裝配圖供水管道恒壓智能控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計

裝配圖供水管道恒壓智能控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計,裝配,供水,管道,智能,控制系統(tǒng),設(shè)計 信息與電子工程系畢業(yè)設(shè)計（翻譯）外文資料(英文)Sensorisonekindcomponentwhichcantansformthephysicalquantity,chemistryquantityandthebiomassintoelectricalsignal.Theoutputsignalhasthedifferentformslikethevoltage,theelectriccurrent,thefrequency,thepulseandsoon,whichcansatisfythesignaltransmission,processing,recording,demonstrationandcontroldemands.Soitistheautomaticdetectionsystemandintheautomaticcontrolindustry.IfautomaticTechnologyisusedwider,thensensorismoreimportant.Ininformationage,theinformationindustryincludsinformationgathering,transmission,processthreeparts,namelysensortechnology,communication,computertechnology.Becauseofultralargescaleintegratedcircuitsrapiddevelopmentafterhavingbeendeveloped,Moderncomputertechnologyandcommunication,notonlyrequestssensorprecision,reliability,speedofresponseandgaininformationcontentrequestmoreandmorehigh,butalsorequestsitscosttobeinexpensive.Theobvioustraditionalsensoriseliminatedgraduallybecauseofthefunction,thecharacteristic,thevolume,thecostandsoon.Asworlddevelopmanycountriesarespeedinguptothesensornewtechnologysresearchandthedevelopment,andallhasobtainedtheenormousbreakthrough.Nowthesensornewtechnologydevelopment,mainlyhasfollowingseveralaspects:Firstly, discovering and using.Usingthephysicalphenomenon,thechemicalreaction,thebiologicaleffectasthesensorprinciplethereforetheresearcheswhich discoveredthenewphenomenonandtheneweffectarethesensortechnologicalimprovingways.itisimportantstudies todevelopenewsensorsthefoundation.JapaneseSharpCorporationusesthesuperconductivitytechnologytodevelopsuccessfullythehightemperaturesuperconductivitymagneticsensorandgetthesensortechnologysignificantbreakthrough.Itssensitivityissohighandonlyinferiorinthesuperconductivityquantuminterferencecomponent.Itsmanufacturecraftisfarsimplerthanthesuperconductivityquantuminterferencecomponent.Mayuseinmagnetismimageformationtechnology.Soithasthewidespreadpromotedvalue.Usingtheimmunebodyandtheantigenmeetsoneanothercompoundwhentheelectrodesurface.Itcancausetheelectrodepotentialchangeandusethisphenomenontobepossibletogeneratetheimmunitysensor.Theimmunitysensormakeswiththiskindofimmunebodymaytosomeorganisminwhetherhasthiskindofanti-originalworkinspection.Likemayinspectsomebodywiththehepatitisvirusimmunebodywhethercontractsthehepatitis,playstoisfast,theaccuraterole.TheUSUCsixthbranchhasdeveloppedthiskindofsensor.Secondly,usingthenewmaterial.Thesensormaterialistheimportantfoundationforsensortechnology,becausethematerialsscienceisprogressiveandthepeoplemaymakeeachkindofnewsensor.Forexamplemakingthetemperaturesensorwiththehighpolymerthinfilm;Theopticalfibercanmakethepressure,thecurrentcapacity,thetemperature,thedisplacementandsoonthemanykindsofsensors;Makingthepressuretransmitterwiththeceramics.Thehighpolymercanbecometheproportionadsorptionandthereleasehydronealongwiththeenvironmentrelativehumiditysize.Thehighpolymerelectricityliesbetweentheconstanttobesmall,thehydronecanenhancethepolymerthecoefficientofdielectricalloss.Makingthecapacitorthehighpolymerdielectricmedium,determinestheelectriccapacitycapacitythechange,thenobtainstherelativehumidity.Makingtheplasmausingthisprincipletogatherthelegitimatepolystyrenefilmtemperaturesensorbelow,ithasthecharacteristic:Measuredthewetscopeiswide;Thetemperaturerangeiswide,mayreach-400+1,500;Thespeedofresponseisquick,issmallerthan1S;Thesizeissmall,mayuseinthesmallspacemeasuringwet;Thetemperaturecoefficientissmall.Theceramicelectriccapacitytypepressuretransmitterisonekinddoesnothavetheintermediaryfluidthedrytypepressuretransmitter.Usestheadvancedceramictechnology,theheavyfilmelectronictechnology,itstechnicalperformanceisstable,theyeardriftingquantityissmallerthan0.1%F.S,warmfloatsissmallerthan0.15%/10K,anti-overloadsstrongly,mayreachthemeasuringrangeseveralhundredtimes.Thesurveyscopemayfrom0to60mpa.GermanE+HCorporationandtheAmericanKavlioCorporationproductisattheleadingposition.Theopticalfiberapplicationissendthematerialsignificantbreakthrough,itsusesinmostearlytheopticalcommunicationtechniques.Intheopticalcommunicationusediscoveredworksasenvironmentalconditionchangeandsoonthetemperature,pressure,electricfield,magneticfield,causesthefiberoptictransmissionlightwaveintensity,thephase,thefrequency,changeandsoonthepolarizationcondition,thesurveylightwavequantitychange,mayknowcausestheselightwavephysicalquantitytheandsoonquantitativechangetemperature,pressure,electricfield,magneticfieldsize,usestheseprinciplestobepossibletodeveloptheopticalfibersensor.Theopticalfibersensorandthetraditionalsensorcomparehasmanycharacteristics:Sensitivityhigh,thestructuresimple,thevolumesmall,anti-corrosive,theelectricinsulationgood,thepathofraysmaybecurving,beadvantageousfortherealizationtelemeteringandsoon.OpticalfibersensorJapanisintheadvancedlevel.LikeIdecIzumiCorporationandSunxCorporation.Theopticalfibersendreceiverandtheintegratedpathofraystechnologyunify,acceleratestheopticalfibersensortechnologydevelopment.Willintegratethepathofrayscomponenttoreplacetheoriginalopticspartandthepassivelightcomponent,enabletheopticalfibersensortohavethehighbandwidth,thelowsignalprocessingvoltage,thereliabilityhigh,thecostwillbelow.Third,micromachine-finishingtechnologyInsemiconductortechnologyprocessingmethodoxygenation,thephotoetching,theproliferation,thedeposition,theplaneelectroncraft,variousguidescorrosionandsteamsplates,thesputteringthinfilmandsoon,thesehaveallintroducedtothesensormanufacture.Thushasproducedeachkindofnewsensor,likemakesthesiliconmicrosensorusingthesemiconductortechnology,makesthefastresponseusingthethinfilmcraftthegastobesensitive,thewetsensitivesensor,theusesputteringthinfilmcraftsystempressuretransmitterandsoon.TheJapanesehorizontalrivercompanyusesvariousguidescorrosiontechnologytocarryonthehighaccuracythreedimensionalprocessing,thesystemhelpsthesiliconresonancetypepressuretransmitter.ThecorepartiallypressestworesonantLiangbythefeelingwhichabovethesilicondiaphragmandthesilicondiaphragmmanufacturestoform,tworesonantLiangsfrequencydifferencecorrespondencedifferentpressure,measuresthepressurewiththefrequencydifferencemethod,mayeliminatetheerrorwhichfactorandsoonambienttemperaturebrings.Whenambienttemperaturechange,tworesonantLiangfrequencyandtheamplitudevariationaresame,aftertwofrequencydifferences,itssamechangequantitycancounterbalancemutually.Itssurveymosthighaccuracymayreach0.01%FS.AmericanSiliconMicrostructureInc.(SMI)thecompanydevelopsaseriesoflowends,linearin0.1%to0.In65%scopesiliconmicropressuretransmitter,thelowestfullmeasuringrangeis0.15psi(1KPa),itmakestakethesiliconasthematerial,hastheuniquethreedimensionalstructure,thelightslightmachine-finishing,makesthewheatstonebridgemanytimeswiththeetchingonthesilicondiaphragm,whenabovesiliconchipstress,ithasthedistortion,theresistanceproducespressestheanti-effectbuttolosethebridgebalance,theoutputandthepressurebecomestheproportiontheelectricalsignalSuchsiliconmicrosensoristhefronttechnologywhichnowthesensordevelops,Itsessentialfeatureisthesensitiveunitvolumeisamicronmagnitude,Isthetraditionalsensorseveraldozens,several1%.Inaspectandsoonindustrycontrol,aerospacedomain,biomedicinehasthevitalrole,likeontheairplanetheusemayreducetheairplaneweight,reducestheenergy.Anothercharacteristiciscanbesensitiveissmallsurveyed,maymakethebloodpressurepressuretransmitter.TheChineseaviationmaincorporationBeijingobservationandcontroltechnicalresearchinstitute,thedevelopmentCYJseriessplashesthanksthemembranepressuretransmitterisusestheionsputteringcrafttoprocessthemetalstraingauge,ithasovercomethenonmetallicstraingaugeeasilythetemperatureinfluenceinsufficiency,hasthehighstability,issuitableineachkindofsituation,ismeasuredthemediumscopewidely,butalsoovercamethetraditionlowlytogluetheprecisionwhichthetypebrought,sluggishbig,shortcomingandsoonslowchange,hadtheprecisionhigh,thereliabilityishigh,thevolumesmallcharacteristic,widelyusedindomainandsoonaviation,petroleum,chemicalindustry,medicalservice.Fourth,integratesthesensorIntegratesthesensorthesuperiorityisthetraditionalsensorisunabletoachieve,itisasimplesensornotmerely,itinatthesametimetheauxiliarycircuitpartandsendthepartwillintegrateontogetherthechip,willcauseittohavethecalibration,tocompensate,fromthediagnosisandthenetworkcorrespondencefunction,itmightreducethecost,thegaininyield,thiskindofbloodpressuresensorwhichAmericanLUCAS,NOVASENSORCorporationwilldevelop,eachweekwillbeabletoproduce10,000.Fifth,intellectualizedsensorTheintellectualizedsensorisonekindofbeltmicroprocessorsensor,isachievementwhichthemicrocomputerandthesensorunifies,ithasatthesametimetheexamination,thejudgmentandtheinformationprocessingfunction,compareswiththetraditionalsensorhasverymanycharacteristics:Hasthejudgmentandtheinformationprocessingfunction,cancarryontherevision,theerrortotheobservedvaluecompensates,thusenhancementmeasuringaccuracy;Mayrealizethemulti-sensormultiparameterssurvey;Hasfromthediagnosisandfromthecalibrationfunction,enhancesthereliability;Thesurveydatamaydepositandwithdraw,easytooperate;Hasthedatacommunicationinterfacedci,canandthemicrocomputerdirectcommunication.Thesensor,thesignaladjustmentelectriccircuit,themonolithicintegratedcircuitintegrationformsultralarge-scaleintegratedonachiptheseniorintelligencesensor.AmericanHONYWELLCorporationST-3000intelligencesensor,thechipsizeonlythenhas342mm3,usesthesemiconductorcraft,makesCPU,EPROM,thestaticpressure,thedifferentialpressure,thetemperatureontheidenticalchipandsoonthreekindofsensitiveunits.Theintellectualizedsensorresearchandthedevelopment,USisattheleadingposition.AmericanSpaceAgencywhendevelopmentspaceshipcalledthiskindofsensorforthecleversensor(SmartSensor),onthespaceshipthiskindofsensorisextremelyimportant.Ourcountryinthisaspectresearchanddevelopmentalsoverybackward,mainlyisbecauseourcountrysemiconductorintegratedcircuittechnologicallevelislimited.Thesensorsdevelopmentischangingdayafterdaysincespeciallythe80shumanitieshaveenteredintothehighindustrializationtheinformationage,sensortechnologytorenewal,highertechnologicaldevelopment.US,Japanandsoondevelopedcountrysensortechnologicaldevelopmentquickest,ourcountrybecausethefoundationisweak,thesensortechnologycompareswiththesedevelopedcountrieshasthebigdisparity.Therefore,weshouldenlargetothesensorengineeringresearch,thedevelopmentinvestment,causesourcountrysensortechnologyandtheforeigndisparityreduces,promotesourcountryinstrumentmeasuringapplianceindustryandfromthetechnicaldevelopment.外文翻譯(中文)傳感器是一種能將物理量、化學(xué)量、生物量等轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號的器件。輸出信號有不同形式，如電壓、電流、頻率、脈沖等，能滿足信息傳輸、處理、記錄、顯示、控制要求，是自動檢測系統(tǒng)和自動控制系統(tǒng)中不可缺少的元件。如果把計算機比作大腦，那么傳感器則相當于五官，傳感器能正確感受被測量并轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)輸出量，對系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量起決定性作用。自動化程度越高，系統(tǒng)對傳感器要求越高。在今天的信息時代里，信息產(chǎn)業(yè)包括信息采集、傳輸、處理三部分，即傳感技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)、計算機技術(shù)?，F(xiàn)代的計算機技術(shù)和通信技術(shù)由于超大規(guī)模集成電路的飛速發(fā)展，而已經(jīng)充分發(fā)達后，不僅對傳感器的精度、可靠性、響應(yīng)速度、獲取的信息量要求越來越高，還要求其成本低廉且使用方便。顯然傳統(tǒng)傳感器因功能、特性、體積、成本等已難以滿足而逐漸被淘汰。世界許多發(fā)達國家都在加快對傳感器新技術(shù)的研究與開發(fā)，并且都已取得極大的突破。如今傳感器新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，主要有以下幾個方面：一、發(fā)現(xiàn)并利用新現(xiàn)象利用物理現(xiàn)象、化學(xué)反應(yīng)、生物效應(yīng)作為傳感器原理，所以研究發(fā)現(xiàn)新現(xiàn)象與新效應(yīng)是傳感器技術(shù)發(fā)展的重要工作，是研究開發(fā)新型傳感器的基礎(chǔ)。日本夏普公司利用超導(dǎo)技術(shù)研制成功高溫超導(dǎo)磁性傳感器，是傳感器技術(shù)的重大突破，其靈敏度高，僅次于超導(dǎo)量子干涉器件。它的制造工藝遠比超導(dǎo)量子干涉器件簡單?？捎糜诖懦上窦夹g(shù)，有廣泛推廣價值。利用抗體和抗原在電極表面上相遇復(fù)合時，會引起電極電位的變化，利用這一現(xiàn)象可制出免疫傳感器。用這種抗體制成的免疫傳感器可對某生物體內(nèi)是否有這種抗原作檢查。如用肝炎病毒抗體可檢查某人是否患有肝炎，起到快速、準確作用。美國加州大學(xué)巳研制出這類傳感器。二、利用新材料傳感器材料是傳感器技術(shù)的重要基礎(chǔ)，由于材料科學(xué)進步，人們可制造出各種新型傳感器。