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本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文)
外 文 翻 譯
原 文 標(biāo) 題
Design of marine engine exhaust heat recovery
device
譯 文 標(biāo) 題
船用發(fā)動機尾氣余熱回收裝置設(shè)計
作者所在系別
機電工程學(xué)院
作者所在專業(yè)
車輛工程
作者所在班級
B13142
作 者 姓 名
劉強
作 者 學(xué) 號
201322399
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
焦運景
指導(dǎo)教師職稱
副高
完 成 時 間
2017
年
3
月
5日
北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制
譯文標(biāo)題
船用發(fā)動機尾氣余熱回收裝置設(shè)計
原文標(biāo)題
Design of marine engine exhaust heat recovery device
作 者
JahedulIslamChowdhury
譯 名
埃爾祖魯姆
國 籍
土耳其
原文出處
Ataturk University, Faculty of Agriculture
譯文：船用發(fā)動機尾氣余熱回收裝置設(shè)計
在當(dāng)今社會上，廢氣余熱已經(jīng)成為了一種對環(huán)境污染和資源浪費的現(xiàn)象，本文主要設(shè)計了船用發(fā)動機廢氣余熱回收的裝置，也就是余熱發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的模型。
文章主要介紹了余熱發(fā)電系統(tǒng)模型的設(shè)計方案，主要原理是，在兩個發(fā)電元件之間通過溫度差，將熱能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能。主要構(gòu)成由有冷源和熱源，微型發(fā)電機組成。其特點是，使用便利，質(zhì)量高，對環(huán)境無害，同時又節(jié)約了能源。
文章建立的余熱發(fā)電機系統(tǒng)模型的理論基礎(chǔ)是建立在湯姆森效應(yīng)之上。
關(guān)鍵詞：余熱利用, 余熱發(fā)電模型, 湯姆森效應(yīng)
一、余熱發(fā)電理論
目前在微電子發(fā)電機研究方面，國外微電子發(fā)電機的理論具有代表性的是普林斯頓大學(xué)，南加州大學(xué)和密歇根大學(xué)。美國的研究成果大多集中在日本的廢熱使用研究的軍事，航空航天，實踐和高科技方面，已經(jīng)應(yīng)用了熱電發(fā)電機組。 我國現(xiàn)階段狀況：熱電是可逆的，熱電發(fā)電和半導(dǎo)體冷卻是熱電現(xiàn)象的兩個方面，相互可逆。 一般是PN結(jié)，假設(shè)溫差可以用來發(fā)電，若是電源，可以在一端使用冷。半導(dǎo)體制冷和使用具有一定的程度，已經(jīng)有商業(yè)設(shè)施和發(fā)售，然而溫差發(fā)電, 這幾乎是一個空白。這是因為我國在軍事高科技研發(fā)能力相對落后?，F(xiàn)階段隨著何種學(xué)術(shù)互補，我國許多學(xué)者對外接觸相干技術(shù)，在以后的發(fā)展中，這種情況一定會逐漸改善。
余熱發(fā)電的前提是利用余熱發(fā)生器，他是將熱電材料產(chǎn)生的熱電效應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為電流。包括塞貝克效應(yīng)，珀耳帖效應(yīng)和湯姆森效應(yīng)。這三個因素與開爾文關(guān)系：有關(guān)，如圖所示：
該裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)與傳統(tǒng)的跨平面型微電子冷卻裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)相同。交叉平面微電子冷卻裝置的原理與傳統(tǒng)的熱電冷卻裝置的原理非常相似，除了基板和熱電偶臂本體成為薄膜材料之外，由于在這種冰箱構(gòu)造中，熱流的導(dǎo)向和基板其表面是如此垂直所謂的。雙層基板是連接到冷端和發(fā)電機的熱端的熱電偶。其原理是：根據(jù)塞貝克效應(yīng)，當(dāng)發(fā)電機的冷熱端溫度差時，電路會產(chǎn)生電流。他使用厚膜Bi2Te3合金材料，同時保持熱電臂的橫截面積和長度比相同的條件，減少熱電吊臂，增加每單位體積密度的熱功率。同時，微電子發(fā)電裝置連接數(shù)萬個熱電偶，在低溫差下獲得電壓高電壓，這種微電熱發(fā)電裝置的另一個特點是其制造工藝結(jié)合了電化學(xué)沉積和集成電路蝕刻工藝。測試裝置由2300個熱電偶組成，熱電臂的長度為50μm，直徑為6μm。 在8.5K的溫差下，可以在4.1V的電壓下提供22mw的功率。 試驗表明，上述所用可用于MEMS，提供微功率。 目前，JPL正在研發(fā)使用P型和N型Bi2T3，納米線替代厚膜合金，便用相似的措施完成更小尺寸的半導(dǎo)體電偶臂。
當(dāng)然發(fā)電器的構(gòu)造還有很多，然而就目前的選取的幾種上述結(jié)果證明，微卷熱電轉(zhuǎn)換器的熱損失較小，熱能利用率較高，但微加工愈加艱巨。同時，因為熱電材料在溫度梯度方向上為串聯(lián)，所以熱電材料的溫度差不是很大，所以發(fā)電量也很小。薄膜熱電發(fā)電程序從來說微處理技術(shù)相對成熟，其尺寸相對較小。但是由一般低功率產(chǎn)生的功率，僅有微瓦熱電堆PN結(jié)相對于溫度場是一個并聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)，每對PN結(jié)具備一樣的溫差，所以每對PN結(jié)串聯(lián)，功率較大，另外，熱源腔最好設(shè)計得相對大一點，這樣燃料燃燒，溫度掌控等比較容易，然而熱損失比微型線圈發(fā)電機要大。在這里用熱電堆式熱電發(fā)生器作為熱電電源的重要部件來設(shè)計。
二、余熱發(fā)電模塊設(shè)計
熱電堆型微電熱發(fā)電機主要包括上，下熱罩，分流芯片，焊料層，PN結(jié)懸臂和輸出線等部件。 微電子發(fā)電機的輸出功率和效率會被接觸電阻影響，湯姆遜效應(yīng)和溫度波動的影響以及熱覆蓋片，導(dǎo)流板和焊料層對熱導(dǎo)率的影響。
熱電發(fā)電器模塊的設(shè)計有水流道、氣流道和熱電發(fā)電偶臂的構(gòu)造設(shè)計。設(shè)計這個模塊的形態(tài)要注意熱量的最大利用。
余熱發(fā)電器模塊設(shè)計通常有，微卷式SwissRoll，熱電堆和薄膜熱發(fā)電，在這三者之間進行比較發(fā)現(xiàn)，微卷式雖然熱量損失小，但是加工很復(fù)雜，沒有條件不便使用。薄膜熱發(fā)電的處理技術(shù)相對不成熟，而且功率很低，不宜進行試驗。
PN節(jié)和溫度場的熱電堆并聯(lián)，每對PN結(jié)溫差相同，所以每對PN結(jié)串聯(lián)，發(fā)電功率較大，最終采用熱電堆熱電，發(fā)電機作為火力發(fā)電的部件來設(shè)計。為達(dá)到最大熱量的利用，所以我想到了“雙管形熱電發(fā)電器”和“方形熱電發(fā)電器”，雙管形熱電發(fā)電器的熱量利用率比方形熱電發(fā)電器要高，但其應(yīng)用中制作方面要求較高而且維修不方便，方形熱電發(fā)電器不但具有較高的熱利用率，并且后期用于制造方便，維修簡單所以最后采用方形熱電發(fā)電器。
下面我以簡圖的形式來介紹一下方形熱電發(fā)電器電偶臂的具體組成：
三、余熱發(fā)電器設(shè)計
發(fā)電機組主要有熱蓋基板，導(dǎo)流板和電臂三部分。 當(dāng)電臂端部之間的溫差，P，N結(jié)兩種不同的熱電材料會產(chǎn)生Seebeck（Seebeck）效應(yīng)，所以電路中有電流。
PN電動臂式熱電發(fā)電機在通風(fēng)管與水管之間， PN熱電偶熱電發(fā)電機有電絕緣熱套，引流銅和PN電臂，熱蓋95％的氧化鋁陶瓷， 導(dǎo)電層材料為銅板，焊料層為75％和95％的錫和導(dǎo)電銀塑料和高溫銀漿。 電臂材料為Bi2Se3，熱電發(fā)電機電臂橫截面尺寸為3mm×3mm，高16.4mm，電臂對對199對。 從以往的理論分析可以看出，熱電材料的選擇賽貝克越高，質(zhì)量越好。
四、余熱發(fā)電器的工藝設(shè)計
熱電發(fā)電機電臂橫截面尺寸大多為1mm2以上，粒徑較大，熱電材料切割比較容易。 PN結(jié)臂放在陣列的專用的模具中，用手動方法，總的加工相對容易。流程圖如圖3－21。
現(xiàn)具體闡述如下：
在用導(dǎo)向?qū)犹幚硖沾苫逯?，接下來是生產(chǎn)電臂。 因為電動臂的尺寸小，材料脆性好，所以這里是一個硅模工藝，也就是先制成一個正方形的正方形的硅模陣列，再放入熔融的熱電材料中，并將發(fā)電機覆蓋的基板，再去除原有的硅模，留下熱電電偶臂。
詳細(xì)的硅模工藝如下：按照熱電發(fā)生器的設(shè)計，制造光刻膠曝光用掩模膜。使用厚度為0.3mm?0.5mm的拋光硅晶片，尺寸為8.“蕩滌硅晶片，用氫氟酸緩沖液作為蝕刻溶液除去二氧化硅的外表，并在涂層上放置一層光機器光致抗蝕劑的厚度約為50微米。曝光顯影后，光致抗蝕劑在硅晶片的表面上形成方孔陣列，再經(jīng)過深度光刻，硅晶片形成方孔陣列，形成方孔陣列不是一個通孔，而是一個方形凹槽陣列。然后去除硅片上的光刻膠。兩片晶片，涂在光致抗蝕劑的另一面，重復(fù)曝光顯影，光刻，清洗等。方槽的另一面在方槽兩側(cè)形成的陣列排列成一列。這時要求在高溫爐中需要硅模，將P型和N型半導(dǎo)體懸臂材料放在石英容器r用于高溫加熱和加熱直到熔融溫度為約650℃。然后，將P型熱電材料注入硅模側(cè)面上的方形槽中，并且在硅模具冷卻之后，固化了硅模，將硅模翻轉(zhuǎn)，將N型熱電材料注入到模具的另一側(cè)。再通過行硅模冷卻，熱電材料固化。結(jié)束時在硅片兩面研磨直到露出熱電偶，并按照需求的熱電偶高度，確定研磨和研磨的量經(jīng)過模具的厚度電臂和焊接層的接合，發(fā)電機切割封裝，要求得到熱電發(fā)生器。
用圖形來體現(xiàn)。整個工藝有涂膠、曝光顯影、光刻、鑄模以及鍵合封裝等工藝，主要應(yīng)用了硅模和電偶臂的制造工藝。
圖3-21pn電偶臂
五、總結(jié)
船舶機艙是一個大的分布式能源系統(tǒng),作為船舶動力核心的主機,是整個能源系統(tǒng)合理分布與有效利用的關(guān)鍵。主機排氣余熱所占比例極大,而且這部分余熱的品質(zhì)較高,是船上余熱利用的主要來源。文中緊接著對該船排氣余熱的利用進行了分析,得出了排氣余熱的熱平衡圖,并通過對余熱使用條件的分析,說明了低品質(zhì)余熱的大量利用還存在許多困難,未來能使用這部分余熱的新型設(shè)備將會極大地提高船舶柴油機的熱經(jīng)濟性。
原文：Design of Waste Heat Recovery Device for Marine Engine
In today's society, waste heat has become a kind of environmental pollution and waste of resources phenomenon, this paper mainly designed the marine engine exhaust waste heat recovery device, that is, waste heat power generation system model.
This paper mainly introduces the design scheme of the waste heat power generation system model. The main principle is that the thermal energy is converted into electric energy by the temperature difference between the two power generation components. The main component consists of a cold source and a heat source, a micro-generator. It is characterized by the use of convenience, high quality, harmless to the environment, while saving energy.
The theoretical basis of the system model for the waste heat generator system is based on the Thomson effect.
