使用多片離合器。,圖2.4摩擦片Pro/E建立過(guò)程4 主要技術(shù)指標(biāo): 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速: 3000rpm, 最大傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩:200N.m, 型 式: 單盤(pán)式 , 摩擦系數(shù): 0.3, 總壓力,F(xiàn)N: 7KN 對(duì)離合器的摩擦片進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)選擇,確定了離合器摩擦片的外徑尺寸,對(duì)以后其他多個(gè)部件總成的外形尺寸選擇起了決定作用。通過(guò)對(duì)摩擦片這個(gè)零件的設(shè)計(jì)選擇,還可以間接確定離合器的外形尺寸等。,主動(dòng)部分設(shè)計(jì) 本章對(duì)離合器主動(dòng)件進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算、選擇及校核。主動(dòng)件包括離合器蓋、壓盤(pán)等。這些部件都是給離合器傳遞扭矩的部件,他們共同的特點(diǎn)是都要有良好的散熱能力,有能有效把在主動(dòng)部分的熱傳遞出去的能力。這些部件總成都是符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的部件,經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的校核計(jì)算,可以符合使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),滿(mǎn)足使用的需要。,從動(dòng)盤(pán)總成設(shè)計(jì) 本章對(duì)離合器從動(dòng)盤(pán)各部件總成進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算及校核。從動(dòng)盤(pán)包括摩擦片、扭轉(zhuǎn)減振器、波形彈簧、從動(dòng)盤(pán)轂及其他一些起緊固、傳遞力作用的零件。考慮了其各方面的要求及特征,改進(jìn)了原零件的一些設(shè)計(jì)方案和材料,使整體效果更好一些。并能提高離合器本身的使用壽命及汽車(chē)的舒適性等。,螺旋彈簧設(shè)計(jì) 本章螺旋彈簧進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化。使其可以更好的在該設(shè)計(jì)的離合器中工作,提高離合器的使用壽命及工作效率。螺旋彈簧本身就兼起壓緊彈簧和分離杠桿作用,是離合器上最重要的部件,將其設(shè)計(jì)做好可以是離合器的各項(xiàng)性能得到大幅度的提高。,致 謝 首先向全體老師表示衷心的感謝,在這幾年的時(shí)間里,他們?yōu)槲覀兊某砷L(zhǎng)和進(jìn)步做出了貢獻(xiàn)。在這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中,有許多老師給予了指導(dǎo)和幫助,尤其是老師,在這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的整個(gè)過(guò)程中,給了我們很大幫助,做為我們的輔導(dǎo)老師,盡職盡責(zé),一絲不茍。 至此,這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)也將告以段落,但老師的教誨卻讓人終生難忘,通過(guò)這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),不但使我學(xué)到了知識(shí),也讓我學(xué)到了許多的道理,總之是受益匪淺。 盡管我在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中做出了很多的努力,但由于我的水平有限,設(shè)計(jì)中的錯(cuò)誤和不當(dāng)之處仍在所難免,望老師提出寶貴的意見(jiàn)。 最后,向文中引用到其學(xué)術(shù)論著及研究成果的學(xué)術(shù)前輩與同行們致謝! 再次向敬愛(ài)的老師表示衷心的感謝!,