例如用高分子聚合物薄膜制成溫度傳感器；光導(dǎo)纖維能制成壓力、流量、溫度、位移等多種傳感器；用陶瓷制成壓力傳感器。高分子聚合物能隨周圍環(huán)境的相對濕度大小成比例地吸附和釋放水分子。高分子電介常數(shù)小，水分子能提高聚合物的介電常數(shù)。將高分子電介質(zhì)做成電容器，測定電容容量的變化，即可得出相對濕度。利用這個原理制成等離子聚合法聚苯乙烯薄膜溫度傳感器，其有以下特點：測濕范圍寬；溫度范圍寬，可達-400+1500；響應(yīng)速度快，小于1S；尺寸小，可用于小空間測濕；溫度系數(shù)小。陶瓷電容式壓力傳感器是一種無中介液的干式壓力傳感器。采用先進的陶瓷技術(shù)，厚膜電子技術(shù)，其技術(shù)性能穩(wěn)定，年漂移量小于0.1%F.S,溫漂小于0.15%/10K,抗過載強,可達量程的數(shù)百倍。測量范圍可從0到60mpa。德國E+H公司和美國Kavlio公司產(chǎn)品處于領(lǐng)先地位。光導(dǎo)纖維的應(yīng)用是傳感材料的重大突破，其最早用于光通信技術(shù)。在光通信利用中發(fā)現(xiàn)當溫度、壓力、電場、磁場等環(huán)境條件變化時，引起光纖傳輸?shù)墓獠◤姸?、相位、頻率、偏振態(tài)等變化，測量光波量的變化，就可知道導(dǎo)致這些光波量變化的溫度、壓力、電場、磁場等物理量的大小，利用這些原理可研制出光導(dǎo)纖維傳感器。光纖傳感器與傳統(tǒng)傳感器相比有許多特點：靈敏度高，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、體積小、耐腐蝕、電絕緣性好、光路可彎曲、便于實現(xiàn)遙測等。光纖傳感器日本處于先進水平。如IdecIzumi公司和Sunx公司。光纖傳感受器與集成光路技術(shù)相結(jié)合，加速光纖傳感器技術(shù)的發(fā)展。將集成光路器件代替原有光學(xué)元件和無源光器件，使光纖傳感器有高的帶寬、低的信號處理電壓，可靠性高，成本低。三、微機械加工技術(shù)半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)中的加工方法有氧化、光刻、擴散、沉積、平面電子工藝，各向?qū)愿g及蒸鍍，濺射薄膜等，這些都已引進到傳感器制造。因而產(chǎn)生了各種新型傳感器，如利用半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)制造出硅微傳感器，利用薄膜工藝制造出快速響應(yīng)的氣敏、濕敏傳感器，利用濺射薄膜工藝制壓力傳感器等。日本橫河公司利用各向?qū)愿g技術(shù)進行高精度三維加工，制成全硅諧振式壓力傳感器。核心部分由感壓硅膜片和硅膜片上面制作的兩個諧振梁結(jié)成，兩個諧振梁的頻差對應(yīng)不同的壓力，用頻率差的方法測壓力，可消除環(huán)境溫度等因素帶來的誤差。當環(huán)境溫度變化時，兩個諧振梁頻率和幅度變化相同，將兩個頻率差后，其相同變化量就能夠相互抵消。其測量最高精度可達0.01%FS。美國SiliconMicrostructureInc.(SMI)公司開發(fā)一系列低價位,線性度在0.1%到0.65%范圍內(nèi)的硅微壓力傳感器,最低滿量程為0.15psi(1KPa),其以硅為材料制成,具有獨特的三維結(jié)構(gòu),輕細微機械加工,和多次蝕刻制成惠斯登電橋于硅膜片上,當硅片上方受力時,其產(chǎn)生變形,電阻產(chǎn)生壓阻效應(yīng)而失去電橋平衡,輸出與壓力成比例的電信號.象這樣的硅微傳感器是當今傳感器發(fā)展的前沿技術(shù),其基本特點是敏感元件體積為微米量級,是傳統(tǒng)傳感器的幾十、幾百分之一。在工業(yè)控制、航空航天領(lǐng)域、生物醫(yī)學(xué)等方面有重要的作用，如飛機上利用可減輕飛機重量，減少能源。另一特點是能敏感微小被測量，可制成血壓壓力傳感器。中國航空總公司北京測控技術(shù)研究所，研制的CYJ系列濺謝膜壓力傳感器是采用離子濺射工藝加工成金屬應(yīng)變計，它克服了非金屬式應(yīng)變計易受溫度影響的不足，具有高穩(wěn)定性，適用于各種場合，被測介質(zhì)范圍寬，還克服了傳統(tǒng)粘貼式帶來的精度低、遲滯大、蠕變等缺點，具有精度高、可靠性高、體積小的特點，廣泛用于航空、石油、化工、醫(yī)療等領(lǐng)域。四、集成傳感器集成傳感器的優(yōu)勢是傳統(tǒng)傳感器無法達到的，它不僅僅是一個簡單的傳感器，其將輔助電路中的元件與傳感元件同時集成在一塊芯片上，使之具有校準、補償、自診斷和網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信的功能，它可降低成本、增加產(chǎn)量，美國LUCAS、NOVASENSOR公司開發(fā)的這種血壓傳感器，每星期能生產(chǎn)1萬只。五、智能化傳感器智能化傳感器是一種帶微處理器的傳感器，是微型計算機和傳感器相結(jié)合的成果，它兼有檢測、判斷和信息處理功能，與傳統(tǒng)傳感器相比有很多特點：具有判斷和信息處理功能，能對測量值進行修正、誤差補償，因而提高測量精度；可實現(xiàn)多傳感器多參數(shù)測量；有自診斷和自校準功能，提高可靠性；測量數(shù)據(jù)可存取，使用方便；有數(shù)據(jù)通信接口，能與微型計算機直接通信。把傳感器、信號調(diào)節(jié)電路、單片機集成在一芯片上形成超大規(guī)模集成化的高級智能傳感器。美國HONYWELL公司ST-3000型智能傳感器，芯片尺寸才有342mm3，采用半導(dǎo)體工藝，在同一芯片上制成CPU、EPROM、靜壓、壓差、溫度等三種敏感元件。智能化傳感器的研究與開發(fā)，美國處于領(lǐng)先地位。美國宇航局在開發(fā)宇宙飛船時稱這種傳感器為靈巧傳感器（SmartSensor），在宇宙飛船上這種傳感器是非常重要的。我國在這方面的研究與開發(fā)還很落后，主要是因為我國半導(dǎo)體集成電路工藝水平有限。傳感器的發(fā)展日新月異，特別是80年代人類由高度工業(yè)化進入信息時代以來，傳感器技術(shù)向更新、更高的技術(shù)發(fā)展。美國、日本等發(fā)達國家的傳感器技術(shù)發(fā)展最快，我國由于基礎(chǔ)薄弱，傳感器技術(shù)與這些發(fā)達國家相比有較大的差距。因此，我們應(yīng)該加大對傳感器技術(shù)研究、開發(fā)的投入，使我國傳感器技術(shù)與外國差距縮短，促進我國儀器儀表工業(yè)和自化化技術(shù)的發(fā)展。- 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