Key words: waste heat utilization, waste heat power generation model, Thomson effect
1.Waste heat generation theory
At present in the microelectronic generator research, the theory of foreign microelectronic generators is representative of Princeton University, University of Southern California and University of Michigan. Most of the research results in the United States have focused on the use of waste heat in Japan's military, aerospace, practice and high-tech aspects of the application of thermoelectric generating units. China's current situation: thermoelectric is reversible, thermoelectric power generation and semiconductor cooling is the thermoelectric phenomenon of two aspects, mutual reversible. Usually PN junction, assuming that the temperature difference can be used to generate electricity, if the power supply, you can use cold at one end Semiconductor refrigeration and use has a certain degree, there are already commercial facilities and sale, but the thermoelectric power generation, which is almost a blank. This is because our country in the military high-tech R & D capability is relatively backward. At this stage with what kind of academic complementarity, many scholars of our foreign contact with the relevant technology, in the future development, this situation will gradually improve.
Waste heat power generation is the premise of the use of waste heat generator, he is the thermoelectric effect of thermoelectric materials into electricity. Including the Seebeck effect, the Peltier effect and the Thomson effect. These three factors relate to Kelvin: as shown in the figure:
The structure of the device is the same as that of the conventional cross-planar microelectronic cooling device. The principle of the cross-planar microelectronic cooling device is very similar to that of the conventional thermoelectric cooling device. In addition to the substrate and the thermocouple arm body being a film material, since the heat flow is guided and the surface of the substrate is so vertical So-called. The double substrate is a thermocouple connected to the cold end and the hot end of the generator. The principle is: According to the Seebeck effect, when the generator hot and cold temperature difference, the circuit will produce current. He used thick film Bi2Te3 alloy material while maintaining the thermal power arm cross-sectional area and length ratio of the same conditions, reducing the thermoelectric boom, increasing the thermal power per unit volume density. At the same time, microelectronic power generation devices connected tens of thousands of thermocouples, low voltage difference in the voltage obtained under high voltage, this micro-electric power plant is another feature of its manufacturing process combines the electrochemical deposition and integrated circuit etching process. The test device consists of 2300 thermocouples with a length of 50 μm and a diameter of 6 μm. In the 8.5K temperature difference, can be 4.1V voltage to provide 22mw of power. Experiments show that the above can be used for MEMS, providing micropower. At present, JPL is developing the use of P-type and N-type Bi2T3, nanowires instead of thick film alloy, with similar measures to complete the smaller size of the semiconductor electric arm.
Of course, there are many structures of the generator, but the current selection of several of the above results show that micro-roll thermoelectric converter heat loss is small, high thermal efficiency, but the micro-processing more difficult. At the same time, because the thermoelectric material in the direction of temperature gradient in series, so the thermoelectric material temperature difference is not great, so the power generation is also very small. Thin film thermoelectric power generation process has been relatively mature microprocessing technology, its size is relatively small. However, the power generated by the general low power, only the micro-tile pyroelectric PN junction relative to the temperature field is a parallel structure, each pair of PN junction with the same temperature difference, so each pair of PN junction in series, the power is large, in addition, the heat source cavity It is best to design a relatively large, so that fuel combustion, temperature control and other relatively easy, but the heat loss than the micro-coil generator to large. Where the thermopile thermoelectric generator is used as an important part of the thermoelectric power supply.
2. Waste heat power generation module design
Thermopile-type micro-electric generator mainly includes upper and lower heat shield, shunt chip, solder layer, PN junction cantilever and output lines and other components. The output power and efficiency of the microelectronic generator are affected by the contact resistance, the influence of the Thomson effect and the temperature fluctuation, and the effect of the thermal cover sheet, the baffle plate and the solder layer on the thermal conductivity.
The design of the thermoelectric generator module is the structural design of the water flow channel, the air flow path and the thermoelectric power generation arm. Design the form of this module should pay attention to the maximum use of heat.
The design of the waste heat generator module is usually made by the micro-roll SwissRoll, the thermopile and the thin film thermal power generation, and the comparison between the three found that the micro-roll type, although the heat loss is small, but the processing is very complicated and there is no inconvenience to use. Thin film thermal power treatment technology is relatively immature, and the power is very low, should not be tested.
PN junction and the temperature field of the thermopile in parallel, each pair of PN junction temperature difference is the same, so each pair of PN junction in series, generating power larger, the final use of thermopile thermoelectric, generators as a thermal power generation components to design. In order to achieve maximum heat utilization, so I think of the "double-tube thermoelectric generator" and "square thermoelectric generator", double-tube thermoelectric generator heat utilization than the square thermoelectric generator to be high, but its production High demand and maintenance is not convenient, square thermoelectric generator not only has a high heat utilization, and later for manufacturing convenience, easy maintenance so the final use of square thermoelectric generator.
Here I am in the form of a brief introduction to the square thermoelectric generator electric arm of the specific composition:
3. Waste heat generator design
The main generating units are hot cover substrate, baffle and electric arm three parts. When the temperature difference between the ends of the boom, P, N knot two different thermoelectric materials will produce Seebeck (Seebeck) effect, so the circuit current.
PN electric boom thermoelectric generator between the ventilation pipe and the water pipe, PN thermocouple thermoelectric generator with electrical insulation sets, copper and PN electric discharge, hot cover 95% alumina ceramic, conductive layer material for the copper, solder The layers are 75% and 95% tin and conductive silver plastic and high temperature silver paste. Electric arm material for the Bi2Se3, thermoelectric generator arm cross-sectional size of 3mm × 3mm, 16.4mm high, the pair of pairs of pairs of electricity. From the previous theoretical analysis can be seen, the choice of thermoelectric materials, the higher the quality of Baker, the better the quality.
4. Waste heat generator process design
Thermoelectric generator electric arm cross-sectional size of most of 1mm2 or more, larger particle size, thermoelectric material cutting easier. PN junction arm placed in the array of special mold, with manual method, the total processing is relatively easy. The flow chart is shown in Figure 3-21.
Is specifically described as follows:
After the ceramic substrate is treated with the guide layer, the arm is subsequently produced. Because the size of the electric arm is small, the material is brittle, so here is a silicon mold process, that is, first made of a square square silicon mold array, and then into the molten thermoelectric materials, and the generator covered substrate, And then remove the original silicon mold, leaving the thermocouple arm.
The detailed silicon mold process is as follows: According to the thermoelectric generator design, the photoresist exposure mask film is manufactured. Using a polished silicon wafer with a thickness of 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm and a size of 8. "The silicon wafer was washed with a hydrofluoric acid buffer as an etching solution to remove the appearance of the silica and a layer of light was placed on the coating The thickness of the resist is about 50 microns.When the exposure is developed, the photoresist forms a square hole array on the surface of the silicon wafer, and then undergoes deep lithography, the silicon wafer forms a square hole array, and the square hole array is not a pass Hole, but a square groove array. Then remove the photoresist on the silicon chip. Two wafers, coated on the other side of the photoresist, repeat exposure development, lithography, cleaning, etc. The other side of the square The p-type and N-type semiconductor cantilever materials are required to be placed in the quartz vessel r for high temperature heating and heating until the melting temperature is about 650 C. Then, a silicon mold is required in the high temperature furnace, , The P-type thermoelectric material is injected into the square groove on the side of the silicon mold, and after the silicon mold is cooled, the silicon mold is solidified, the silicon mold is inverted, the N-type thermoelectric material is injected into the other side of the mold, Mold cooling, thermoelectric The material is cured at the end of the wafer on both sides of the grinding until the thermocouple exposed, and in accordance with the requirements of the thermocouple height, to determine the amount of grinding and grinding through the thickness of the die arm and welding layer of the junction, the generator cutting package, Device.
With graphics to reflect. The entire process of coating, exposure development, lithography, casting and bonding packaging and other technology, the main application of the silicon mold and electric arm manufacturing process.
5. Summary
Ship cabin is a large distributed energy system, as the ship power core of the host, the entire energy system is a reasonable distribution and effective use of the key. The host exhaust heat a large proportion of waste heat, and this part of the higher quality of waste heat, is the main source of waste heat utilization on board. In this paper, the heat utilization of the exhaust heat of the ship is analyzed, and the heat balance diagram of the waste heat is obtained. Based on the analysis of the conditions of waste heat, it is shown that there are still many difficulties in the utilization of low quality waste heat. This part of the waste heat of the new equipment will greatly improve the thermal economy of marine diesel engines.
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